Preparation Of Management Plans Research Articles

DISCUSSION GUIDE FOR THE PREPARATION OF A VISITOR MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA

Tourism development is a significant and strategic thing for regional growth. DIY is a popular tourist destination with various elements that continue to develop to attract visitors. The purpose of the implementation of the DIY Tourism Visitor Management Plan Preparation activity is to collect information on tourism products from various parties and dialogue with stakeholders to design a tourism visitor management plan in the region. The purpose of Community Service Activities with the Preparation of Visitor Management Plans in Yogyakarta is to achieve structured visitor management in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The heads of the DIY tourism office, hotel, restaurant, and tourist attraction managers gave a positive response to the guidelines for discussing the visitor management plan in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Arousing the interest of tourists, both domestic and foreign, by creating a safe, comfortable, and secure environment for visitors to tourist sites in Yogyakarta.

Modelling Current-State N- and P-Fluxes into Surface Waters in Germany

For the first time, the AGRUM model consortium—consisting of the agro-economic model RAUMIS, the water balance model mGROWA, the hydrological nutrient transport models DENUZ, WeKu and MEPhos, and the urban emission model MONERIS—was jointly set up throughout Germany (357,000 km2). This provided a nationwide consistent nutrient model to capture the current status of N and P inputs to surface waters from diffuse sources and urban areas. Diffuse nutrient emissions were quantified in high spatial resolution for the input pathways’ groundwater, drainage runoff, and natural interflow (100 m × 100 m), as well as for water erosion and wash-off (25 m × 25 m). The sum of diffuse nutrient inputs to surface waters is about 385,000 metric tons N/yr and ca. 11,530 metric tons P/yr. Urban emissions were quantified either as point source inputs (wastewater treatment plants, industrial direct dischargers) or at municipality scale for different collection and treatment systems, e.g., rainwater sewers or decentralized treatment plants, and sum up to ca. 95,000 t N/yr and 7500 t P/yr. As modelled, total N and P inputs into surface waters correspond well with observed N and P loads in rivers. The model results represent valuable information for water managers, being responsible for the preparation of management plans for the third management cycle of the EC Water Framework Directive spanning from 2021 to 2027.

A legeltetés, mint antropogén tevékenység hatása a Bugac melletti, alföldi legelőkre

The coenological quadrats were made in 1997, 2005, 2010 and 2021 in a sandy grassland which is used as cattle pasture. The quadrats can be sort in three groups. The first group of quadrats was made close to the cattle pen (Zone A: 0-50 m). The second group was made farther (Zone B: 50-150), where the grazing is not so intensive. The third group contains the quadrats which were made farther than 150m (Zone C). The animals use this area rarely, therefor this part of the pasture is undergrazed (Penksza et al., 2010a). The coenological survey was carried out with 2×2 meter squares, recording the cover value. The species names follow the nomenclature of Király (2009) and Engloner et al. (2001).
 
 The rate of species which indicate degradation is the highest near to the cattle pen (0-50m). But farther than 50m the rate of species which indicates naturalness is higher. Lower nature conservation value can be observed near to the cattle pen. In this area weeds and degradation tolerant species can be found in the highest amount. Their ratio grew in the second zone (50-150m) too in the past few years, but the species which compose the natural vegetation also survived, so the species composition is able for regeneration. With the decreasing of grazing intensity the sample area could meet the requirements of nature conservation.
 Data evaluation was made with considering naturalness state in case of habitats; and on the other hand, according to relative ecological factors of occurring species. A significant change in species composition could be detected. Particularly, deterioration of areas could be experienced. These negative processes are extremely heavy inside and near the animal husbandry farm. Even aggressive, invasive plant species occurred. Among dominant grass species, dominance relations and covering rate of disturbance tolerant Cynodon dactylon and Lolium perenne species have increased, caused partly by overgrazing and trampling as well. A new species, Poa humilis, appeared in the zone “A” in 2020, which is a degradation indicator species and tolerates overgrazing and trampling (Penksza and Böcker, 1999/200; Penksza, 2009). Farther from the farm, rate of degradation showed by vegetation has decreased compared to the areas closer to the farm, however, it has increased even on the farther area between the two time periods. During the preparation of management plans for the grasslands, these data should be considered at a higher rate in favor of preserving natural values,

