Preparation For Reuse Research Articles

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONCEPT OF GREEN RECONSTRUCTION OF ECONOMY

The article defined the concept of waste management in the environmental management system. The research analysed the problems of waste management in the environmental management system from point of view by a number of domestic and foreign scientists. As a result, authors outlined the basic components of waste management: strategic planning, prevention of environmental pollution, conservation of resources, minimization of the amount and toxicity of waste generation, choosing the best prevention option, assessment of effects and consequences, decision-making. The research described the system of green reconstruction of economy and formed the basic principles of the green post-war reconstruction that would provide sustainable economic development. The article outlined the concept of post-war green reconstruction which should focus on such areas as: sustainable construction and resource saving; implementation of renewable energy sources; sustainable development of infrastructure; implementation of a waste management system, minimization of residues. The authors grounded five main stages of waste management process under post-war reconstruction of Ukraine: prevention of waste generation, preparation for reuse, processing, other uses, disposal. Sustainable waste management solutions are essential to maintain environmental harmony but, also, they are linked with cost, public response, political constraints, and social norms. Consumers' environmental awareness influence the demand for goods and services and thus reduce the amount of waste. Research argued that local communities should developed own waste prevention strategies and attract environmentally conscious businesses to their territory. State policy should focus consumers for preferring products in packaging/container that is suitable for recycling or reuse (glass), paper bags, eco-bags, used appliances.

A Multi-level Resource Circularity Index based in the European Union’s Circular Economy Monitoring Framework

Purposeto propose two enhancements for the European Union’s Circular Material Use rate (CMU): inclusion of Preparation for Reuse (PfR) flows and enhanced reproducibility across lower levels of analysis.MethodsPfR flows are added to the material flow Sankey Diagram. The Local Circularity Rate (LCR) is based in the CMU and is broke down in three waste-related ratios: recovered-to-treated (RCV-to-TRT), treated-to-end-of-life and end-of-life-to-overall-material-use (EoL-to-OMU). LCR, CMU and CMU’, an alternate version of CMU, are computed and compared in the macro-level for EU27 member states and in the meso-level for Germany’s sixteen states. LCR is computed and broke down for regions in Belgium, The Netherlands and Greece. In the micro-level, LCR is computed for a network modelled around a Textile Sorting Centre (TSC) in Amsterdam.ResultsLCR showed closer average results to CMU in comparison to CMU’. Considering RCV-to-TRT and EoL-to-OMU, The Netherlands and Luxembourg are the best performing countries in the EU27. Eight countries performed worse than 0.4 in both ratios. In total, twelve German regions showed negative results, either for CMU or CMU’. Saxony-Anhalt is the most circular region in Germany, while Berlin is the less circular. The Amsterdam textiles’ network features an LCR of 12%, with the TSC contributing to 63% of all textiles recovered.ConclusionThe revised circular Sankey Diagram comprehensively illustrates the circularity gap. LCR’s three ratios enhances in-depth analysis, allowing better prioritisation of public policies. Limitations remain in data availability and harmonisation across regional and national databases.Graphic

Circularity and Municipal Waste in Romania An Evaluation between 2011 and 2021

Abstract With the aim of moving to a circular economy, as specified in the European Union amending Directive 2018/851, by the year 2025, member states must reach a level of at least 65% by weight in the preparation for reuse and recycling of municipal waste, with the possibility of a 5-year postponement, under certain conditions. However, the generation of municipal waste has registered an increasing trend, due to the low recycling rates in many member states of the European Union, the low inefficiency of the collection systems and the poor implementation of the legislation in force. Through the research carried out, we want to highlight the trends regarding the generation, treatment, and recycling rates of municipal waste in Romania, in the period 2011-2021, but also the degree of fulfillment of the assumed targets regarding municipal waste. For this, we used the European databases available for the indicators selected in the research, as indicators of a circular economy. The analysis undertaken showed that in the last decade the amount of municipal waste per capita has increased, but it is far below the European Union average. Regarding the treatment of municipal waste, it is noted that the main operation is still landfill disposal and other similar operations, with an increasing trend compared to the base year of the analysis and contrary to the specifications of the European Union Framework Directive on waste, according to which waste disposal should be the last choice, when we consider the hierarchization of waste. The recycling rate of municipal waste was only 11.3% in 2021 and put Romania in last place in the ranking of the member states of the European Union. The bio-waste recycling rate did not have good values either; this was 14 kilograms per capita, decreasing in the analyzed period and well below the European Union average.

