Preparation Method Research Articles

Stable Silica‐Based Zeolites with Three‐Dimensional Systems of Extra‐Large Pores

Zeolites are microporous crystalline materials that find a very wide range of applications, which, however, are limited by the size and dimensionality of their pores. Stable silica zeolites with a three‐dimensional (3D) system of extra‐large pores (ELP, i.e., pores with minimum windows along the diffusion path consisting of more than 12 SiO4/2 tetrahedra, 12R) are in demand for processing larger molecules than zeolites can currently handle. However, they have challenged worldwide synthetic capabilities for more than eight decades. In this review we first present a brief history of the discovery of ELP zeolites. Next, we show that earlier successes of zeolites with 3D ELP were not actually zeolites, but rather interrupted structures with, in addition, a composition that severely detracted from their stability. Finally, we present three new fully connected stable silica‐based 3D ELP zeolites ZEO‐1, ZEO‐3 and ZEO‐5, discuss their preparation methods and stability as well as the clear advantage of their increased porosity in catalysis and adsorption processes involving large molecules. We will discuss peculiar characteristics of their preparation and present two new reaction types giving rise to zeolites (1D‐to‐3D topotactic condensation and interchain expansion), highlighting how new synthesis methods can provide materials that would otherwise be unfeasible.

Preparation Methods and Potential Biomedical Applications of β-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Heavy and Soft Metal Ion Nanoparticles

Preparation Methods and Potential Biomedical Applications of β-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Heavy and Soft Metal Ion Nanoparticles

Knowledge and Practice of Iranian Dentists Regarding Post Space Preparation and Coronal Reconstruction of Endodontically Treated Teeth

Background: Due to severe coronal destruction in endodontically treated teeth (ETT), the canal space is often utilized to provide retention for the core material. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge level and practices of Iranian dentists regarding post space preparation and coronal reconstruction of ETT. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 117 dentists at Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2021. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire. The first part included 6 questions regarding the demographic information of the participants. The second part comprised 10 questions regarding the methods of post space preparation and coronal reconstruction of ETT. SPSS-20 software was used to analyze the data, calculating frequency (%), mean, and standard deviation. Results: 44.4% of the participants used amalgam along with a prefabricated post, 59% correctly identified the definition of the ferrule effect, and 87.2% believed that the ferrule effect increases fracture resistance. Additionally, 39.3% reported preparing the post space immediately after obturation; 91.5% used rotary instruments for removing root filling material, 93.2% reported cleaning the post space prior to cementation of the intracanal post, and 35.9% used saline for this purpose. Moreover, 72.9% believed that teeth with post and core necessarily require a prosthetic crown, and 94% used full-coverage crowns for ETT. Coronal fracture was reported by 62.4% as the most common cause of failure of ETT. Conclusions: The knowledge level of dental clinicians regarding post space preparation and coronal reconstruction of ETT was moderate, while their practice level was poor. The most common variables that had a significant relationship were age and academic degree.

Development and characteristic research on new thermal insulation and anti-permeability grouting material for tunnels in cold regions

The surrounding rock of tunnels in cold regions are susceptible to the freeze–thaw cycle resulting from the combination of low temperatures and moisture during tunnel service. The phenomenon will not only lead to the expansion of pores and fissures in the surrounding rock of the initial tunnel, but also destroy the integrity of the rock. This destruction will have a serious impact on tunnel structure and rail transit operation safety. At present, the commonly used thermal insulation measures have some problems such as maintenance difficulties, low economic efficiency, and safety hazards. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a kind of tunnel maintenance grouting material with insulation and anti-permeability, which has the characteristics of simple operation, easy preparation and application. We independently developed a composite grouting material composed of polyurethane (PU), epoxy resin (E-51) and acrylic powder (PMMA). Through the material combustion test, magnesium hydroxide was selected as the flame retardant additive. Moreover, we measured the thermal conductivity, water absorption, apparent density, porosity and strength characteristic parameters. The thermal insulation and anti-permeability characteristics of the composites were also analyzed. The results indicated that the thermal conductivity of the new composite grouting material is 6.3% lower than the PU before adding flame retardant. Compared with the PU with flame retardant, the water absorption decreased by 74.4% and the ultimate strength increased by 33.3%. For the area with an average temperature lower than − 10 °C, we recommend the ratio scheme of E-51: 3%; PMMA: 15%. For the area with high water content in the surrounding rock of the tunnel, we recommend the ratio scheme of E-51: 15%; PMMA: 3%. This study provides new ideas for material preparation and tunnel insulation methods for anti-freezing measures in tunnels during their operational period in cold regions.

