Mouth Wash Preparations Research Articles

Construction of a Highly Selective and Sensitive La(III) Sensor Based on N‐(2‐Pyridyl)‐N′‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐thiourea for Nano Level Monitoring of La(III) Ions

AbstractN‐(2‐Pyridyl)‐N′‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐thiourea (PMPT) was found to be a suitable neutral ion carrier for the construction of a highly selective and sensitive La(III) membrane sensor. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) based membranes of PMPT with potassium tetrakis (p‐chlorophenyl) borate (KTpClPB) as an anionic excluder and oleic acid (OA), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl acetate (BA) and o‐nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) as plasticizing solvent mediators were constructed and investigated as La(III) membrane sensors. A membrane composed of PMPT‐PVC‐KTpClPB‐BA with the ratio 8.0 : 35.0 : 3.0 : 54.0 works well over a very wide concentration range (4.0×10−8 to 1.0×10−1 M) with a Nernstian slope of 19.6±0.2 mV per decade of activity between pH values of 4.0 and 9.0. The detection limit of the sensor was calculated to be 2.0×10−8 M (ca. 3.0 ppb). The sensor displays very good discrimination toward La(III) ions with regard to most common metal ions and lanthanide ions. The proposed sensor shows a short response time for whole concentration range (ca. 12 s). For evaluation of the analytical applicability of the La(III) sensor, it was successfully used as an indicator electrode for the titration of La(III) ions with EDTA. It was also applied to the determination of fluoride content of two mouth wash preparation samples and monitoring of La(III) ions in some binary and ternary mixtures.

A Novel Holmium(III) Membrane Sensor Based on N‐(1‐Thien‐2‐Ylmethylene)‐1,3‐Benzothiazol‐2‐Amine

A novel plasticized membrane sensor for Ho(III) ions based on N‐(1‐thien‐2‐ylmethylene)‐1,3‐benzothiazol‐2‐amine (TBA) as a neutral carrier was prepared. The best performance was obtained with a membrane composition of 31% PVC, 61% benzyle acetate, 2% sodium tetra phenyl borate and 6% carrier. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian response for Ho(III) ions over a particular concentration range (1.0×10−5−1.0×10−2 M) with a slope of 19.7±0.2 mV decade−1. The limit of the detection is 7.0×10−6 M. The sensor has a response time of <15 s and a useful working pH range of 4.0–9.5. The proposed sensor discriminates relatively well towards Ho(III) ions with regard to common alkali, alkaline earth, and specially lanthanide ions. It was successfully applied as an indicator electrode in a potentiometric titration of Ho(III) ions with EDTA. It was also applied in determination of fluoride ions in a mouth wash preparation. The proposed sensor was applied for the determination of Ho(III) ion concentration in binary mixtures.

Fabrication of a highly selective Eu(III) membrane sensor based on a new S–N hexadentates Schiff's base

A novel potentiometric membrane Eu (III) ion sensor is described based on a new S–N hexadentates Schiff's base, bis(thiophenol)butane2,3-dihydrazone (SNSB). The sensor exhibited a Nernstian response over a concentration range of 1.0 × 10 −5 to 1.0 × 10 −2 M, with a detection limit of 5.0 × 10 −6 M. The best performance was achieved with a membrane composition of 30% PVC, 63% o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE), 5% SNSB, and 5% (0.010 mmol) potassium tetrakis( p-chlorophenyl) borate (KTpClPB). It was found that in the pH range of 3.0–8.5, the potential response of the sensor was not affected by the pH. Furthermore, the electrode presented satisfactory reproducibility, very fast response time (<5 s), and relatively good discriminating ability for Eu(III) ions with respect to many common cations and lanthanide ions, including sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, lead, lanthanum, cerium, gadolinium, samarium, ytterbium, presidium, terbium, neodymium, holmium, erbium, thulium, lutetium, dysprosium, iron and chromium metal ions. The sensor was applied to the determination of fluoride ions in two mouth wash preparations and binary mixtures.

