Preparation Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Research Articles

Multifunctional carboxymethyl cellulose film by adjusting cellulose structure through molten salt hydrates

The functional and environmentally friendly materials derived from cellulose have attracted increasing attention due to their extensive application. In this work, a new approach for preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films by adjusting the structure of cellulose with molten salt hydrates (MSHs) was proposed. The dissolving ability of cellulose in single and mixed MSHs was studied, and the structure of regenerated cellulose was characterized. The mechanism of cellulose dissolution and regeneration revealed that cellulose regenerated from mixed MSH (LiCl–2ZnCl2–6H2O) was conducive to derivatization. CMC films were synthesized from regenerated cellulose, and their structure–property relationships were investigated. CMC films with good mechanical strength and transmittance and CMC-H films with water resistance and flexibility were successfully prepared, illustrating that adjusting cellulose structure by using MSHs is an effective strategy for developing multifunctional CMC films.

Carboxylmethyl cellulose produced from wood sawdust for improving properties of sodium alginate hydrogel in dye adsorption

Cellulose-based materials have shown immense potential for diverse applications because of their attractive properties such as excellent mechanical properties, rich hydroxyl groups for modification, and natural properties with recyclability, nontoxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and environmental friendliness. This study aimed to optimize cellulose extraction from wood sawdust using deep eutectic solution (DES) treatments for the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and to evaluate the application of CMC in sodium alginate (SA) microgel for dye adsorption. Cellulose extractions were optimized in reduced chemical treatment conditions with high cellulose contents (88.19 %), and selectively increased lignin removal (87.23 %). The analyses by SEM, XRD, and FT-IR revealed that carboxymethylation has successfully transformed cellulose into CMC to facilitate the significantly improved water solubility and swelling ability. The TGA curve of CMC showed a higher thermal stability (residual weight of 52 % at 300 °C) compared to unmodified cellulose due to the decomposition of the amorphous regions during the carboxymethylation. The combined biodegradable SA and water-soluble CMC composite microgels were successfully fabricated via cross-linking with calcium chloride using a microfluidic approach. The incorporation of CMC into SA microgel had enhanced mechanical properties, adsorption capacities of 160.87 and 141.48 mg/g, and adsorption–desorption efficiencies of 96.84 % and 95.41 % for crystal violet and trypan blue respectively after five cycles. The adsorption processes of both dyes can be described by Sips adsorption isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, verifying the chemical interaction-assisted process. This simple green CMC/SA adsorbent has the potential to significantly enhance the adsorption capacity of dye removal from wastewater.

Preparation of carboxymethylcellulose / ZnO / chitosan composite hydrogel microbeads and its drug release behaviour

In this study, a novel carboxymethylcellulose / ZnO / chitosan (CMC / ZnO / Cs) hydrogel microbeads loaded with crosslinked porous starch / curcumin (CPS / Cur) were designed and prepared to improve the encapsulation efficiency of curcumin for drug delivery to specific sites. It was found that the total pore volume of crosslinked porous starch (CPS) was increased by 1150 % when compared to the native starch (NS), and the adsorption ratio of curcumin by CPS was enhanced by 27 % when compared to NS. Secondly, the swelling ratio of composite hydrogel microbeads was within 25 % in an acidic environment at pH 1.2, and the swelling ratio of hydrogel microbeads sharply increased to 320 % ~ 370 % at pH 6.8 and 7.4. In addition, the results of in vitro simulated release experiments showed that the released amount of hydrogel microbeads loaded with NS/Cur and CPS/Cur in SGF were within 7 % in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). The highest released amount of curcumin was 65.26 % for hydrogel beads loaded with CPS/Cur, which was 26 % lower than that of hydrogel microbeads loaded with Cur in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). In simulated colonic fluid (SCF), the released amount of hydrogel microbeads loaded with CPS/Cur and Cur were 73.96 % and 91.69 %, respectively. In conclusion, pH-sensitive drug delivery system with good drug stability and bioavailability were successfully prepared with carboxymethylcellulose / ZnO / chitosan bead, suitable targeting drug delivery to the small intestine.

Preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derived from palm fiber waste: Effect of ozone pretreatment on CMC properties

AbstractCarboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was prepared using cellulose extracted from palm fiber (CPF). The effect of ozone pretreatment on the CMC properties degree of substitution (DS) and viscosity was investigated. After treatment of CPF with ozone, CMC was prepared by alkalization followed by etherification using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium monochloroacetic acid (NaMCA) in an alcoholic medium. The DS of CMC increased with increased ozone pretreatment time and with increased amounts of NaOH and NaMCA reagents. The CMC solubility increased with increasing DS. Therefore, the solubility increased with ozone pretreatment time. The favored treatment conditions were ozone pretreatment for 3 h, followed by the addition of 10 mL of 30% NaOH and 38.6 mM of NaMCA. Under these conditions, the DS, purity, and solubility were 1.05, 79.6%, and 94.6%, respectively. The viscosity of CMC prepared using cellulose treated with ozone decreased with increasing ozone pretreatment time, which was caused by the reduced degree of polymerization. Therefore, use of ozone pretreatment for CMC preparation is an effective method for controlling CMC properties.