Simply prepared α-Ni(OH)2-based electrode for efficient electrocatalysis of EOR and OER

As one of the most efficient Ni phases towards ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR), α-Ni(OH)2 is aimed to be simply prepared. Various α-Ni(OH)2-rich deposits are obtained chronoamperometrically from NiCl2 solution onto a pristine graphite surface at different potentials. After careful optimization, the optimum values deposition potential and time are found to be -0.9 V and 150 s, respectively. At longer deposition times, the predominant component of the deposits is the β-Ni(OH)2 phase. The optimum electrode, Ni(OH)2/G(opt), exhibits remarkable EOR catalytic activity with an ethanol oxidation peak current of 325.35 mA/cm2. Moreover, Ni(OH)2/G(opt) demonstrates noteworthy activity and durability for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 M NaOH. Whereas the overpotential at current density of 10 mA/cm2 (ηt=0) is 0.37 V; however, after 24 h it slightly increases to (ηt=24h) 0.39 V. These values imply significant outcomes for our novel and straightforward preparation method for creating highly efficient electrocatalysts for both EOR and OER using time- and cost-effective materials.

Using polycaprolactone and sodium alginate to prepare self-pumping/super-absorbent/transportable drug dressings for stage 3–4 pressure ulcer treatment

Pressure ulcer dressings with different functions can enhance wound healing ability to varying degrees; however, pressure ulcer dressings that integrate various functions and break the resistance of bacteria to traditional antibiotics have not been widely studied. We proposed a self-pumping/super-absorbent/transportable drug dressing (PLD-SLD), polycaprolactone (PCL)/sodium alginate (SA) was used to load platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and lidocaine hydrochloride (LID) by Janus electrospinning and self-assembly technology, and Ɛ-polylysine was used as a biological bacteriostatic agent to prepare a multi-layer dressing. SEM showed that the dressing had a fluffy structure. The dressing can pump the exudate to the SA layer away from the skin. The swelling ratio reached 1378.667 ± 44.752 %. Coagulate blood in 5 min. On the 8th day, the unclosed area rate of the PLD-SLD dressing group was 16.112 ± 0.088 % lower than that of the model group. Importantly, the dressing can induce the expression of CD31, VEGF, α-SMA, and reduce the expression of CD68, thereby giving priority to wound healing. There was no scar formation after healing. In this study, a new dressing preparation method was proposed for the problems of exudate management, infection control, pain relief and healing promotion of stage 3–4 pressure ulcer healing.

Engineering of g-C3N4 for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: A Review.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts have garnered significant interest as a promising photocatalyst for hydrogen generation under visible light, to address energy and environmental challenges owing to their favorable electronic structure, affordability, and stability. In spite of that, issues such as high charge carrier recombination rates and low quantum efficiency impede its broader application. To overcome these limitations, structural and morphological modification of the g-C3N4-based photocatalysts is a novel frontline to improve the photocatalytic performance. Therefore, we briefly summarize the current preparation methods of g-C3N4. Importantly, this review highlights recent advancements in crafting high-performance g-C3N4-based photocatalysts, focusing on strategies like elemental doping, nanostructure design, bandgap engineering, and heterostructure construction. Notably, sophisticated doping techniques have propelled hydrogen production rates to a 104-fold increase. Ingenious nanostructure designs have expanded the surface area by a factor of 26, concurrently extending the fluorescence lifetime of charge carriers by 50%. Moreover, the strategic assembly of heterojunctions has not only elevated charge carrier separation efficiency but also preserved formidable redox properties, culminating in a dramatic hundredfold surge in hydrogen generation performance. This work provides a reliable and brief overview of the controlled modification engineering of g-C3N4-based photocatalyst systems, paving the way for more efficient hydrogen production.