Dynamiczne badanie wydajności studni degazacyjnych jako narzędzie do zmniejszania emisji gazów cieplarnianych na składowiskach odpadów

The article was written as a continuation of the research on degassing wells in terms of their gas productivity in a landfill. Waste is one of the most serious threats to the environment. The term ‘waste’ means ‘any substance or object which the holder discards, he intends to get rid of, or which he has been required to get rid of’. The European Union, with the aim of ensuring a high quality of life and health of people through effective environmental protection, imposes on Poland very restrictive guidelines in the field of waste management. These guidelines include: waste prevention, preparation for re-use, recycling, other recovery methods, disposal. The waste goes to landfills, where it is collected. Landfills pose a very high threat to the natural environment because they emit pollutants into the atmosphere. The greatest threat is related to the organic matter contained in municipal waste, which during decomposition emits greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4. The amount of emitted gas can be reduced by equipping the landfill with a special installation for the production of landfill gas (biogas). Biogas is one of the alternative energy sources that can be used to produce electricity and heat. However, the installation itself is not enough, and the landfill must also be rationally managed to support biogas production. Within the mass of waste, optimal conditions should be created for the methanogenesis process to take place. Compacting or pouring waste into layers of earth may serve as examples. Both of these processes reduce the oxygen content in the stored material. However, the content of the organic fraction in the deposited waste has the most pronounced influence on the production of biogas. The article presents the results of research on the efficiency of degassing wells carried out in one of the active municipal landfills which was established in 2009. Five degassing wells located in different parts of the dump’s canopy were subjected to our measurements.

Product label identification with OCR for model‐specific reuse, repair, and recycling: A case study for washing machines

AbstractIn this study, a procedure to automatically identify the product model by evaluating an image of the label is presented. First, object character recognition (OCR) extracts text from the product label. Second, to identify the product model, the extracted text is compared with unique model references in a database, giving access to other model‐specific information. For this comparison, a novel variation of the partial ratio matching algorithm was developed. The product‐model identification procedure is integrated into an interactive web application, which allows for model identification to be performed during preparation for reuse, repair, and recycling: The SmartRe application. Three datasets consisting of 466, 422, and 771 images of washing machine product labels were gathered in collaboration with a (1) professional repair company for consumer devices, (2) a nonprofit repair and reuse center that resells devices in second‐hand stores, and (3) a large recycling company. Results demonstrate that 96%, 91%, and 40% of the product models were correctly read from the product label with OCR, respectively. Of these recognized models, 51%, 88%, and 76% were successfully identified with the SmartRe application by comparing the extracted text with the model database. Further analysis also demonstrated that 72% of the washing machine models identified at the nonprofit repair and reuse center were also found at the recycling facility and that 12% of these models are predicted to be less than 10‐years‐old. This highlights the potential of the SmartRe application to assist in product triage for reuse at recycling centers.

Regulation of food waste management in Ukraine and abroad

In the world in general and in Ukraine in particular, there is a catastrophic environmental situation with food waste. The solution to the problem of waste accumulation, the organization of quality control of compliance with legislation in their treatment, the formation of environmental awareness of the population is hampered by the lack of unanimity in defining the essence of waste, industrial waste, waste in the regulatory framework and among scientists. The aim of the work is to study the essence of the definition of food waste in domestic and foreign scientific discussions and regulations in terms of improving the regulation of their treatment in Ukraine. Scientific discussion of domestic and foreign authors on the concept of waste, in particular food, as well as their regulations demonstrate a wide variety of not only definitions but also approaches. This takes into account the legal basis for waste operations, their physical condition and properties, environmental and economic characteristics, the criterion of goal setting, accounting approach and so on. The analysis of the existing classifications of waste stated the absence of a separate category of food waste both in the works of Ukrainian scientists and in domestic regulations, while foreign authors are actively researching this category. According to the results of the study, it is proposed to introduce into the domestic regulatory framework the term "loss of food and food waste" commonly used abroad with the following definition: products (substances) as edible parts of plants and animals produced or collected for human consumption but ultimately not consumed. Critical analysis of domestic environmental legislation in comparison with European allowed to propose the implementation of the Waste Framework Directive, as well as the formation of a hierarchy of waste management priorities: prevention, preparation for reuse, recycling, other types of disposal, elimination as Ukraine's European integration. Areas of further research will be the study of food waste disposal technologies of the modern city.