Fabrication of a highly selective and sensitive Gd(III)-PVC membrane sensor based on N-(2-pyridyl)- N′-(4-nitrophenyl)thiourea

In this work we report the development of a highly selective and sensitive Gd(III) membrane based on N-(2-pyridyl)- N′-(4-nitrophenyl)thiourea (PyTu4NO 2) as an excellent neutral ion carrier. The Gd(III) sensor exhibits a Nernstian slope of 19.95 ± 0.3 mV per decade over the concentration range of 3.0 × 10 −7 to 1.0 × 10 −1 M, and a detection limit of 3.0 × 10 −7 M of Gd(III) ions. The potentiometric response of the sensor is independent of the solution pH in the range of 4.0–9.0. It manifests advantages of low detection limit, fast response time (∼10 s), and most significantly, very good selectivity with respect to a number of lanthanide ions (La, Ce, Sm, and Eu ions). It can be used at least for a period of 8 weeks without any significant divergences in its potential response. To assess its analytical applicability the proposed Gd(III) sensor was successfully applied as an indicator electrode in the titration of Gd(III) ion solutions with EDTA and for the determination of the fluoride ion in two mouth wash preparations. It was also used for the direct monitoring of Gd(III) ions in binary mixtures.

PPb level monitoring of lanthanium by a novel PCV-membrane sensor based on 4-methyl-2-hydrazinobenzothiazole

A novel poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-based membrane sensor for lanthanum ions was prepared by employing 4-methyl-2-hydrazinobenzothiazole (MHBT) as an ionophore, sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB) as an anion excluder, and dibutylphthalate (DBP), acetophenon (AP) and nitrobenzene (NB) as plasticizing solvent mediators and investigated as a selective membrane sensor. The best performance was observed with a membrane having a composition of PVC:MHBT:DBP:NaTPB = 30:6:61:3 in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10 −7 to 1.0 × 10 −1 M La 3+. The sensor exhibited a Nernstian slope of 19.8 mV per decade in La 3+ activity. The detection limit of the sensor was 2.5 × 10 −8 M (∼3.8 ppb). The proposed electrode showed the excellent discriminating ability toward La 3+ ions with regard to most alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. It was successfully applied to the determination of lanthanum in two mouth wash preparations. The sensor was also used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of lanthanum ions with an EDTA solution.

Novel Ytterbium(III) Selective Membrane Sensor Based on N‐(2‐Pyridyl)‐N′‐(2‐Methoxyphenyl)‐Thiourea as an Excellent Carrier and Its Application to Determination of Fluoride in Mouth Wash Preparation Samples

AbstractThe construction, performance, and applications of a novel ytterbium(III) sensor based on N‐(2‐pyridyl)‐N′‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐thiourea (PMT), as an excellent carrier, in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) PVC matrix, is described. The influences of membrane composition and pH on the potentiometric response of the sensor were investigated. The sensor exhibits a nice Nernstian response for Yb(III) ion over a wide concentration range of 4 decades of concentration (1.0×10−6–1.0×10−2 M), and a detection limit of 5.0×10−7 M. The response time of the electrodes is between 8 and 10 s, depending on the concentration of ytterbium(III) ions. The proposed sensor can be used for about 8 weeks without any considerable divergence in potential. The sensor revealed very good selectivity for Yb(III) in the presence of several metal ions. The best performance was observed for the membrane containing; 30% PVC, 59% o‐nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) as solvent mediator, 7% PMT, and 4% sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB). It was successfully applied as indicator electrodes in the potentiometric titration of Yb(III) with EDTA and for the determination of fluoride ion in two mouth wash formulations. The proposed La(III) sensor was found to work well under laboratory conditions. It was also used as an indicator electrode in titration of a 1.0×10−4 M of Yb(III) with a standard EDTA solution (1.0×10−2 M). It was also used for determination of Yb(III) ion in Xenotime .