Separation of microplastics from deep-sea sediment using an affordable, simple to use, and easily accessible density separation device

Microplastics accumulate in the environment but methods to extract particles from sediment for quantification and identification often lack accuracy and reproducibility. Existing methods vary greatly and many do not achieve adequate microplastic separation. During method development for extraction procedures, spike-recovery experiments (positive controls) are essential to ensure accurate and reproducible results from each sample matrix. Furthermore, the large variability in grain size and organic matter can affect the extraction of microplastics from the matrix. Scientists have used density separation to separate microplastics from matrices for decades, but apparatuses are often made of plastic, need to be custom made, and require multiple sample transfers from one apparatus to another. This study presents an affordable, easily accessible, and simple to use Density Separation Device (DSD) to remove plastics from deep-sea sediments. Eight polymers were spiked into replicates of environmental sediment, including six fragments: high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), nylon (PA6), and crumb rubber (CR) and two fibers: cellulose acetate (CA) and polyester (PEST). Two size classes of polymers were used: 100 μm to 300 μm and > 300 μm. Using a sodium polytungstate solution at a density of 1.9 g/mL and reflectance FTIR microscopy for particle identification, mean recoveries of all fragments exceeded 78% (CR: 92.7% ± 30.8%, PP: 78.4% ± 34.0%, HDPE: 93.8% ± 13.5%, PS: 86.9% ± 25.7%, PA6: 98.4% ± 63.2%, PVC: 100.0% ± 12.4%). Fiber recovery was much lower (PEST: 28.1% ± 28.1% and CA: 25.9% ± 17.3%) because they aggregated, passed through sieves vertically, or were obscured under other particles. The fragment recovery success, accessibility (available online, all parts under $200) and ease of use of this DSD should facilitate widespread use, thus helping to standardize sample preparation methods for microplastic metrology.

Facile synthesis of inherently nitrogen-doped PAN-derived microporous carbons activated with NaNH2 for selective CO2 adsorption and separation

N-doped porous carbons (PCs) are extensively researched for CO2 capture and separation under flue gas conditions, but their complex and expensive preparation methods hinder widespread industrial use. Herein, we present a direct approach for synthesizing N-doped PCs by utilizing polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and NaNH2 as precursors, without the need for any solvents. The utilization of NaNH2 as both a porogen and nitrogen supply during carbonization is primarily responsible for the formation of the well-developed pore structure and high specific surface area of N-doped PCs. The optimized sample “PN-3” demonstrated excellent textural features with an excellent specific surface area (SSA) of 2490 m2/g, a pore volume of 2.0559 cm3/g, a well-defined pore size distribution (PSD), and abundant micropores (<1 nm). In addition, PN-3 has the highest pyrrolic nitrogen content (∼40.1 at.%), resulting in a significant capacity for CO2 adsorption (7.15 mmol/g at 273 K/1bar, 4.56 mmol/g at 298 K/1 bar, 26.2 mmol/g at 298 K/ 40 bar). Furthermore, it exhibits an outstanding CO2/N2 selectivity (∼102) based on the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) at 273 K, surpassing the performance of most of previously reported biomass and polymer-derived N-doped carbons in terms of CO2 adsorption and separation. In addition, the adsorption process is characterized by a modest heat of adsorption (39.10 kJ/mol) and a steady cyclic pattern of CO2 adsorption–desorption under flue gas settings (15 % CO2 and 85 % N2). This indicates that the adsorption is mostly governed by physisorption, which allows for an energy-efficient regeneration process. In summary, this study showcases the successful production of highly PCs that can effectively adsorb CO2, enlightening the way toward establishment of a cost-effective and facile synthetic protocol for achieving CO2 capture/separation at the commercial scale.

Application of N-doped NiCo2O4/NiO/Co3O4 composites rich in oxygen vacancies in electromagnetic wave absorption

In this work, N-doped and oxygen vacancy-rich NiCo2O4/NiO/Co3O4composites are synthesized by the direct calcination method. Noticeably, by changing the additive concentrations of urea dissolved in DMF (N-N dimethylformamide), the electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption abilities of NiCo2O4/NiO/Co3O4composite effectively. A maximum reflection loss (RLmax) value at 12.94 GHz for a 2.8 mm thick sheet is -29.76 dB, while its effective absorption bandwidth (RL < -10 dB) reaches 4.21 GHz. In-depth research of possible mechanisms of EMW absorption enhancement. Owing to its simple preparation method and superb EMW absorption properties, the NiCo2O4/NiO/Co3O4composites have a chance to be suitable candidates for high-property EMW absorbers.

