Premenstrual Syndrome Scores Research Articles

The effect of pomegranate supplementation on symptom severity and quality of life in women with premenstrual syndrome: A randomised controlled trial

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to find out how well pomegranate use affects quality of life and PMS symptoms. MethodsThis randomised controlled trial (Clinical trial number: NCT06201702) was conducted in a city in the western region of Turkey, reaching women with PMS through social media announcements. Data were collected between 2 January 2024 and 15 May 2024. In the study of 60 participants (intervention group: 30, control group: 30), the intervention group was given pomegranate exrat supplementation for 2 cycles, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The research data were collected through a descriptive information, Premenstrual Syndrome Scale and World Health Organisation Quality of Life Scale. IBM SPSS Version 23 software was used for data analysis. Chi-square test, paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used. P-value <.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsWhen the intervention and control groups were compared in terms of premenstrual syndrome scores, a statistically significant difference was found and it was observed that symptoms decreased significantly in the intervention group after the intervention (p < .05). However, no statistically significant change was observed in the control group (p > .05). When the quality of life scores after the intervention were evaluated, it was seen that the social quality of life of the intervention group was higher than the control group (p < .05). ConclusionsThis study shows that pomegranate may be a potential natural solution, especially in reducing PMS symptoms, and may also be effective in improving social quality of life.

The predictive role of common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in the clinical practice of nurses: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundFemale nurses with high occupational stress are one of the groups at risk of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The symptoms of this syndrome may affect the reduction of work efficiency, accuracy in doing work, concentration, and increased absenteeism of nurses and can lead to significant economic losses. This study aimed to determine the predictive role of common PMS symptoms in the clinical performance of nurses in public hospitals in Sanandaj, Iran.MethodsThe present study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study. In this study, 318 nurses participated in the census method based on the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools were premenstrual symptom screening questionnaires and nurses’ clinical performance evaluations. Data analysis was done with Spearman’s correlation tests, simple linear regression, multiple regression, t-test, one-way variance analysis, Tukey’s post hoc tests, and LSD using SPSS version 22 statistical software.ResultsThe average PMS score of the participants was 30.8 ± 11.45, which indicates severe PMS. Nurses’ average clinical performance score was 45.78 ± 35.29, indicating an average performance. The findings showed that PMS has a significant inverse correlation with clinical performance and its components. Simple linear regression showed that PMS can predict 26.5% of nurses’ clinical performance variance. Simple regression showed that with an increase of one standard deviation in the PMS score, the nurses’ clinical performance score decreased by 0.517 standard deviations and vice versa. However, by controlling confounding variables, with an increase of one standard deviation in the PMS score, the clinical performance score of nurses will decrease by 0.396 standard deviations and vice versa.ConclusionsPaying attention to reducing or controlling PMS symptoms may help improve nurses’ performance. Therefore, hospital and nursing managers can improve the performance and efficiency of their workforce by identifying nurses and other employees suffering from PMS and planning and using different methods to reduce its symptoms.

Covid-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Kadınlarda Premenstrual Sendrom ve Psikolojik Değişimler

Aim: Premenstrual syndrome is an important problem affecting women's health. This study aimed to examine premenstrual syndrome and psychological changes in women during the COVID-19 pandemic and to evaluate the relationship between premenstrual syndrome and psychological changes. Subjects and Method: The study, designed as a descriptive type, was conducted with 910 women in the 18-49 age group. "Premenstrual Syndrome Scale" and "Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21" were used as data collection tools in the study. Frequency, percentage, t test in independent groups, ANOVA test and correlation analysis were used in the analysis of the data. Results: Premenstrual syndrome was detected in 68.8% of women, depression in 63.8%, anxiety in 75.8%, and stress in 39.3%. In the correlation analysis conducted on the relationship between women's premenstrual syndrome scores and depression, anxiety and stress scores, a positive significant relationship was found (p

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Premenstrual Symptoms and Its Relationship with the Quality of Life

Lifestyle changes can negatively affect premenstrual symptoms. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of changes in the lifestyle of students on premenstrual symptoms and their relationship with their quality of life during the global epidemic process. The research that was planned with a descriptive and correlational pattern was conducted who receive education in the Faculty of Health Sciences in the structure of a public university in İstanbul. The sample of the study consisted of 336 female students. “The Personal Information Form”, “the Scale of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMSS)”, “the Scale of Life Quality Short Form - SF-36” was implemented upon the students that were included in the study. The total PMSS score of the students participating in the study was 147.12±37.41. It was determined that 32.4% of the students had Covid-19 infection. When the total mean scores of PMSS were evaluated according to the lifestyle behaviors of the students; It was determined that PMSS total score differed significantly according to appetite status, exercise, tea and coffee consumption and sleep patterns. According to the results of the study, it was determined that nutritional behaviors, physical activity status, sleep and stress levels changed greatly with the COVID-19 epidemic and it affected PMS. It was determined that this situation affected the quality of life negatively both physically and mentally.