Investigation of Urban Flood Management Principles within the Scope of Buffalo Bayou Watershed Rehabilitation Project

In this study, the 20-year watershed rehabilitation master plan, which was prepared after the severe Allison storm in 2001 in the Buffalo Bayou watershed in the city of Houston, is examined in detail. For this purpose, a literature review is conducted on the concepts of watershed and watershed management. Then, the existing situation of the study area is presented, and the flood control strategies and rehabilitation practices proposed within the scope of the master plan are investigated. The environmental and social outcomes of the rehabilitation project are evaluated in the conclusion. In Turkey, floods and overflows are one of the most important disasters that cause material and moral damages. Central and local governments need to develop sustainable approaches for the protection of watersheds and the preparation of management plans. In this context, the Buffalo Bayou watershed rehabilitation project can be considered as a resource in taking supportive steps for sustainable watershed management in Turkey. This project and similar good practices will contribute to solve the social, economic and environmental problems in watersheds of Turkey.

Levantamento e representatividade das Unidades de Conservação instituídas no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul

<p>O sistema de Unidades de Conservação (UCs) constitui-se em uma das mais importantes políticas públicas de proteção da biodiversidade, mesmo considerando a falta de gestão e manejo que atinge algumas UCs do Brasil. A despeito dessa situação, torna-se importante registrar e conhecer as UCs (municipais, estaduais e federais) criadas no âmbito do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Para isso, por meio de bibliografias disponíveis, foram realizadas consultas à legislação e levantamento. As análises dos dados obtidos até março de 2020 indicaram um total de 136 UCs, distribuídas entre as de Uso Sustentável (72,06%) e de Proteção Integral (27,94%), que representam 16,5% do território do estado. Em todas as esferas, a maior proporção de UCs criadas é referente às UCs de uso sustentável. A situação das UCs, em Mato Grosso do Sul, aponta para a urgente necessidade de uma política pública concreta, que possibilite atender os objetivos das diferentes categorias, de modo a contribuir com a conservação da natureza no tocante à manutenção da diversidade biológica e de ecossistema existentes no estado. Sendo necessário, para tanto, a elaboração dos planos de manejo, a consolidação de conselhos, a viabilização da visitação pública, do ecoturismo, pesquisa e da educação ambiental.</p>

STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN HUTAN RAKYAT DI KABUPATEN MAROS

This study aims to determine external and internal factors in community forest management in Maros Regency, formulate community forest development strategies through involvement with stakeholders in Maros Regency and to analyze steps that need to be used as a reference and policy recommendation for community forest management in the Regency. Maros. Data retrieval in this study was carried out by a survey method which was conducted with a questionnaire for business actors or farmer groups, while interviews were for agricultural and forestry extension agents, including the village government. The sample was determined by purposive sampling by determining 50 respondents of community forest management farmers. Each of 25 people per district, each sub-district is represented by 5 groups and 1 group consisting of 5 people, namely the Chairperson, Secretary, Treasurer plus 2 members. The analysis used in this research is descriptive statistical analysis, SWOT analysis (strength, weakness, opportunity, threat). The results of the analysis show that there are two strategic priorities that can be applied, namely (1) strengthening the role of the group by providing accurate market information; (2) provide forestry counseling and guidance from the government for area arrangement and management plan preparation; (3) The government facilitates licensing to establish a timber industry in order to increase the value price of wood; and (4) Using agroforestry patterns.

Estimation of slope length gradient (LS) factor for the sub-watershed areas of Juri River in Tripura