Total reflection x‐ray fluorescence analysis of trace elements in highly saline samples

AbstractThe reliable trace analysis of high‐purity chemicals and environmentally relevant samples is more important than ever and has led to the development of novel analytical methods. Total reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis is an increasingly known method for the determination of heavy metals at low concentration levels in environmental and industrial sample systems. However, there is still a need for optimization to obtain fast and precise results, especially for highly saline samples like brines and salts used in battery production or sea water. In this study, multi‐element standard solutions containing analytes like Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, or Zn in a concentration range between 0.1 and 1 mg/L were analyzed in the matrices lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and artificial seawater (ASW) containing 1000 mg/L Li and 24,000 mg/L NaCl, respectively, leading to matrix‐analyte ratios of up to 240,000:1. Different sample preparation methods were compared in order to achieve the highest possible repeatability (1) and signal‐to‐noise ratios (2) with the least amount of time (3). Various parameters such as sample volume, drying conditions, time, temperature and additive concentration were varied. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) was used as a measure of repeatability for three replicates per sample. For lithium carbonate, a method with a preparation time of only 2 min and a measurement time of 500 s could be developed, which allowed to obtain RSD% well below 5%, a high linearity (R2 &gt; 0.99) and limits of detection (LOD) in the range of 30 μg/L to 60 μg/L for most elements. Seawater analysis could be optimized with respect to signal‐to‐noise ratio, whereby the Kα‐line of the internal standard (Ga) was used for evaluation and the use of a desiccator was found to yield the best results.

Utilization of medicinal herbs among soccer athletes in the West Bank of Palestine

IntroductionHerbal supplements are popular among athletes, yet research on their types, purposes, and information sources is limited, particularly for Palestinian soccer players. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the types of herbal supplements used by young soccer athletes in the West Bank, their purposes, and the sources of information influencing their use. Understanding these aspects is crucial for safely and effectively integrating traditional remedies into modern sports nutrition. MethodsIn 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional study with young soccer athletes in the West Bank. We utilized a validated survey to collect data on the types of herbal supplements, their preparation methods, and information sources. We analyzed the data for frequencies and use values (UV). ResultsOut of 165 invited athletes, 155 participated, with 144 confirming their current use of herbal supplements. The participants, aged 18–25 (mean age 20.34), employed a variety of preparation and consumption methods. Information sources comprised traditional knowledge, advice from herbalists ("Attar" in Arabic), and online trends. Herbs that enhance physical endurance and stamina had the highest UV of 3.93, highlighting their critical importance. Herbs for joint and muscle pain and central nervous system stimulation had UV of 2.28 and 2.10, respectively, reflecting their significant roles. Antistress and anabolic herbs had UVs of 1.28 and 1.21, respectively. The total UV of 10.81 indicates a substantial use of herbal supplements. We recorded 1,675 recommendations, with the primary uses being: enhancing physical endurance and strength (36.36 %), reducing joint and muscle pain (21.13 %), acting as a CNS stimulant (19.46 %), alleviating stress (11.82 %), and providing testosterone-like effects (11.22 %). The top 10 herbs were ginseng (7.46 %), small nettle (6.99 %), olive (6.63 %), date (5.85 %), chili pepper (5.43 %), green tea (5.19 %), fenugreek (4.84 %), soy (4.24 %), coffee (4.24 %), and mate (4.12 %), collectively accounting for about 55 % of all recommendations. ConclusionThis study identifies the top 10 herbs used by soccer athletes, as well as their role in modern sports nutrition. Future research should evaluate their effectiveness and safety, focusing on herbs like date and small nettle. Educating athletes on the proper use and risks of herbal supplements is essential.

Facet-dependent diversity of Pt-O coordination for Pt 1 /CeO 2 catalystsachieved by oriented atomic deposition.

The surface chemistry of CeO2is dictated by the well-defined facets, which exert great influence on the supported metal species and the catalytic performance. Here we report Pt1/CeO2catalysts exhibiting specific structures of Pt-O coordination on different facets by using adequate preparation methods. The simple impregnation method results in Pt-O3coordination on the predominantly exposed {111} facets, while the photo-deposition method achieves oriented atomic deposition for Pt-O4coordination into the "nano-pocket" structure of {100} facetsat the top. Compared to the impregnated Pt1/CeO2catalyst showing normal redox properties and low-temperature activityforCO oxidation, the photo-deposited Pt1/CeO2exhibits uncustomary strong metal-support interaction and extraordinary high-temperature stability. The preparation methods dictate the facet-dependent diversity of Pt-O coordination, resulting in the further activity-selectivity trade-off. By applying specific preparation routes, our work provides an example of disentangling the effects of support facets and coordination environments for nano-catalysts.