Psychological, physiological, and biochemical correlations after negative emotional videos in college students with and without premenstrual syndrome.

Women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) suffer heavily from emotional problems, the pathogenesis of which is believed to be related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, autonomic nervous system (ANS) and central nervous system (CNS). We took into account all 3 aspects to observed the psychological, physiological and biochemical correlations under anger and sadness in college students with and without PMS. 33 students with PMS and 24 healthy students participated in the emotion induction experiment, and were required to fill out self-report scales. Their salivary cortisol (SCort), skin conductivity level (SCL), heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP) and electroencephalogram (EEG) data were collected at the resting stage and 10-15 minutes after each video. Compared to healthy controls, students with PMS showed lower SCort level and higher VLF at rest, and no statistic difference in activities of ANS and HPA axis after emotional videos, but different results in EEG in all conditions. The decreases in SBP during angry video, SCort after angry and neutral videos, and increases in θ band power during sad video were moderately correlated with increases in PMS score. No intergroup differences were found in self-report emotions. Students with PMS had lower activity of HPA axis and possibly higher activity of PNS at rest, and different response patterns in CNS in all conditions. Several EEG frequencies, especially θ band, in specific encephalic regions during emotional videos, as well as declined HPA activities in dealing with angry and neutral stressors, in which γ activity in frontal lobe may play a role, showed moderate correlations with more severe PMS.

Effect of text messages online education for premenstrual syndrome symptoms using media-based support in Iranian Students

Background and aims: One of the most common complaints of women is premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This study aimed to determine the effect of text messages online Education on PMS using Media-based Support. Methods: The present research was an interventional quasi-experimental study from May 2021 to August 2021 in all female students in Ramsar city, Iran. Sixty-eight cases were selected and divided into two groups (the intervention and control groups). Demographic characteristics questionnaire and Premenstrual Symptoms Questionnaire (PSQ) were used. Each case in the experimental group received text messages for three menstrual cycles. PMS symptoms were compared before and after the intervention in two groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16), independent t-test, paired t-test, and covariance analysis (P=0.005). Results: The participants were 18-25 years old and were studying for a bachelor’s degree. Before the intervention, the mean of the PMS score was (11.25±10.05) in the Intervention group and (31.38±14.31) in the Control group (P=0.041). After the intervention, the mean PMS scores in the Intervention and Control groups were (21.85±8.25) and (33.26±14.45) (P=0.001). In the intervention group, psychological and physical symptoms were statistically significant before (25.11±10.05) and after the intervention (21.85±8.25) (P=0.007). Conclusion: The study results showed that media-based support is an efficient and effective method in reducing premenstrual symptoms, which can be used in related interventions as an effective, easy, and low-cost method.

Premenstrual sendromu olan adolesan kızlarda serebral lateralizasyon

Purpose: In this study, it was aimed to compare differences and similarities the cerebral lateralization of adolescent girls with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) with the control group. We also aimed to investigate whether there was a relationship between PMS severity and cerebral lateralization.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A total of 79 female adolescents aged 14-18 years who met the study inclusion criteria completed the study. A second interview was held with all participants who filled out the Premenstrual Assessment Form (PAF) during the luteal periods of menstrual cycles (1-7 days before menstruation). All participants completed the Harris lateralization test.&#x0D; Results: The mean age was 192.85 ± 14.54 (range 167 - 216) months. The median PMS score was found to be 2.26 (1.00 - 5.10). While PMS was not detected in 35 (44.30%) participants, mild PMS was detected in 20 (25.32%) participants, moderate in 14 (17.72%), and severe in 10 (12.66%) participants. Sixty-seven (84.81%) participants had right hand dominance and three (3.80%) left hand dominance, nine (11.39%) participants had hand uncertainty. While the hand and eye dominance were on the same side in 41 (51.90%) participants, cross-lateralization (all right hand, left eye) was detected in 11 (13.92%) participants. Indeterminate lateralization (Harris lateralization score of 1 or 2) for the hand and eye was significantly higher in the PMS group.&#x0D; Conclusion: The findings raise the question of whether lateralization (hand-eye) is less common in individuals with PMS and whether there will be a common etiology for lateralization problem and PMS. Further studies are needed considering the factors that may contribute to this etiology and some of the limitations we have presented in our study.