Municipal solid waste collection systems: An indicator to assess the reusability of products.

[Formula: see text].

REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING OF FLOORS ON WOODEN BEAMS

Methods of repair and strengthening of floors on wooden beams are investigated. The main causes of defects are analyzed. The analysis is carried out and the advantages and disadvantages of methods of repair and strengthening of overlappings on wooden beams are defined. As a result of comparison of methods the conclusion is made.
 In the buildings constructed to 60th years the overlapping on wooden beams with a step of 80...120 cm was usually used. It is carried out integral – from logs or bars or component – from several boards or bars established «on an edge» and connected with nails or nails. Beams covered with wooden beams are up to 10 m or more. In the latter case, the beams in the middle of the run are usually supported by load-bearing partitions.
 When choosing a method for repairing and strengthening floors, it is necessary to take into account the subsequent use of buildings and structures. If the service life of buildings and structures does not exceed 20...25 years, you should make the most of existing load-bearing structures, be sure to keep the load-bearing partitions. In case of longer terms of use and impossibility to use available systems of partitions it is necessary to provide unloading metal rungs with additional internal support or to replace overlappings.
 During repair and construction works on floors, the following types of work are usually used: replacement of beams, strengthening the ends of beams near supports or in the run, elimination of excessive deflections, restoration of thermal and sound insulation properties of filling, complete or partial replacement of rolling and filing, partial or complete replacement of floors.
 Wooden beams are replaced in case of their complete decay or damage by house fungus. The work is performed in the following sequence: disassembly of floors, preparation of nests in the walls for supporting beams, installation of wooden beams, laying beams, restoration of rolling and backfilling, installation of new flooring.
 Individual beams are usually replaced without disassembling the roll and removing the backfill in two runs. In this case, parallel to the replaced beam on the temporary supports at the bottom of the floor set two temporary supports to support the ends of the roll and replace the beam with a new one, resting on it cranial bars and a package of insulation. After that, the temporary supports are dismantled, the bottom of the new beam is plastered, and logs are laid on top and the floor covering is restored. During the preparation of the support beams (nests) in the inner wall, a through hole is drilled to install the beam in the design position. If it is not possible to punch a through hole, the beam is made of two parts.
 Installation of wooden beams includes the following operations: preparation of support surfaces, cleaning and preparation for reuse of existing anchors. In the design position of the beam is wound at an angle of 15...20° to the horizon at one end in a pre-prepared nest, the height of which is 0,4...0,6 m, and the depth exceeds the minimum size of the support by 0,15...0,2 m. Then the beam is fixed in horizontal position and in the return movement establish in a place, anchor it and warm end faces from possible freezing, leaving thus for airing a gap of 40...50 mm.
 The height of the new beams is determined by the dimensions of the existing floor structures and must be not less than the height of the replacement elements. The width of the beams must be confirmed by calculations.