State-of-the-Art Review on the Behavior of Bio-Asphalt Binders and Mixtures.

Asphalt binder is the most common material used in road construction. However, the need for more durable and safer pavements requires a better understanding of asphalt's aging mechanisms and how its characteristics can be improved. The current challenge for the road industry is to use renewable materials (i.e., biomaterials not subjected to depletion) as a partial replacement for petroleum-based asphalt, which leads to reducing the carbon footprint. The most promising is to utilize biomaterials following the principles of sustainability in the modification of the asphalt binder. However, to understand whether the application of renewable materials represents a reliable and viable solution or just a research idea, this review covers various techniques for extracting bio-oil and preparing bio-modified asphalt binders, technical aspects including physical properties of different bio-oils, the impact of bio-oil addition on asphalt binder performance, and the compatibility of bio-oils with conventional binders. Key findings indicate that bio-oil can enhance modified asphalt binders' low-temperature performance and aging resistance. However, the effect on high-temperature performance varies based on the bio-oil source and preparation method. The paper concludes that while bio-oils show promise as renewable modifiers for asphalt binders, further research is needed to optimize their use and fully understand their long-term performance implications.

Scalable Preparation of Liquid Infused Coatings for Lubrication of 103 m2 Dry Ski Slopes.

To facilitate effective training for freestyle skiers on artificial dry ski slopes, it is crucial to reduce the friction coefficient of the slopes and closely match it with that of snow. Traditional lubrication methods, such as water or soapy water, come with multiple disadvantages, including water waste, which leads to environmental pollution, short-lived effectiveness, and high costs. In this study, we have successfully developed a method for the scalable preparation of a liquid-infused coating (LIC) by tandem spraying inexpensive and environmentally friendly SiO2 particles and silicone oil lubricants. Experimental results showed that the resulting LIC is capable of imparting slippery properties to various surfaces, regardless of the surface chemistry. Moreover, the presence of LIC could reduce the friction coefficient significantly. By carefully regulating the surface composition, we achieved a friction coefficient of 0.059 between a snowboard and the LIC-functionalized ski slope, closely matching that between the snowboard and snow in a typical skiing competition venue (∼0.06). We successfully applied LIC onto 103 m2 dry ski slopes, providing a training ground for professional freestyle skiers.

Facile synthesis of highly basic, nanocrystalline Fe2O3-NiO composites as promising and durable catalysts for selective dehydrogenation of 2-butanol.

Nanocrystalline Fe2O3-NiO composite catalysts were prepared using a sonication-assisted green preparation method. The prepared catalysts were characterized using different techniques, including thermal analyses (TGA/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, surface area measurements (SBET), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface basicity of the prepared catalysts was measured using the temperature-programmed desorption of CO2 (CO2-TPD) as a highly acidic probe molecule. The catalytic activity of all the prepared catalysts was tested at a temperature range of 250-325 °C towards the dehydrogenation of 2-butanol to methyl-ethyl ketone (MEK), which is considered a promising fossil fuel alternative and has several industrial applications. The composite catalysts showed better catalytic activity compared to the pure oxides (i.e., Fe2O3 and NiO) due to the strong synergetic effect between the two oxides. Fe2O3 prevented the coke formation over the surface of NiO by the oxygen-scavenging effect of Fe, which promotes the oxidation of the carbonaceous species and increases the catalyst's resistance to deactivation. The effect of weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on the catalytic activity was tested over a selected catalyst. In addition, the stability and durability of the catalyst were tested across four successive reaction cycles, demonstrating remarkable performance throughout all the reaction cycles.

Insights into vanadium removal performance and mechanism in aqueous solution by one-step pyrolysis prepared Phytolacca acinosa biochar composite

Iron-loaded biochar (FBC) was synthesized via the dry-mixed co-pyrolysis of Phytolacca acinosa, Fe2(SO4)3 and NaOH and then used to remove aqueous vanadium (V (V)). FBC demonstrated the optimal adsorption performance for V (V) (57.67 mg/g) due to the loading of iron oxide, which increased the number of oxygen-containing functional groups. The adsorption of V (V) on FBC was pH-dependent, and the adsorption rate was high in the pH range of 2–8. Common cations and anions in water did not affect the adsorption of V (V) onto FBC, while NH4+, Na+, Ca2+, and Cd2+ can promoted its adsorption. The adsorption mechanism of FBC mainly included chemical adsorption, electrostatic adsorption, oxygen-containing functional group complexation and ion exchange. The easy preparation method, high adsorption capacity and adaptability makes FBC an ideal material for removing V (V) from wastewater.