The slope length gradient (LS) factor expresses the effect of topography, i.e., combining effects of slope length (L) and slope steepness (S) on rate of soil erosion. The longer the slope length, greater is the amount of cumulative runoff and similarly steeper the slope of the land the higher is the velocities of the runoff that contributes erosion. The LS factor is the most important parameter for estimation of soil loss and soil management using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). A precise inventory and assessment of vulnerable areas includes the formulation of correct soil management for property development. Juri is a peri-urban watershed situated in Tripura, India, having high undulating topography, which leads to increase soil erosion and land slide problem. Therefore, it has become essential to quantify the LS factor to understand the characteristics of the topographic factor, which will help the researchers for estimation of soil erosion and preparation of management plan. The present study focused to evaluate the LS factor for the sub-watershed areas of Juri River of Tripura. Two methods namely (1) suggested by Moore and Burch (1986) and (2) proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978) were used to calculate the LS factor. Both the methods use Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in spatial domain to estimate the LS factor. The LS factor of the study area ranges from 0 to 982.71 by method-1 and 0.66 to 285.58 by method-2. The study indicates that, the method-2 is more apposite than method-1 because it gives LS factor value, which distributed uniformly in spatial domain; whereas method-1 resulted highest LS factor value along the flow direction and it had almost same value of LS factor in the remaining areas. This study will help for prediction of soil erosion and preparation of management plan by reducing the slope length of the study area. This findings and the methodology employed can be widely used in similar mountainous to hilly watersheds around the world for calculation of soil loss.

Application of long-term collected data for conservation: Spatio-temporal patterns of mortality in Japanese serow.

Monitoring the mortality of wildlife provides basic demographic information to support management plan preparation. The utility of mortality records for conservation measures was investigated in the Japanese serow, focusing on temporal trends and spatial distribution. Using the mortality records of Japanese serow from 2006 to 2018 in Gifu prefecture, cause-specific mortality was categorized into five groups (disease, accident, vehicle collision, parapoxvirus infection, and unknown), and the sex ratios were examined. A state space model was used to analyze the time series for the monthly mortalities, and kernel estimation was used for the spatial distribution of the parapoxvirus infection. Land cover type around the detection point was also reported. Disease, accident, and vehicle collision mortality were similar, and 30% of mortality was of anthropogenic origin. The number of mortality records for males was higher, and the larger home range of males could account for this. The state space model showed moderate increases in monthly mortalities over time and a seasonal variation with the highest level in spring and lowest in winter. Land cover analysis demonstrated a temporal increase in the proportion of human settlement areas, suggesting the change of the Japanese serow habitat. The proximity of Japanese serow to human settlements contributed to increase in mortality records. The point pattern analysis indicated spatial clustering for parapoxvirus infection in the area where an epidemic had occurred in the past. Several measures are recommended; however, mortality records can help develop improved conservation plan.

Future Water Use Planning by Water Evaluation and Planning System Model

Assessment of future water availability is a challenging task under changing climatic conditions and anthropogenic interventions. The current research focuses on future water resources scenario generation for contributing areas of proposed hydraulic structures generated from the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) System model. The proposed methodology was implemented for the Dwarakeswar-Gandherswari river basin (India) which needs a long-term future water use plan. Bias-corrected Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) data were used for climate change analysis through a hydrological model. Different simulation model outputs [e.g. Dynamic Conversion of Land-Use and its Effects (Dyna-CLUE), Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Modular Finite-Difference Flow Model (MODFLOW)] were utilized in water evaluation model for a generation of future water resources scenarios. Four scenarios (2010–2030–2050-2080) were generated for the sustainability of limited water resources management strategies. SWAT simulated results show an increase in river discharge for 2030 or 2080 and a decrease for 2050. MODFLOW simulated results show a visible groundwater storage change for 2030 but minimal change for 2050 and 2080 scenarios. The results also show a decrease in agricultural land and an increase in population for the contributing areas of three hydraulic structures during 2010–2030–2050-2080. These results provide a piece of valuable information for decision-makers in future water management plan preparation.

Chemical water parameters of end pit lakes in abandoned coal mines

Open-pit mines have significant adverse water quality impacts and end pit lakes formed from abandoned open-pit coal mines have commonly environmental problems. Determining and monitoring of the chemical water characteristics of end pit lakes are very important and play a key role in understanding the anthropogenic impact. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of different macro-elements (potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P)), heavy metals (iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn)), and different water parameters (acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), temperature (°C), and dissolved oxygen (O2)) in 11 end pit lakes formed after coal mining operations in Agacli-Istanbul, Turkey. All investigated characteristics in lake waters showed significant differences in temporal and between lakes. When the relationships between element concentrations and other parameters (pH, EC, °C, and O2) were examined, pH emerged as the most effective factor has a wide range, and has a negative correlation with P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mn. The EC in the lake waters was positively correlated with the changes of Ca, Mg, K, and P, while it showed a negative correlation with Na concentration. Besides, dissolved O2 content was positively related to Fe and Cu and negatively related to water temperature change. Results showed that monitoring the water characteristics of end pit lakes is essential indicating the major concern with water pH. The results on water parameters may be a valuable basis for the preparation of management plans of the post-mining landscape.

