Preparation Of Calcium Oxide Research Articles

Biodiesel production from by extraction of carp fish (Cyprinidae) oil and transesterification using CaO derived from limestone and eggshells as heterogeneous catalysts

The fish market produces a huge amount of fish waste and worsens the ecosystem’s condition when dumping into the environment while the treatment to create ecologically and economically acceptable biodiesel is one possible answer. So, this study evaluates the efficiency of three extraction techniques: Wet rendering, Soxhlet, and enzyme hydrolysis in extracting oil from carp fish. The highest yields of oil extraction were 38.61, 36.25, and 22.38% in the Soxhlet extraction, enzyme hydrolysis extraction, and wet rendering respectively. Raw fish oil’s physical and chemical characteristics were investigated, and GC-MS was used to determine its free fatty acid profile. This investigation also inquired about the preparation of calcium oxide (CaO) that is efficient in producing biodiesel from waste eggshells and limestone which were calcined at 950 °C for 2.5 hr, producing stable and high-purity CaO. XRD and FTIR were used to characterize the prepared catalyst while FESEM analysis of the catalyst’s surface structure and EDX spectra analysis of the catalyst’s elemental composition were both performed. The highest yields were 91.74 and 89.21% obtained using CaO derived from limestone and eggshells respectively. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions were a methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, 3.5 wt% CaO catalyst, 60 °C, and 90 min.

Experimental study on preparation of calcium oxide by coal reduction of calcium sulfate in carbon dioxide atmosphere

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecent studies show that CaO is being produced from CaSO4 by CO reduction using fixed‐bed reactors. However, the product yield is low and the reaction time is long. Furthermore, the high cost of CO hinders its application in industrial processes. Therefore, a new process is proposed for preparing CaO by CaSO4 decomposition using lignite under CO2. The influence of various process conditions on the production of CaO by CaSO4 decomposition is investigated by combining kinetic and FactSage simulations. Finally, a typical industrial gypsum – phosphogypsum (PG) – is used for experimental verification.RESULTSThe study found that adding CO2 during the coal reduction of CaSO4 increases the CaO yield. The ideal conditions are 1.75 C/Ca molar ratio, 7.5% CO2 concentration at 1100 °C with the maximum CaSO4 decomposition rate and CaO yield of 99.63% and 99.28%, respectively. CaO generation is carried out using a two‐step process. Initially, CaSO4 is reduced to become CaS and CaO, and CaS interacts with CaSO4 to produce CaO. Secondly, the reaction between CaS and CO2 produces CaO. The nucleation and growth model with g(α) = −ln(1 − α) is applicable to both processes. The experimental use of PG confirms the above conclusions, but SiO2 in PG reacts with CaO to produce Ca2SiO4 and affect the CaO yield.CONCLUSIONThe addition of CO2 promotes the conversion process of CaSO4 to CaO. Increasing the temperature, C/Ca molar ratio and CO2 concentration favor the decomposition of CaSO4 into CaO. This study offers advice for using CaSO4 products like PG as resources. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Preparation of calcium oxide by decomposition of phosphogypsum under CO and water vapor atmosphere

Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial solid waste, and the production of CaO by CO reduction of PG can not only solve the environmental problems caused by PG, but also turn waste into treasure to generate CaO. However, the current yield of CaO production by CO reduction of PG is low. To further improve the yield of CaO, a technical method of CaO preparation by CO-H2O synergistic reduction of PG is proposed. The impacts of CO concentration, P(H2O)/P(CO) ratio and reaction temperature are examined in this work together with FactSage thermodynamic simulations in order to determine the ideal reaction conditions and reaction mechanism. It is found that the CaO yield could reach 96.78% at 1100 °C of 3% CO and P(H2O)/P(CO) of 10. The mechanism study shows that when the CO atmosphere contains H2O, the reductive decomposition of PG by CO is actually the result of the joint action of CO, H2 and CO2. Overall, this research will help to enhance a novel technological strategy for preparing CaO by decomposition of PG.

Synthesis and characterization of calcium oxide nanoparticles for CO2 capture

In this paper, the preparation of calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles (NPs) is reported by a precipitation method, using CaCl2 and NaOH as starting raw materials. The produced NPs were characterized for chemical composition, phase composition, particle size distribution, morphological features, specific surface area, and crystallite sizes. It is shown that calcination of Ca(OH)2 in vacuum takes place faster/at a lower temperature compared to the calcination in air due to the higher entropy of the gaseous product of calcination. It is also shown that when these CaO nanoparticles are kept at room temperature in air, they fully and spontaneously transform into CaCO3 within 3 weeks. Therefore, if this material is disposed in open fields (not necessarily in industrial conditions), it is able to capture carbon dioxide from normal air slowly, but surely. However, when the CaO nanoparticles are kept in the air at 100–200 °C, they mostly capture water vapor from the air instead of carbon dioxide, and the resulting calcium hydroxide blocks the carbon dioxide capture by CaO nanoparticles.