Analysis of Portugal’s refuse derived fuel strategy, with particular focus on the northern region

Portugal’s performance concerning the Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) strategy, with particular focus on perspectives for the Northern Region based on the current status of integrated municipal waste management systems in that region, was evaluated. Legal documents, official reports and the market were analyzed. The 2015 national installed capacity of waste treatment technologies, from which the high calorific value fraction (HCVF) for RDF production is obtained, is not far from what was predicted for 2013. However, only around 11% of the HCVF had such destiny and the amount of effectively produced RDF was only 30% of the material sent to RDF production (around 30 kt). In Northern Portugal, no RDF production plant was in operation in 2015; the amount of HCVF was estimated to range from 105 to 204 kt for 2015 and around 2.4 times more is expected in 2020. The strategy laydown for RDF failed so far, and thus, low diversion of waste from landfills is observed, mostly due to low landfill taxes and low HCVF quality, resulting in RDF being non-competitive with the imported higher quality product from countries with very high landfilling fees. Moreover, co-incineration and dedicated recovery solutions are scarce. In the Northern region, the HCVF may be treated in the existing municipal waste incinerator or the RDF might be recovered in new dedicated plants, receiving also non-hazardous waste fractions from other origin. Overall, to ensure a sustainable municipal waste management, the intensification of the reuse, preparation for reuse and recycling of waste components from source segregated collection must be significantly promoted.

Is the policy of the European Union in waste management sustainable? An assessment of the Italian context

The sustainability of the waste management system imposed by EU legislation was assessed using the Italian context as a case study by analysing the period from the year 2007 to the year 2016. An integrated sustainability indicator (ISI) based on environmental, social and economic life cycle approach was used.Since the earlier directives the EU waste management policy was strongly oriented to the implementation of the higher levels of the hierarchy, i.e. preparation for reuse and recycling, and a contemporary ban of disposal activities and in particular of landfill. All this was stated in legal quantitative targets to be achieved within a given scheduled time, demonstrated by continuous implementation of a reliable economic, legal and political framework including, among others, penalties, economic support and extended producer responsibility. Noticeable increase of the amount of waste moved to recycling led to a decrease of main environmental burden due to kgCO2eq and kgPeq. The same activity led to avoided impacts detected for both kgPMeq and human health (DALY). A relevant role related to these benefits was also played by the waste to energy sector. Opposite trend was found for the whole average management costs that change from about 146 €/inhabitant in 2007 to about 218 €/inhabitant in 2016. A general decrease of the ISI of about 10% was also detected indicating an increase of the overall sustainability of the system.

The environmental impacts of preparation for reuse: A case study of WEEE reuse in Germany

Abstract According to the European waste management hierarchy, preparation for reuse (PfR) is preferable to recycling. From an environmental point of view, reuse is beneficial, if the impacts that arise during a certain usage duration of a reused product are smaller than those of a new product. If this is not the case, reuse is not beneficial to recycling. This study explores potential benefits of PfR compared to other waste management options for four white goods (washing machine, refrigerator, range, freezer) and four small electric devices (PC, printer, monitor, laptop) by the use of Life Cycle Assessment. These eight devices account for 68% by weight of all the collected waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Germany. The results show, that the assumption that reuse is preferable to recycling does not apply to every case. Especially the impact categories of global warming, water consumption and cumulative energy demand are strongly dominated by the use phase of white goods, therefore a reuse of inefficient devices should be avoided. The results show that a reuse of products with an European energy efficiency rating of D and C is not recommended for any of the analyzed products. For small electric devices, the use phase is less dominant in comparison to the production, therefore reuse leads to significant saving potentials in almost all impact categories. A comparison of energy efficiency classes allows for product-specific decisions, whereas the assessment approach based on average devices yields for generalizable recommendations. Therefore, the results support environmentally conscious consumer decisions about the acquisition of a new versus a second-hand product and enable End-of-Life decision making in terms of the separation of reusable devices at collection points.

How to meet reuse and preparation for reuse targets? Shape advertising strategies but be aware of “social washing”

Preparation for reuse (PfR) is a fundamental waste management practice that is second only to prevention in the waste hierarchy. The paper, building on advertising literature, investigates how to leverage the pro-social nature of this option for giving products that have become waste a second life. To examine how advertising strategies based on emotional, functional or combined stimuli can be used to increase intention to buy these items, we carried out an experiment on 507 actual visitors a PfR items shop run by a social cooperative in Northern Italy. We found that, depending on consumers’ social involvement, both emotional and functional stimuli based on the social impact of preparation for reuse tend to outperform functional stimuli and have a positive impact on brand attitudes by shaping attitudes to advertisements. Purchasing behaviour has a positive impact on attitudes toward the PfR organization and moderates the effect of emotional and combines stimuli on attitudes toward the advertisement. Since emotional stimuli can be freely used by both legitimated and opportunistic companies, the former should seek to preserve their value proposition by making it easier for consumers to recognise actually trustworthy organizations. This is possible combining the use of advertisements with the development of solid customer relationships. To this end, awareness campaigns, closer relationships with stakeholders and third-party verifiable standards and certifications should be considered to reduce the risk of “social washing” in the current second-hand market context.