Association of Vitamin D with Obesity in Premenstrual Syndrome: A Study of Female Population of Hyderabad, Sindh

Introduction/Objectives: The affiliation between decreased vitamin D and obesity is well built up. Females with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) are more prone to gain weight. Obese women's low calcifediol levels are impacted by diets and inactive lifestyles.The studyfocused to discover out the relationship between vitamin D and obesity in premenstrual syndrome females. Materials &amp; Methods: Two hundred fifty (250) females between15-45 yearswith a history of PMS were selected from OPD-Gynecology, Liaquat University of Medical&amp;Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro and Hyderabad in collaboration with Physiology Department LUMHS Jamshoro and samples were analyzed in Diagnostic and Research lab Hyderabad. Information was collected on marital status, vitamin D3 levels, PMS intensity, and BMI. The Chi-square test compared the vitamin D levels with BMI and PMS scores. Results: Mean age of the patients was 29.89±5.206 years. 64.8% of patients were married. 42.8% had normal weight and 40.8%were obese. 35.2% of patients had mild PMS scores and 36.4% had extreme PMS. 61.2% of patients had vitamin D lack with only 4.8% having adequate serum vitamin D levels. 22.8% of normal-weight patients had inadequate serum vitamin D levels. 35.6% of obese patients had vitamin insufficiency in their blood. The relationship between obesity and vitamin D levels was significant (P-value: 0.001). 18.8% of patients who had mild PMS scores had deficient serum vitamin D levels. The relationship between PMS scores and vitamin D levels was remarkable (P-value: 0.001). Conclusion: We found a significant, inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and BMI, showing that losing weight through vitamin D and calcium-enriched diets may result in typical vitamin D levels, and so PMS may be treated. Keywords: Vitamin D (Vit D),Premenstrual Syndrome, body-mass index(BMI)

Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea status before and after practicing yoga among selected women of reproductive age group living in Kathmandu valley: a mixed method study

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea are most common gynecological disorders associated with reduced quality of life among women of reproductive age. This study aims to compare the premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea before and after practice of yoga among women of reproductive age living in Kathmandu, Nepal. Surya Namaskar, Surya Kriya and Shambhavi Mahamudra were common yoga types practiced by participants.&#x0D; &#x0D; Method: A retrospective pre-post study with concurrent mixed method design was used. Study respondents were 41 women of reproductive age. Numeric pain rating scale and Premenstrual syndrome scale were used for quantitative data collection. Interview guide was used for the qualitative data collection. Google form was used for quantitative data whereas telephone was used for an in-depth interview. R-4.2.1 software was used for the quantitative data analysis. Qualitative data was analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s 6-steps thematic analysis in RQDA 0.3.8.1 package of R software. Qualitative findings were triangulated with quantitative findings to determine convergent, divergent and expansive findings.&#x0D; &#x0D; Result: All outcome variables pain intensity score (Baseline: 6.46±2.31, Endline: 3.71±2.24, p&lt;0.0001), pain duration in hour (Baseline: 6, Endline 2.5, p&lt;0.0001) and premenstrual syndrome score (Baseline: 104.73±33.28, Endline: 74.24±22.08, p&lt;0.0001) were significantly different after practice of yoga as compared to before yoga practice. Qualitative findings supported the quantitative result and presented expansive finding as yoga may be beneficial for management of irregular menstrual cycles and polycystic ovarian syndrome as well.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: The study suggests yoga may help in alleviating premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea.&#x0D;

Association of Vitamin D with Obesity in Premenstrual Syndrome: A Study of Female Population of Hyderabad, Sindh