La(III) Selective Membrane Sensor Based on a New N-N Schiff's Base

Bis(2-methylbenzaldehyde)butane-2,3-dihydrazone(TDSB) was used as new N-N Schiff's base which plays the role of an excellent ion carrier in the construction of a La(III) membrane sensor. The best performance was obtained with a membrane containing, 30% poly(vinyl chloride), 60% benzyl acetate, 6% TDSB and 4% sodium tetraphenyl borate. This sensor reveals a very good selectivity towards La(III) ions over a wide variety of cations, including alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The proposed electrode exhibits a Nernstian behavior (with slope of 19.8 mV per decade) over a wide concentration range (1.0 <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> 10<TEX>$^{-5}$</TEX>-1.0 <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> 10<TEX>$^{-1}$</TEX> M). The detection limit of the sensor is 7.0 <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> 10<TEX>$^{-6}$</TEX> M. It has a very short response time, in the whole concentration range (<TEX>$\sim$</TEX>5 s), and can be used for at least twelve weeks in the pH range of 3.0-9.4. The proposed sensor was successfully applied as an indicator electrode for the potentiometric titration of a La(III) solution, with EDTA. It was also successfully applied in the determination of fluoride ions in three mouth wash preparations.

Fluoride determination in some mouth wash preparations by a novel La(III) graphite coated membrane sensor based on amitraz

Solution studies on the binding properties of N-2,4-dimethylphenyl- N′-ethylformamidine (amitraz) toward nine lanthanide ions including lanthanum, cerium, neodium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, ytterbium and some other transition and heavy metal ions such as copper, lead, cobalt, nickel ions, showed a selective 1:1 complexation between amitraz and lanthanum ions. Consequently, amitraz was applied as an ion carrier in construction of a novel poly(vinyl chloride) membrane sensor for La(III). The sensor has a linear dynamic range of 1.0 × 10 −1 to 1.0 × 10 −7 M with a Nernstian slope of 19.8 ± 0.2 mV per decade and a detection limit of 8.0 × 10 −8 M. The proposed sensor displays a fast response time (<8 s), and can be used for at least 2 months without any considerable divergences in the potentials. The La(III) membrane sensor revealed comparatively good selectivity with respect to most of cations including alkaline, alkaline earth, and some transition and heavy metal ions. It could be used in a pH range of 3.0–9.0. The proposed membrane electrode was used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of La(III) ions with an EDTA solution, and also in the determination of fluoride concentration in some mouth wash preparations.

An Eu(III) Sensor Based on N,N-Diethyl-N-(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)guanidine

A highly selective poly(vinyl chloride)-based membrane sensor produced by using N,N-diethyl-N-(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)guanidine (GD) as active material is described. The electrode displays Nernstian behavior over the concentration range 7.0 x 10(-5) - 1.0 x 10(-1) M. The detection limit of the electrode is 5.0 x 10(-5) M. The best performance was obtained with the membrane containing 30% PVC, 55% benzyl acetate, 5% GD and 10% oleic acid. The response of the sensor is pH-independent in the range of 3.0 - 7.0. The sensor possesses satisfactory reproducibility, fast response time (< 20 s), and specially excellent discriminating ability for Eu(III) ion with respect to the alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The membrane sensor was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of Eu(III) ion with EDTA. It was also applied in determination of fluoride ions in mouth wash preparations.

Novel Potentiometric PVC‐Membrane and Coated Graphite Sensors for Lanthanum(III)

AbstractPreliminary theoretical studies revealed the selective complexation of bis (2‐mercaptoanil) diacetyl (BMDA) with La3+ over several alkali, alkaline earth and heavy metal ions. Thus, novel PVC‐based membrane (PBM) and coated graphite membrane (CGM) sensors for La(III) based on BMDA were prepared. The electrodes display Nernstian behavior over wide concentration ranges (i.e., 1.0×10−5–1.0×10−1 M for PBM and 1.0×10−6–1.0×10−1 M for CGM). The potential response of sensors was pH independent in the range of 4.0–8.0. The sensors possess satisfactory reproducibility, fast response time (&lt;15 s), and specially excellent discriminating ability for La3+ ions with respect to most of the cations. The membrane sensor was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of lanthanum ions with EDTA. The coated graphite membrane electrode was applied in determination of fluoride ions in mouth wash preparations.