Preparation of carboxy methyl cellulose stabilized nano-sized zero-valent iron and its properties for in situ remediation of groundwater in areas after acid in situ leach uranium mining

In this study, a highly dispersed carboxy methyl cellulose stabilized nZVI was synthesized and characterized, showing excellent uranium removal efficiency in acid in situ leach mine water.

Preparation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Musa paradisiaca Pseudo Stem Using an Alkaline Treatment

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) extraction from Musa paradisiaca (MP) pseudo stem by alkaline treatment and their properties were examined in the current research work. One of the most well-known types of lignin biomass waste that is readily available globally is MP. In many nations, including Taiwan, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, India, and the Philippines, these plants have been used for traditional reasons. Whole plant parts have been used as food, including the pseudo-stem, flower buds, trunk, fruits, and leaves. Sequestration of cellulose was attained by alkaline treatment and bleaching from raw fibers. Cellulose fiber is a biodegradable, naturally occurring, and renewable polymer that is used in a variety of industries, including the food, paper, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors. The cellulose obtained from forest and agricultural residue has numerous advantages such as being environmentally safe, recyclable, and economically feasible respectively. The main process of cellulose extraction from MP pseudo stem are digesting process using a digester, bleaching, and neutralization which shows a zero-waste process. The alkali treatment takes less time to get a final product whereas enzyme treatment, and steam explosion treatment takes high energy and more cost. Hence, cellulose extract from alkaline treatment is economically feasible and environmentally friendly.

One-Step Preparation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Phytic Acid Hydrogels with Potential for Biomedical Applications.

Hydrogels based on natural, biodegradable materials have gained considerable interest in the medical field due to their improved drug delivery profiles and tissue-mimicking architecture. In this regard, this study was devoted to the preparation and characterization of new physically crosslinked hydrogels based on carboxymethyl cellulose and an unconventional crosslinking agent, phytic acid. Phytic acid, in addition to its antioxidant and antibacterial effects, can improve the biological properties and stability of gels, without adding toxicity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, rheological studies and thermal analysis confirmed the hydrogel formation. The influence of the ratio between the cellulose derivative and the crosslinker upon the morphological structure and water uptake was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and swelling measurements in simulated body fluids. Furthermore, procaine was entrapped within the hydrogels and used as a model drug for in vitro studies, which highlighted the dependence of the drug release on the phytic acid content of the matrix. The materials demonstrated antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The biocompatibility was assessed on fibroblast cells, and according to our results, hydrogels can improve cell viability highlighting the potential of these systems as therapeutic scaffolds for skin tissue engineering.

Spray-Assisted Interfacial Polymerization to Form CuII/I@CMC-PANI Film: An Efficient Dip Catalyst for A3 Reaction.

A novel and interesting method for the preparation of carboxymethylcellulose–polyaniline film-supported copper catalyst (CuII/I@CMC-PANI) has been developed via spray-assisted interfacial polymerization. Using copper sulfate as an initiator, spraying technology was introduced to form a unique interface that is perfectly beneficial to the polymerization of aniline monomers onto carboxymethylcellulose macromolecule chains. To further confirm the composition and structure of the as-prepared hybrid film, it was systematically characterized by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The Cu content in the fresh CuII/I@CMC-PANI film was determined to be 1.805 mmol/g, and spherical nanoparticles with an average size of ca. 10.04 nm could be observed in the hybrid film. The CuII/I@CMC-PANI hybrid film was exerted as a dip catalyst to catalyze the aldehyde–alkyne–amine (A3) coupling reactions. High yields of the products (up to 97%) were obtained in this catalytic system, and the catalyst could be easily picked up from the reaction mixture by tweezers and reused for at least six consecutive runs, without any discernible losses in its activity in the model reaction. The dip catalyst of CuII/I@CMC-PANI, with easy fabrication, convenient deployment, superior catalytic activity, and great reusability, is expected to be very useful in organic synthesis.

The preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose from corncob residue and its effects on paper properties

In this study, corncob residue was treated in advance with different three methods in order to remove lignin. The treated fibers were characterized using Zeta potential, WRV, and FAS-VII fiber analysis methods. The lignin removal rates of the corncob residue treated with sodium hypochlorite were determined to reach up to 92.81%. The average fiber length was 0.65 mm, and the average width was 34.11 µm. In addition, the obtained cellulose was modified by carboxymethylation to prepare carboxymethyl cellulose. The results indicated that the carboxymethyl cellulose obtained from the corncob residue could significantly improve the properties of paper. For example, when 1% carboxymethyl cellulose was added, the burst index, tensile index, folding endurance, and tear index of the experimental paper were improved by 16.7%, 27.65%, 57.3%, and 18.2%, respectively, compared with the control. The results of this study’s SEM analysis showed that the addition of carboxymethyl cellulose from corncob residue resulted in the fibers becoming more tightly combined, which in turn led to the improvement of paper strength properties.

Preparation of Carboxymethylcellulose from Waste Paper

Preparation of Carboxymethylcellulose from Waste Paper

Effect of blended colorants of anthocyanin and shikonin on carboxymethyl cellulose/agar-based smart packaging film

Natural colorants (anthocyanin and shikonin) were blended in different ratios (3:1 and 1:3) and used for the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/agar-based functional halochromic films. The colorants were compatible with the polymer matrix and evenly spread over the polymer matrix. The addition of colorants slightly improved the mechanical strength and significantly improved the water vapor barrier properties of CMC/agar-based films without altering the thermal stability. The color indicator film exhibited excellent UV- barrier properties without substantially reducing the transparency. It also showed distinct pH-responsive color-changing properties in the pH range of 2–12, showing excellent acid and base gas sensing properties. The shikonin-added film showed potent antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria, and the color indicator films exhibited intense antioxidant activities. The CMC/agar-based color indicator films with improved physical and functional properties are likely to be used in active and intelligent food packaging applications.

PREPARATION OF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE AND POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (CMC/PVA) HYDROGELS USING FREEZE−THAW PROCESSES FOR ADSORPTION OF Zn2+ AND Cu2+

"The preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (CMC/PVA) composites is proposed in the present work. The CMC/PVA hydrogels were prepared using freeze−thaw processes. The effects of freezing time and of the number of freeze−thaw cycles on the swelling ratio and gel fraction of achieved hydrogels were evaluated using response surface methodology. The multiple regression analysis suggested second order polynomial equations as models for predicting changes of the studied hydrogel characteristics by selected process variables, with relatively high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.82). The numerical optimization suggested that freezing the polymer solutions for 5 h and repeating the freeze−thaw process for 5 times would give the most desirable hydrogels with highest either swelling ratio or gel fraction. Remarkably, the ion adsorption studies showed that the adsorption of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions by the hydrogels obeys zero order kinetics and the high capability of the produced optimum hydrogels to adsorb selected ions from synthetic waste was confirmed."

Development of Antibacterial Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Nanobiocomposite Films Containing Various Metallic Nanoparticles for Food Packaging Applications.

In this study, silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper oxide (CuO) metallic nanoparticles were used in preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) nanobiocomposite films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (EDXA), water vapor permeability (WVP), ultraviolet and visible light (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and mechanical and microbial tests were used to determine the characteristics of the obtained active films. SEM results showed that the CMC nanobiocomposite films had roughness deflection levels and the EDXA test confirmed the presence of Ag, ZnO, and Cuo nanoparticles in the biopolymer tissue. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed that with addition of metallic nanoparticles to the pure CMC film, absorption rate increased and WVP decreased. In the mechanical tests, addition of nanoparticles also increased the tensile strength of the films, and the nanobiocomposite films exhibited higher resistance compared to the pure CMC film. Films incorporating metallic nanoparticles showed antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus growth. Thus, nanobiocomposite films can be used as active packaging films and could increase the shelf-life of the food.

Preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose from tea stalk and its use as a paper-strengthening agent

Abstract Tea stalk was used for producing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and a response surface methodology was used to model effective factors relative to the degree of substitution (DS). The optimum values of the independent variables were an alkalization time of 107 min, monochloroacetic acid at 3.11 g, and an etherification time of 171 min, at which the CMC had a DS of 0.668. The yield of CMC in optimization condition was 75.9 %. The optimized CMC was in a good agreement with the commercial CMC, as based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry analyses. The optimized CMC was used to enhance paper strength, and with economic factors and paper strength enhancement taken into account, the appropriate amount of optimized CMC was determined to be approximately 0.3 %. When the amount of optimized CMC was at 0.3 %, the tensile index, burst index, tearing index, and folding endurance were 26.7 N m/g, 1.0 kPa m 2 / g 1.0\hspace{0.1667em}\text{kPa}\hspace{0.1667em}{\text{m}^{2}}/\text{g} , 12.1 mN m 2 / g 12.1\hspace{0.1667em}\text{mN}\hspace{0.1667em}{\text{m}^{2}}/\text{g} , and 2.0, respectively. Together, these results indicated that the optimized CMC exhibited comparable paper strengthening properties relative to that of commercially available CMC.