Assessment of Different Contaminants in Freshwater: Origin, Fate and Ecological Impact

Freshwater ecosystems cover over 15% of the world’s surface and provide ecosystem services that are pivotal in sustaining human society. However, fast-growing anthropogenic activities have deleterious impacts on these ecosystems. In this Special Issue, we collect ten studies encompassing five different factors of freshwater contamination: landfill leaks, nutrients, heavy metals, emerging organic contaminants and marble slurry. Using different approaches, the studies detailed the direct and indirect effects that these contaminants have on a range of freshwater organisms, from bacteria to vertebrates. Although the papers covered here focused on specific case studies, they exemplify common issues that are expanding in groundwaters, hyporheic zones, streams, lakes and ponds around the world. All the aspects of these issues are in dire need of being continuously discussed among scientists, end-users and policy-makers. To this end, the Special Issue presents a new free software suite for the analysis of the ecological risk and conservation priority of freshwater ecosystems. The software can support local authorities in the preparation of management plans for freshwater basins pursuant to the Water Directives in Europe.

Woody Plants Species Composition and Diversity in West Bank Forest of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Woody plants species composition, richness, dominance and diversity in west bank forest of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) was undertaken to understand the status of the forest. The analysis of tree species composition, richness and diversity in the forest was carried out with the aim of developing efficient management plan that will ensure biodiversity conservation. Vegetation survey using transects and plot sampling techniques were used to collect data for the study. Three transects of 500 m long each {A (270°W), B (90°E) and C (180°S)} were constructed with the aid of prismatic compass in the forest. 10 sampling plots of 10 m by 10 m each were demarcated along each transect making a total number of 30 sampling plots. In each plot, all woody plant species (trees and shrubs) with girth at breast height (gbh) greater than or equal to 10 cm (gbh ≥ 10 cm) were identified, enumerated and measured. The results showed that 581 woody plants belonging to 65 species and 28 families were encountered in the forest. The most abundant family in the forest was Fabaceae sub families of Caesalpinioidea, Mimosoideae and Palpilinoideae. The forest had Simpson diversity index (D), Shannon-Wiener (H) and Evenness index of 0.012, 0.354 and 0.195 respectively. The total density and basal area of woody plants species in the forest was 1,936.67 individuals’ ha-1 and 98.23 m2 ha−1. Newbouldia laevis had the highest density of 190 ha-1 and relative frequency of 9.811% while Milicia excelsa had the highest basal area of 40.34 m2 ha−1, relative dominance of 41.07% and Importance value index of 14.04%. The study concludes that the forest has a reasonably good tree and shrub species composition and richness, dominated by trees and a repository of many indigenous tropical woody plant species. The study recommends in-depth forest inventory, preparation of management plan and promotion of good governance in management of the forest. Also, further studies on regeneration, structure, soil seed bank, seed physiology and herbaceous plant should be carried out in the forest.

Over-Professional Skills and Professional Knowledge of Library Specialist: Demands of the Time

Library specialists having competencies in the field of modern information technologies and knowledge of information resources, capable to analyse and synthesize heterogeneous information, process data, solve non-standard tasks, are able to develop innovative trends, increase the importance and competitiveness of libraries in the information space. The purpose of this study is to determine the most important skills and knowledge of librarians for the development of new forms and trends in the activities of research libraries: assistant services to scientists, work with research data, creation of intellectual centres, centres of intellectual leisure, organization of communication platforms, etc. The author highlights the key knowledge necessary for librarian: knowledge of modern and advanced information technologies (social networks, cloud, mobile technologies, new generation analytics, etc.), knowledge of the world market of information resources, as well as technologies of collection and processing of information/data. The article presents competences of librarians in the research data management, who provide consulting and assistant services to scientists in the life cycle of research. It is determined that the research data management librarian should know the methods of data management plan preparation, management methods, categories, metadata standards and schemes, data classifications and identifiers, data citation requirements, copyright, data repositories, long-term data preservation technologies, etc. The author concludes that the possession of non-specialized over-professional (“soft”) skills (communication skills, emotional intelligence, thinking by “results” and “processes”, etc.) along with the complex of professional knowledge is the key to the improvement of efficiency and demand of libraries in the conditions of intensively developing environment.