Novel lanthanum(III) membrane sensor based on a new N-S Schiff’s base

A novel lanthanum(III) sensor based on bis(thiophenal)phenylen-1,3-diamine (TPD) is described. The sensor was prepared by incorporating the TPD into plasticized PVC membrane. The sensor displays high selectivity for lanthanum with respect to many common alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The effect of membrane composition and pH and influence of additive anionic on the response properties of were investigated. The sensor with 35% PVC, 54% solvent mediator, 8% ionophore and 3% anionic additive, shows the best potentiometric response characteristics. It displays a Nernstian behavior (19.6 mV per decade) over the concentration range 1.0×10 −7 to 1.0×10 −1 M. The detection limit of the electrode is 2.0×10 −8 M (∼3.0 ng/ml). The response time of the electrode is very fast (10 s) in whole concentration range. The sensor can be used in the pH range 3.5–9.5 for at least 2 months. The membrane sensor was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of lanthanum ions with EDTA. It was successfully applied in determination of fluoride ions in mouth wash preparations.

Lanthanum(IlI) PVC membrane electrodes based on 1,3,5-trithiacyclohexane.

Novel plasticized polymeric membrane (PPME) and membrane-coated graphite (MCGE) electrodes based on 1,3,5-trithiacyclohexane for highly selective determination of La3+ ion have been developed. The electrodes exhibit Nernstian responses over very wide concentration ranges (8.0 x 10(-6)-5.0 x 10(-2) M for PPME and 4.0 x 10(-8)-1.0 x 10(-2) M for MCGE). The limit of detections were 5.0 x 10(-6) and 2.0 x 10(-8) M for PPME and MCGE, respectively. The electrodes possess a fast response time of approximately 10 s and can be used for at least 6 months without observing any deviation. The proposed electrodes revealed excellent selectivities for La3+ over a wide variety of alkali, alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal ions and could be used in a pH range of 5.0-8.0. The practical utility of the electrodes has been demonstrated by their use as indicator electrodes in the potentiometric titration of La3+ ions with EDTA and in determination of F- in some mouthwash preparations.

PVC-BASED 1,3,5-TRITHIANE COATED GRAPHITE ELECTRODE FOR DETERMINATION OF CERIUM(III) IONS

A novel Ce3+ ion-selective electrode based on 1,3,5-trithiane is described. The electrode was prepared by incorporating the ionophore into a plastisized PVC membrane, which was directly coated on the surface of a graphite electrode. The resulting electrode exhibits a Nernstian slope of 19.2±0.1mV/ decade over a wide concentration range (4.7 ×10−4 − 2.5 × 10−8 M) with a limit of detection of 2.0 × 10−8 M. It has a fast response time of about 10 s. The proposed electrode revealed excellent selectivities with respect to many transition, heavy and rare-earth metal ions. It was used as an indicator electrode in determination of F− ion in some mouth wash preparations with Ce3+ ion.

Pseudomonas aeruginosaStomatitis as a Sequel to Trichomoniasis in Captive Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug)

Twelve adult female saker falcons developed reduced appetite, progressive weight loss, and unilateral or bilateral sinusitis. Nodular white or yellow caseous lesions were visible on the oropharynx and tongue of all birds. One falcon had 2 caseous masses on either side of the tracheobronchial syrinx, resulting in severe tracheal stenosis. All 12 birds had a history of mild to moderate trichomonal infections 3–4 weeks before examination. In all birds, bacterial culture of samples from these masses yielded pure growths of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The birds were treated with a combination of piperacillin (100 mg/kg) and tobramycin (10 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly q12h for 7 days. Oropharyngeal lesions were debrided, and the oral cavity of each bird was sprayed with a 1% povidone iodine mouthwash preparation. In birds with unilateral or bilateral sinusitis, a solution of 0.2 ml of a 5% chlorhexidine gluconate preparation diluted to 20 ml with sterile saline was used to flush the affected sinus q12h for 3–5 days. Tracheal masses in the 1 falcon were removed by curettage during tracheoscopy. Oropharyngeal lesions in all birds were completely resolved within 8–18 days of treatment. Trichomoniasis coupled with stress during the training and hunting seasons may have predisposed these falcons to infection with P aeruginosa.