Принципи управління відходами та ресурсами у країнах ЄС

Метою статті є дослідження європейської системи управління відходами та ресурсами в контексті наближення національного законодавства до acquis communautaire, виходячи з відповідних загальних і спеціальних принципів.
 Наукова новизна зумовлена тим, що в умовах європейської інтеграції для України актуальним є зміна законодавства та практик у сфері поводження з відходами, модернізація відповідної інфраструктури та підвищення екологічної свідомості громадян. Узагальнено позитивний досвід управління відходами та ресурсами у країнах ЄС, досліджено зміст Директив ЄС у сфері поводження з відходами та ресурсами, наукові публікації з цієї тематики, відзначено, що більшість стандартів ЄС у цій сфері формулюються як принципи системи управління відходами та ресурсами. З’ясовано поняття і зміст категорії «принципи управління відходами», запропоновано їх класифікацію.
 Висновки. На підставі дефініцій «принципи права» та «принципи екологічної політики ЄС» визначено принципи управління відходами та ресурсами як основоположні ідеї та керівні положення, на підставі яких функціонує система управління відходами та ресурсами, вони визначають її загальну спрямованість, мету, цілі та структуру, а також встановлюють методи такого управління.
 Європейська система управління відходами та ресурсами базується на таких загальних принципах екологічної політики ЄС, як принцип сталого розвитку, принцип забруднювач повинен платити, принцип запровадження найкращих доступних технологій, принцип проведення превентивних заходів, принцип стимулювання екологічно чистих технологій та продуктів, принцип єдиної термінології та класифікації, принцип планування та звітності.
 До спеціальних принципів управління відходами та ресурсами можна віднести такі: принцип ієрархії поводження з відходами, який передбачає п’ятиступеневу систему пріоритетів у поводженні з відходами, починаючи з найбажаніших варіантів та закінчуючи небажаними варіантами, що можуть застосовуватися лише після попередніх: запобігання утворенню відходів; підготовка до повторного використання; переробка відходів; рекуперація енергії; ліквідація. Принцип самодостатності – означає створення кожною державою-членом ЄС відповідної інфраструктури, достатньої для утилізації і розміщення всіх відходів, що в ній генеруються. Принцип наближеності – полягає у тому, що збирання, утилізація та ліквідація відходів має здійснюватися якомога ближче до джерела їх утворення. Принцип розширеної відповідальності виробника (фізична чи юридична особа, яка за родом діяльності розвиває, оброблює, має справу, продає чи імпортує товари) – зобов’язання виробника забезпечувати організацію збирання, переробку та утилізацію своєї продукції після її використання, а також проведення інформаційних заходів для споживачів тощо.

Analysing the Energy Efficiency of EU Member States: The Potential of Energy Recovery from Waste in the Circular Economy

This paper examines energy efficiency across 28 selected European Union (EU) Member States and reviews the potential for energy recovery from waste according to the efficiency scores obtained. The efficiencies are assessed through data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the following variables are used, inputs: final energy consumption, labour, capital, population density and outputs: gross domestic product (GDP), nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, sulphur oxide (SOx) emissions and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the years 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016. Results show that most countries maintain their efficiency scores with only a few marginally improving theirs and at the same time, it is noticed that most are decreasing after 2012. Based on these efficiency scores, this paper recommends moving towards waste-to-energy with two main objectives, namely sufficient and sustainable energy production and effective treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW). This option would enhance the circular economy, whereas prioritization needs to be given to prevention, preparation for reuse, recycling and energy recovery through to disposal. Together with the EU Commission’s competition strategy, these options would ensure reliable energy supplies at rational prices and with the least environmental impacts. Moreover the efficiency scores need to be examined along the financial crisis which has been affecting the EU since 2008, showing a decrease in those efficiency scores after 2012 under a more imminent crisis.