Study on effectiveness of activated calcium oxide in pilot plant biodiesel production

One of the main problems in large-scale biodiesel production is selection of suitable and economically viable heterogenous catalyst. This research work focuses on preparation of calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst for the effective conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel in pilot plant. When the calcinated CaO was treated with methanol, the modified catalyst exhibits increased surface area, increased specific basicity and decreased crystalline size compared to unmodified catalyst, it was confirmed by Fourier Transform Inferred Spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. High biodiesel yield of 92% with Calcinated CaO (C-CaO) and 96% with Activated CaO (A-CaO) was achieved under 80 °C with 3% catalyst (wt) and oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:06 at 400 rpm in 120 min. These optimized conditions were employed in 15 L pilot plant for biodiesel production. FTIR, Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and Thermogravimetry (TGA) studies were used to confirm the formation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) from WCO. Further, the physiochemical properties of produced biodiesel were analyzed and compared with (American Society for Testing and Materials) ASTM standards. Blending of biodiesel produced from waste material with petro-diesel considerably reduce the fuel cost, emissions also provide sustainable solution for management of fat-oil rich waste material.

Preparation of calcium oxide from cattle bones as catalyst for conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel

Preparation of calcium oxide from cattle bones by thermal decomposition for 3 hours using various temperature at 400°, 500°, 800°, 900°, 1000°, and 1100°C. Calcium oxide was characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer. The results of XRD pattern showed of diffraction similar to CaO standard from JCPDS at 2θ: 32.2°; 37.3°; 53.8°; 64.1° and 67.3°. The CaO from heating cattle bones at 1000°C resulting of 2θ: 32.3°; 53.8° and 64.1°. Then, the metal oxide was characterized by FT-IR which showed the existence of CaO at wave number 362.2 cm -1 from CaO vibration. The CaO from cattle bones applied as catalyst on biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil and resulting viscosity value of biodiesel 5.93 cSt, density 0.876 g/cm 3 , acid value 0.561 mg/KOH and iod number value 16.92 g/100 g, respectively all in the range of SNI standard. Keywords: cattle bones, calcium oxide, catalyst, biodiesel, waste cooking oil.

Preparation and characterization of calcium oxide from crab shells (Portunus pelagicus) and its application in biodiesel synthesis of waste cooking oil, palm and coconut oil

Preparation of calcium oxide from Portunus pelagicus through thermal decomposition for 3 hours at various temperature 700°C, 800°C,900°C,1000°C, and 1100°C. The calcium oxidefrom decomposition was carried out and characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), FT-IR spectrophotometer and SEM-EDX analyses. The result of XRD show decomposition Portunus pelagicus at 1000°C have diffraction pattern agree with the CaO diffraction standard with 2θ value 32.4o, 37.5o, 64.3o, and 67,5o. The FT-IR spectrum show vibration of CaO at wavenumber 354.9 cm-1. SEM-EDX data indicated the surface morphology calcium oxide of Portunus pelagicus more homogen than Portunus pelagicus before decomposition. The decomposition of CaO at 1000°C was applied in the syntesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil, palm oil, and coconut oil. The biodiesel products have density 0.8621, 0.8725, and 0.8688 g/cm3. Viscosity are 5.27, 3.71, and 2.45 mm2/s(cst). Acid values respectively are 0.3069, 0.2423 and 0.2100 mg/KOH and Iodine numbers 39.48, 36.12 and 9.24 g I2/100g. All characteristic of biodiesel from waste cooking oil, palm oil, and coconut oil are agree with SNI standard. The best biodiesel product derived from coconut oil is agree to the parameter value of biodiesel standard. Keywords: biodiesel. Portunus pelagicus. calcium oxide. catalyst.

PREPARATION OF CALCIUM OXIDE FROM <i>Achatina fulica</i> AS CATALYST FOR PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COOKING OIL

Preparation of calcium oxide from Achatina fulica shell has been carried out systematically by decomposition for 3 h at various temperatures i.e. 600, 700, 800 and 900 °C. Formation of calcium oxide was characterized using XR diffractometer. The calcium oxide obtained with the optimum temperature decomposition was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy to indicate the functional group in the calcium oxide. The results showed that XRD pattern of materials obtained from decomposition of Achatina fulica shell at 700 °C is similar with XRD pattern of calcium oxide standard from Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS). The IR spectra of calcium oxide appear at wavenumber 362 cm-1 which is characteristic of CaO vibration. Application of calcium oxide from Achatina fulica shell for synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil results in biodiesel with density are in the range of ASTM standard.

A study of hydrogen diffusion flames

Summary o (1) Both atomic sodium and atomic potassium are produced in a hydrogen diffusion flame by a reaction involving atomic hydrogen. (2) This reaction is sufficiently rapid to rea premixed flame stabilized by the presence of the main diffusion flame. (4) Measurements of the temperature along the axis of the diffusion flame yield data which favor an atom diffusion mechanism rather than a heat conduction mechanism for the stabilization of the inner cone. (5) Hydrogen atoms generated in a discharge tube will excite both a preparation of calcium oxide activated with bismuth and zinc beryllium silicate to luminescence. This luminescence is brighter at higher temperature. Zinc beryllium silicate will also luminesce when subjected to ions. (6) The luminescence of these materials is a valid test for hydrogen atoms in diffusion flames.