PVC-based 1,3,5-trithiane sensor for cerium(III) ions

A PVC membrane sensor for cerium(III) ions based on 1,3,5-trithiane as membrane carrier was prepared. The sensor has a linear dynamic range of 1.0 x 10(-1)-5.0 x 10(-5) M, with a Nernstian slope of 19.4+/-0.4 mV decade(-1), and a detection limit 3.0 x 10(-5) M. It has a fast response time of < 15 s and can be used for at least 5 months without any considerable divergence in potentials. The proposed sensor revealed comparatively good selectivities with respect to alkali, alkaline earth, and some transition and heavy metal ions and could be used in a pH range of 5.0-8.0. It was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of oxalate and fluoride ions and in determination of F- ion in some mouth wash preparations.

A model for studying the effects of mouthrinses on de novo plaque formation.

The aim of the present study was to describe a 4-day no oral hygiene model to assess the pattern of de novo plaque formation and to use this model to appraise the potential of some mouthwash preparations to retard or inhibit plaque formation in the human dentition. 10 subjects were recruited for the trial. During a preparatory period, the participants were exposed to repeated professional plaque control and given oral hygiene instruction to eliminate signs of gingivitis. At the end of the preparatory period, each participant received a final professional tooth cleaning and was subsequently told to abstain from mechanical plaque control efforts for the next 4 days. They were asked to rinse twice daily for 60 s with 10 ml varying test solutions. On Day 4, the volunteers were exposed to a new clinical examination and the presence and amount of plaque were examined by the use of the plaque index system (P1I). The participants were subsequently given a professional tooth cleaning and asked to exercise proper self performed plaque control during the next 10 days. A new test period was then initiated. 6 different mouthwash preparations were tested in each subject namely, (1) placebo (a negative control rinse), (2) Veadent mouthrinse, (3) Listerine mouthrinse, (4) 0.06% triclosan + polyvinyl phosphonic acid (PVPA), (5) 0.06% triclosan + phenolic flavor and (6) 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (a positive control rinse). The results from the study revealed that the mean P1I values for individuals, groups of teeth and tooth surfaces provide an adequate but gross overall estimation of the potential of a given mouthrinse to retard/inhibit plaque build up. More detailed information on the effects of the test rinses could be obtained by data describing the % distribution of different P1I score categories; a high frequency of score 0 describes the potential of a mouthrinse to maintain tooth surfaces free from plaque while a low frequency of score 2/3 describes the ability of a treatment to retard/prevent gross plaque formation. The plaque pattern displays finally allowed assessment of the magnitude of plaque prevention, in comparison to the positive and negative controls, that could be achieved by a given compound in various parts and surfaces of the dentition. In this model, all test rinses (i) were significantly more effective than the placebo rinse in retarding de novo plaque build up and (ii) had a minor effects on plaque build up in the maxillary molars and at the approximal surfaces.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Oral Crohn's disease: Report of two cases in brothers with metallic dysgeusia and a review of the literature

Between 4% and 14% of patients with intestinal Crohn's disease (CD) may manifest the typical oral changes of this disorder. These changes include labial and intraoral inflammatory tissue hyperplasia with fissuring ("cobblestoning") and swelling. In addition, angular cheilitis and regional lymphadenopathy may be present. We report two cases of oral CD in brothers, in whom the unusual symptoms of metallic dysguesia and gingival bleeding were prominent features. Despite the well-recognized familiar incidence of CD, a review of the literature shows that in no previous case reports has familial oral CD been noted. Successful symptomatic and objective treatment results were obtained with a mouthwash preparation of triamcinolone acetonide, tetracycline, and lidocaine.

Exacerbation of hereditary hepatic porphyria by surreptitious ingestion of an unusual provocative agent--a mouthwash preparation.

EXACERBATIONS of acute intermittent porphyria are provoked by many commonly used drugs known to stimulate hepatic porphyrin-heme synthesis. In the patient described below, surreptitious ingestion of a seemingly innocuous agent — a mouthwash preparation — appeared to precipitate acute attacks of this disease.Case ReportA 48-year-old woman known to have acute intermittent porphyria was admitted to the Rockefeller University Hospital in severe clinical crisis in 1970. Urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen levels were highly elevated, and erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen synthetase activity was diagnostic for this genetic disease.1,2 She responded to therapy and was discharged within a month. A series of . . .