Abstract
"The preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (CMC/PVA) composites is proposed in the present work. The CMC/PVA hydrogels were prepared using freeze−thaw processes. The effects of freezing time and of the number of freeze−thaw cycles on the swelling ratio and gel fraction of achieved hydrogels were evaluated using response surface methodology. The multiple regression analysis suggested second order polynomial equations as models for predicting changes of the studied hydrogel characteristics by selected process variables, with relatively high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.82). The numerical optimization suggested that freezing the polymer solutions for 5 h and repeating the freeze−thaw process for 5 times would give the most desirable hydrogels with highest either swelling ratio or gel fraction. Remarkably, the ion adsorption studies showed that the adsorption of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions by the hydrogels obeys zero order kinetics and the high capability of the produced optimum hydrogels to adsorb selected ions from synthetic waste was confirmed."
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