A review of ceramic nanofluids and their applications

Various heat transfer technologies necessitate effective source-to-sink and sink-to-source heat transfer control. Nanoparticles are one of the hot topics in the industrial industry. It has caught a lot of attention because of its benefits. Nanoparticles are small, with a range of 1–100 nm. Despite their small size, their properties are excellent in terms of thermal properties, heat transfer, tribology properties, and many more. There are many types of nanoparticles, and different types of nanoparticles have their excellent properties and performances. This article mainly focuses on ceramic nanoparticles’ performances, preparation methods, stability, thermophysical properties, and applications. Numerous uses of nanoparticles are made possible in several industries because of their regulated size, surface functionalization, porosity, surface area-to-volume ratio, and excellent heat transfer. Based on the information in the literature, the current contribution intends to describe the most recent advancements in ceramic nanofluids’ preparation, characterization, and stability. This article mainly focuses on ceramic nanoparticles’ performances, preparation methods, stability, thermophysical properties, and applications. The discussion ends with applications of nanofluids, which will guide future work on creating very stable nanofluids.

EFFECT OF SNO2 POROUS STRUCTURE ON ITS OPTICAL AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN WATER AND WATER-METHANOL SOLUTIONS

Tin(IV) oxide is a wide-gap semiconductor material that is widely used in photooxidation reactions of organic compounds. However, the relationship between energetic and photoelectrocatalytic properties in the oxidation of small organic molecules has not yet been sufficiently explored. In this work, a series of tin oxides were synthesized using hydrothermal, sol-gel, and template methods. Polystyrene spheres with a size of 250 nm, as well as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, were used as templates. X-Ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy methods were used to study the structure, surface composition, optical and energy characteristics. Using photoelectrochemical methods, the potentials of the conduction band and valence band were determined, and photocurrents in aqueous and aqueous-methanol solutions were studied depending on electrode polarization. It is shown that the preparation method (sol-gel or hydrothermal) does not affect the position of energy bands, while the use of a template during synthesis leads to an increase in the average pore diameter in the samples and an increase in photocurrent values in the presence of methanol. It has been established that for template-synthesized samples, the magnitude of photocurrents in a water-methanol mixture increases with an increase in the valence-band potential. The sample prepared by the hydrothermal method using a template showed the highest photocurrent values both in the background electrolyte (17.3 μA/cm2) and in the presence of methanol (26 μA/cm2), compared to the sample prepared without using a template in the electrolyte with the addition of methanol (7.6 μA/cm2) and without it (7.8 μA/cm2).

Endodontic surgery and platelet concentrates: A comprehensive review.

While autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) have gained traction as promising regenerative materials in recent years, their impact on wound healing and tissue regeneration in periapical hard tissue defects remains controversial. Endodontic microsurgery (EMS) has embraced the potential of platelet concentrates, particularly L-PRF (Leucocyte-Platelet-Rich Fibrin) and PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma), as regenerative tools. These concentrates, rich in growth factors and other bioactive molecules, are thought to enhance healing and treatment outcomes for various endodontic conditions. However, their effectiveness remains a subject of investigation. Despite encouraging 3-D cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) based evidence for PRP's effectiveness in complex lesions and apico-marginal defects, inconsistencies in its performance across preparation and application protocols raise questions about its superiority over existing options. More research is crucial to understand its full potential as a reliable regenerative tool in endodontics. L-PRF and its derivatives are particularly effective in treating apical-marginal defects. It enhances clinical attachment levels and reduces probing pocket depths, likely due to its slow and coordinated release of various growth factors. L-PRF has been shown to also improve patients' quality of life by reducing postoperative swelling and pain. However, more research is needed to standardize its preparation methods and confirm its long-term benefits. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge and recent advances in endodontic surgery and the use of platelet concentrates, focusing on their roles in managing periapical lesions and endo-perio lesions.