Generation of Groundwater Zones for Selection of Prospective Suitable Water Harvesting Structure Sites for Sustainable Water Supply Towards the Agricultural Development

Identification of groundwater potential is important for the preparation of management plan of groundwater resource in watershed scale. Groundwater potential zone in watershed scale is identified using GIS, remote sensing satellite data, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis technique. Different thematic layers, i.e. geological formation, lineament, soil, etc. were used for the identification of groundwater potential zones, while groundwater quality parameters, i.e. hardness, pH, etc. were used for the preparation of groundwater quality index map. The present study focused on identification of possible groundwater potential zones and groundwater quality index both in terms of quantity and quality. The Analytic Hierarchy Approach is utilized to identify the groundwater potential zones. Conclusively, 27.1% area falls under low–medium groundwater potential zone and 9.3% area falls under above the permissible limit of water quality. In total, 240 suitable water harvesting structures, namely storage tank (120 nos), percolation tank (70 nos), stop dam (34 nos) and check dam (16 nos) with their sites, were identified and suggested for water harvesting to enhance the groundwater conditions to meet the scarcity of water resources in agriculture and domestic use.

The pertinent role of forest inventory in making choice of silvicultural operations in community forests of Nepal

This paper explores the application of forest inventory to design silvicultural operations and its implementation to community forests. Four-time series forest inventory data (2005, 2010, 2013 and 2016) of Terai community forests were analysed, focusing on the type and size of tree removals from the forests. In addition, content analysis of the management plans of the forests was carried out and consultations were held with key informants. Though the forest inventory was prepared during the preparation of management plans, the results did not provide proper guidance on the selection of silvicultural operations, which were decided without a clear definition of the management objectives. They were very generic and largely ignored site-specific forest stand conditions. Most commonly practised silvicultural operations were cleaning and selective harvesting, which were similar for all forest blocks, though they varied in respect of forest stand conditions. The time series analysis of the inventory data showed that pole-sized trees were consistently removed in all four periods and emphasis was on extracting good quality trees without considering its effects on the stand. The study concludes that the current forest inventory is not very relevant in making a choice about silvicultural operations and the current practices might cause economic and ecological losses. Hence, we argued for identifying minimum forest management requirement necessary for the sustainable forest management that the silvicultural operations should be decided based on the management objectives and conditions of the forest, considering the ecological and economic value of the forest. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Special Issue No. 4, 2018, Page : 65-75

Sacred grove as remnant forest: A vegetation analysis

Manna S, Manna S, Ghora TK, Roy A. 2017. Sacred grove as remnant forest: A vegetation analysis. Biodiversitas 18: 899- 908. Sacred groves are the remnants of ancient virgin forest sustaining veritable gene pool that have been gained century-long protection through the inherent cultural and religious belief of the ethnic communities. These important local biodiversity hotspots, representing the climatic climax of regional plant communities, are gradually being under threat by natural disturbances or anthropopression. Thus vegetation analysis of sacred groves is very important to find out their lineage to nearby existing forest. To reach the goal, significant plant compositional similarity between the sacred groves with changing distance was measured by 2X2 contingency analysis from presence/absence data matrix of major tree species (MTS) and major climber and liana species (MCLS) of 13 sacred groves of a particular soil zone. The observation reveals a significant gradual decrease in chi-square value with the increasing distance between the groves. Jaccard and Sorensen Coefficients for community similarity also reflect an inverse relationship of any two groves with increasing distance. Agglomeration Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) depicts that all the 74 families are found to be clustered into three significant groups. In respect of Multiple Correspondence among sacred groves, symmetric and asymmetric plots indicate that there two distinct groups have theirs within similarities among families in the groves. The plexus diagram shows a confluence zone of all the 13 sacred groves which might be the maximum probable area of an ancient riverine wood forest. The study would be helpful in restoration of threatened/degraded sacred groves and also guide in the preparation of management plan for the conservation of these relic forest fragments.