Preparation and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose with a High Degree of Substitution from Agricultural Wastes

This paper describes the use of agricultural wastes for the preparation of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with a high degree of substitution using two methods: the classic and a microwave-assisted method. A series of CMC samples with degrees of substitution from 0.43 to 2.83 were prepared from cellulose extracted from almond shells, almond stems, and fig stems by a one-step carboxymethylation reaction. The highest degree of substitution was 2.83, which corresponded to CMC from fig stems when butanol was used as a solvent. This CMC was easily dissolved in water and thus would provide many opportunities for diverse applications. The obtained CMCs were characterized using different tools. Different CMC films were prepared using the casting method and were characterized by the determination of their mechanical properties. The obtained results can be considered promising; they demonstrate the potential of using cellulose derivatives for the production of transparent and strong films.

Isolation of Cellulose from Wheat Straw and Its Utilization for the Preparation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Cellulose was isolated from wheat straw by the combined pretreatment including dilute acid hydrolysis, ethanol extraction, and alkaline H2O2 delignification. The effects of varying the parameters on carboxymethylation on isolated cellulose were investigated. Furthermore, the chemical structure of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) prepared from wheat straw was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope analysis. The isolated cellulose is mainly composed of cellulose without hemicellulose and with minors of lignin and ash. The optimal conditions for carboxymethylation were base concentration, 20%; reaction temperature, 70°C; reaction time, 2 h; mass ratio of etherifying agent to cellulose, 1.75. Under the optimized conditions, CMC with high degree of substitution (0.88) and low viscosity (18 mPa·s) was synthesized. Chemical structural characterization showed the feasibility of the preparation of CMC from wheat straw. The constituents of wheat straw would be maximally utilized by the proposed method.

Optimization of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Preparation from Bagasse by Response Surface Methodology

In this work, the process of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) prepared from pretreated bagasse was studied. On the basis of single factor experiments, further research on the interaction among the significant elements was conducted by means of steepest ascent, Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. Consequently, it turned out that the optimum carboxymethyl reaction factors were as follows: In ethanol-water solution, NaOH as basifier, alkalized at 31.2°C for 120min; chloroacetic aicd as etherifying agent, etherified at 56°C for 132min; afterwards, temperature was kept at 70°C for 10min. Under these conditions, viscosity of 1% CMC aqueous solution reached 243 mPa·s. Compared to that of the original value, it has an increase of 32.1%.

Carboxymethyl cellulose prepared from mesquite tree: New source for promising nanocomposite materials

In the current article cellulose pulp extracted from mesquite tree was characterized and used as a raw material for preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) which further used for preparing nanocomposite. CMC/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was synthesized by co-precipitation of iron (II) and (III) salts by aqueous ammonia in CMC solution. Cellulose pulp, CMC and CMC/Fe3O4 materials were characterized by using FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM and TEM analysis. The results showed that homogenous spherical magnetic nanoparticles with diameter ∼25 nm were formed. The nanocomposite was further applied to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption experiments showed the maximum adsorption capacity at pH 7. The adsorption results were analyzed by different isotherm and kinetic models and the results were fitted well with the Langmuir model and pseudo second-order model respectively. The current article showed that mesquite tree is a new resource for cellulose pulp which could be employed for preparing sustainable and environmentally friendly composite materials.

Functional electrospun cellulosic nanofiber mats for antibacterial bandages

Functionalization of cellulosic nanofibers was established to develop antibacterial bandages. The functionalization was conducted through preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) containing different metal nanoparticles (MNPs) such as copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) and zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs). Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize CMC containing MNPs and scanning electron microscopy coupled with high energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) to study the surface morphology of CMC with and without MNPs. Furthermore, back scattering electron detector was used to show the position of metal nanoparticles on the microcrystalline CMC. In addition, UV-visible spectroscopy was used to confirm MNPs formation. Nanofiber mats of CMC containing MNPs were synthesized using electrospinning technique. Surface morphology of electrospun CMC containing MNPs was characterized using SEM. The obtained data revealed that elctrospun CMC nanofibers containing MNPs were smooth and uniformly distributed without bead formation. The average fiber diameters were in the range of 150 to 200 nm and the presence of MNPs in the nanofiber did not affect the size of the electrospun nanofiber diameter. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images displayed that MNPs were existed inside and over the surface of the electrospun nanofibers without any agglomeration. The average particle diameters of MNPs were 29-39 nm for ZnNPs, 23-27 nm for CuNPs and 22-26 nm for FeNPs. Moreover, Water uptake of electrospun nanofiber mats and the release of MNPs from nanofibers were evaluated. Nevertheless, electrospun CMC nanofibers containing MNPs had an excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.

Response surface method to optimize the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose from corn peel agricultural waste

Response surface method to optimize the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose from corn peel agricultural waste