Analysis of Greywater Samples Treated by Filtration

Abstract In our research we pre-treated synthetically produced greywaters with filtration on various filters. We characterised the quality of greywater samples using several parameters. We investigated these parameters on the untreated and pre-treated samples as well. We evaluated the efficiency of the treatments by measuring the characteristic parameters. It was shown that the most effective pre-treatment for the greywater’s preparation for reuse is filtration on silica sand or activated charcoal and silica sand combined filter media.

Life Cycle Assessment of Alternative Processes to Treat Fly Ash from Waste Incineration

Unsustainable consumption and production patterns, together with industrialization and population growth, have increased the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), causing several environmental problems. The European Waste Framework Directive (WFD) sets waste prevention, preparation for reuse and recycling as priority strategies. Nevertheless, still a great amount of MSW ends up in landfills and waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. WtE plants reduces waste volume and allows efficient recovery of energy, however, incineration results in various types of solid wastes, bottom, boiler and fly ashes (FA). Due to the concentration of dangerous substances, FA are treated by means of stabilisation/solidification (S/S), thermal treatments or combined treatments, to reduce their toxicity and to avoid negative impacts on the environment and human health. Among S/S alternatives, stabilisation with cement and carbonation are one of the most popular. To determine the environmental performance of these processes this paper conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA). The study evaluated FA stabilisation with cement and water and FA carbonation for 55 % and 100 % excess of CO2 in the flue gas at the outlet of the reactor, and pressures of 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 bar. The results showed that the range of pressure between 3 and 4 bar, and 55 % excess of CO2 in the flue gas have an efficient performance. The comparison of FA carbonation and stabilization displayed that the latter has higher impacts than the alternative carbonation due mainly to the cement production and the reduction of lixiviation and CO2 capture in the ash.

Szürkevizek kezelése különböző oxidálószerekkel

In our research we pretreated synthetically produced greywaters with filtration on various filters, then we treated the samples with oxidative agents. We characterised the quality of greywater samples with several parameters. We investigated these parameters on the untreated, pretreated, and oxidated samples as well. We evaluated the efficiency of the treatments by measuring the characteristic parameters. In addition, we investigated the changes on the filter media’ surface with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was shown, that the most effective treatment combination for the greywater’s preparation for reuse is the filtration on silica sand or activated charcoal and silica sand combined filter media, then oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (10 mmol/dm3).

Furbish or perish: Italian social cooperatives at a crossroads

Although the public debate tends to privilege investor-owned organisations, alternative forms of organisation are mushrooming at the borders of the capitalist economy. In this work, we contribute to the debate on alternative economies by analysing a specific form of worker-owned organisations which originated in Italy in the 1970s and was recognised by Italian legislation in the 1990s: the social cooperative. By drawing on data gathered over 3 years of participant observation, this article explores the tensions and contradictions generated by the rapid growth of an Italian social cooperative focused on waste recovery and its preparation for reuse. We show how social cooperatives might be able to reconcile their commercial success with their founding principles of equality and democratic management. This article contributes to the debate on the ‘regeneration thesis’ by providing new insights into the factors and drivers that force social cooperatives to scale up and to engage in competition with mainstream competitors, the internal conflicts and solutions that emerge in this process and the external alliances that social cooperatives can leverage to prosper and flourish.