Algorithms development of making special techniques in APQP manufacturing process of automotive components

Special techniques algorithms are worked out, such as MSA, preparation of management plans, SPC in the preparation of manufacturing automotive components that improve its effectiveness.

Crespi d’Adda, Italy: the management plan as an opportunity to deal with change

This paper describes the elaboration of the management plan for the UNESCO World Heritage site of Crespi d’Adda, a late-nineteenth-century company town that was inscribed in the World Heritage List in 1995 due to the integrity of its urban structure and the functional continuity of its productive and residential system. At the time of inscription, a management plan was not mandatory, and inscription did not produce a real development strategy able to counter the risks arising from de-industrialisation. The management plan preparation, launched in 2007, was assumed to represent an opportunity to ensure both protection and sustainable evolution. The process of elaboration made it necessary to promote coordination and dialogue among different institutions. This permitted enhancement of local governance. Moreover, the management plan acted as a framework within which to set guidelines for intervention on the external and internal features of the buildings, aimed at preserving the values of the site through the implementation of good practices.

Community-Based Resource Assessment and Management Planning for the Rice Terraces of Hungduan, Ifugao, Philippines

This study describes how the use of community-based participatory approaches and the Ifugaos’ indigenous knowledge system (IKS) were harnessed in the conduct of resource and damage assessment, mapping, and the preparation of management plans for four clusters corresponding to four subwatersheds in Hungduan, Ifugao, Philippines.The Ifugaos’ indigenous knowledge was evident in the identification of the ownership and location of terraces and woodlots, and the use of natural landmarks and boundaries in locating properties, sitios and barangays on maps. Their IKS was complemented with trainings to build capacities on resource assessment such as the use of satellite-based navigation and positioning system, survey instruments, and grid-based assessment and in developing management plans.The community-based resource assessment estimated the total areas of rice terraces in Clusters 1, 2, 3 and 4 to be 623 ha, 631 ha, 1,171 ha and 637 ha, respectively, while the damaged terraces ranged from 13% to a maximum of 20%. Abandoned terraces were found to be minimal. Outputs in the form of management plans were the product of the interaction of the different farmer groups and the available resources, strategies and achievable recommendations for the sustainability and protection of their rice terraces.Complementing indigenous knowledge with science and recent research techniques is effective in generating reliable information needed in the development of management plans for the conservation and protection of natural resources.

Strategic Conservation: A Review of Protected Area Management

When considering the legal provisions, Sri Lanka processes a sound legal framework for conservation of ecologically sensitive, biodiversity rich areas, whether it falls in a state land or otherwise. However, being one of the most densely populated countries, ever growing human populations and their needs create a “formal” socio-political pressure for opening up pristine habitats for development. In the “informal” frontier this creates issues such as encroachment, garbage disposal, illegal and unsustainable resource extraction etc. Sanctuaries, being a mix of private and state lands, with unclear boundaries, are much more vulnerable for development pressure compared to other National Reserves despite their richness in biodiversity and importance in ecological services. Management plans are considered to be the documents providing directions for Protected Area managers. In Sri Lanka, Management Plan Preparation was mandated by the FFPO. Hence Management Plans have the status of a legal document. However Management Plans are not available for all the PAs in Sri Lanka. In fact, existing ones are considered to be out dated. However in general the conventional management planning approaches fail to provide sound management strategies in dynamic environments. All the sanctuaries in Sri Lanka do not have approved management plans. Proposed Strategic Conservation approach provides a conceptual framework for analysis of the conservation propensity and development propensity of biodiversity rich, sensitive and threatened areas. Using the proposed approach, possible strategies could be grouped in to four clusters and implemented in the light of eight capability roles that an agency can perform. It could be used as a complementary or supplementary approach to the conventional management planning in order to address specific problems faced by PAs such as Sanctuaries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jepsl.v2i2.6331 Journal of Environmental Professionals Sri Lanka, Vol. 2 No. 2 2013, 66-76