Effectiveness of investments in municipal waste management in Poland in the context of goals of the circular economy

Municipal waste management has become one of key areas for a circular economy. The European Union has founded its new strategy (Europe, 2003) on such an approach: wastes are raw materials and hence, it is possible to limit acquisition of original resources. To achieve the goal, a relevant sequence of proceedings regarding wastes has been approved: prevention, preparation for re-use, recycling, recovery, neutralization. It means that the municipal waste management must be based, most of all, on selective collection of wastes and on recycling, including fractions which have been weakly used so far, among others bio-degradable wastes. These relatively new goals enforce re-assessment of already planned and performed investments in the field of possibilities to perform them and efficiency of commenced municipal waste management reform. In Poland, the changes in question in a great scale started in 2013, after amendment of a law enabling communes to manage wastes and making them responsible for performance of estimated goals. It resulted in, among others, concentration of direct investments in the area of waste management, financed from treasury and Union’s funds, private and public ones. Investment plans and already performed investments show that no proceedings hierarchy has been observed and hence, it may cause competition of particular investments for access to wastes and potential import of certain fractions. As a result it will decrease efficiency of certain installations and it may cause failure to follow required recycling rates; consequently, the Union may impose sanctions on Poland for failure to fulfill its obligations. The aim of the paper is to indicate that the waste targets, as a tool of circulate economy requires appropriate waste treatment installations. However, the selection of these installations should be made at the state level, because leaving the choice to the investor does not secure technical possibilities to achieve the objectives of municipal waste management, neither in terms of quantity nor cost. The paper follows a case study approach. The paper is based on the analysis of existing and planned waste treatment installations in Poland in relation to the quantity and composition of waste generated by households. The further part of the article is a discussion whether the existing and planned investment directions are in line with the accepted waste target and allow for their achievement at the lowest possible investment outlays.

APPROXIMATION OF THE UKRAINIAN LEGISLATION OT THE EU STANDARDS IN THE FIELD OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT

Проаналізовано застосування термінів, які позначають приведення у відповідність законодавства України до норм права ЄС. З’ясовано послідовність адаптації законодавства у сфері поводження з відходами та надано деякі пропозиції щодо удосконалення законодавства України у сфері поводження з відходами. Ключові слова: адаптація, відходи, Європейський Союз, поводження з відходами. The approximation of Ukrainian legislation to the EU legislation means adoption and implementation of laws and legal acts of Ukraine, elaborated on the basis of the European Union standards, and making appropriate amendments to existing legal acts of Ukraine. Issues concerning the correctness of this process that goes on in Ukraine are considered among scientists, lawyers in a variety of modes. This article examines the usage of the relevant terminology denoting aligning legislation of Ukraine to EU law with the particular attention to the field of the waste management. It provides the necessary links between the adoption of the EU-stanadard approximated legislation on the waste management for the Ukrainian realities and provides some suggestions for the improvement of the relevant legislative basis already existing in Ukraine in the field of waste management. F.e. it is stated that in order to adapt the Ukrainian waste law regulations to the provisions of the Directive 2008/98 / EC the significant changes need to be introduced. This applies especially to the use of terms and concepts, which are lacking the Ukrainian legislative acts on the waste and waste managment. In particular, there Ukrainian legidslation lacks some definition, such as «reuse», «preparation for reuse», «bio-waste», «waste oil», «separate collection», «education for prevention», and other key concepts which are embedded into the European legal standards . It is necessary to amend and change the terminology defined in the Ukrainian legislative acts, including issues relating to certain types of operations and waste handling, and the criteria for the definition of hazardous wastes and their classification. It is important to consolidate the rules which would regulate the issues connected with reduction of waste, including those created after processing products. Generally we can conclude that in Ukraine certain actions are already regulated and sometimes the Ukrainian regulation on the waste management is EU-conform, however this process is, in our opinion, very slow. It needs also to be stressed that the EU law on waste management changes periodically and improves. As examples are to be mentioned the Proposal for the Directive 2014/0201, which replaces Directive 2008/98/EC on waste and Directive 1999/31/ EC on the landfill of waste, as well as four other directives. These constant changes and improvements on the EU level can lead to slowing-down the adaptation process and create problems in the implementation certain provisions of EU Directives in Ukraine. Thus, the policy of Ukraine concerning approximation of its legislation on waste and waste management has to forme a integral part of legal reforms and with an aim to provide mandatory consideration of the EU legal standards in this area, creating the necessary conditions for institutional, financial, scientific and educational process of the adaptation, training of qualified specialists in the area of the EU Environmental law issues. Key words: adaptation, waste, the EU waste management.