Introduction/Objectives: The affiliation between decreased vitamin D and obesity is well built up. Females with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) are more prone to gain weight. Obese women's low calcifediol levels are impacted by diets and inactive lifestyles. The study focused to discover out the relationship between vitamin D and obesity in premenstrual syndrome females. Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration: OPD-Gynecology, Liaquat University of Medical &amp;Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro and Hyderabad in collaboration with Physiology Department LUMHS Jamshoro and Diagnostic and Research lab Hyderabad. Materials &amp; Methods: Two hundred fifty (250) females between15-45 years with a history of PMS were selected for this study. Information was collected on marital status, vitamin D3 levels, PMS intensity, and BMI. The Chi-square test compared the vitamin D levels with BMI and PMS scores. Results: Mean age of the patients was 29.89±5.206 years. 64.8% of patients were married. 42.8% had normal weight and 40.8%were obese. 35.2% of patients had mild PMS scores and 36.4% had extreme PMS. 61.2% of patients had vitamin D lack with only 4.8% having adequate serum vitamin D levels. 22.8% of normal-weight patients had inadequate serum vitamin D levels. 35.6% of obese patients had vitamin insufficiency in their blood. The relationship between obesity and vitamin D levels was significant (P-value: 0.001). 18.8% of patients who had mild PMS scores had deficient serum vitamin D levels. The relationship between PMS scores and vitamin D levels was remarkable (P-value: 0.001). Practical implication The advantages of 25(OH) D supplementation/repletion on bone health are well known. Although there is a biological plausibility linking the status of vitamin D and obesity supported by basic and clinical research findings, basic research is necessary to know the molecular pathways involved in this association. Also this study will help the community to decrease the PMS symptoms by taking vitamin D supplements. Those females who take the vit D prior their PMS stage will be prevented from severe symptoms. Conclusion: We found a significant, inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and BMI, showing that losing weight through vitamin D and calcium-enriched diets may result in typical vitamin D levels, and so PMS may be treated. Keywords: Vitamin D (Vit D), Premenstrual Syndrome, body-mass index (BMI), obesity, women

Neurobiological effects of exercise intervention for premenstrual syndrome.

Up to 75%-90% of women have varying degrees of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Exercises are recognized to be beneficial to regulate the negative emotions associated with PMS; however, the effects of exercise on sadness inhibition have not yet been investigated from the neurobiological perspective. This study examined the effects of a single exercise intervention on the neural mechanisms mediating sadness response inhibition at the cortical level using multichannel event-related potential (ERP) recording in women with PMS. Participants performed Go/No-go trials while viewing of sad or neutral images before and after exercise intervention, and changes in the No-go-evoked N200 (N2) ERP component were measured by electroencephalography (EEG) at multiple cortical sites. The associations of PMS Inventory scores with N2 amplitude and latency changes were then examined using Pearson's correlation analysis. There were no significant differences in N2 latency and response error rate following exercise compared to baseline. However, women with higher PMS Inventory scores (greater symptom severity) demonstrated significantly lengthen N2 latency at the Fz electrode sites during correct sad face No-go trials after exercise (p < 0.05), which was not the case in the pre-exercise baseline. We detected no significant relationship between the PMS score and N2 amplitude, either pre- or post-exercise. Women with higher PMS severity exhibited longer sad N2 latencies as well as slow down the speed of reaction to negative stimuli by exercise, suggesting that the prefrontal emotion regulation network is involved in PMS symptoms and is sensitive to the beneficial effects of exercise.

Relationship between fear of COVID-19 and premenstrual syndrome in Turkish university students

ABSTRACT Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has been reported to be related to psychological distress. The COVID-19 pandemic has globally caused heightened levels of stress, anxiety, and fear. There is no sufficient evidence regarding the impact of the fear of COVID-19 on PMS and related symptoms. Therefore, this study examined the association of the fear of COVID-19 with PMS among Turkish university students. The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 829 Turkish university students. Data were collected online using the Questionnaire Form, the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCoV-19S). The prevalence of PMS was 73 percent. The most common symptoms were fatigue, irritability, appetite changes, and depression. Participants had a moderate fear of COVID-19 (mean FCoV-19S: 20.48 ± 5.96). Most participants stated that the pandemic did not affect the menstrual cycle length (72.5 percent) and bleeding (79.6 percent). Participants who noted that the pandemic impacted the length of their menstrual cycles and bleeding had a significantly higher mean FCoV-19S score than those who did not (p = .000). Moreover, FCoV-19S scores were positively correlated with PMS scores, PMS-related discomfort, and dysmenorrhea VAS scores (p < .001). This study revealed that the fear of COVID-19 affected PMS and menstrual cycle-related symptoms in Turkish university students.

Impact of Premenstrual syndrome on quality of life of working women

The premenstrual disorder is a typical psychosomatic disorder for women of reproductive age. It is an array of emotional, behavioral, and physical signs that happen all through the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and vanishes by it’s beginning Objective: To investigate the effect of premenstrual syndrome on the life of working women and their experience of tiredness and insight about the causes, effect and controlling of symptoms. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 170 working females and was completed in 6 months from July 2021-December 2021. Inclusion Criteria included the age of 20 to 40years. Exclusion Criteria included housewives and females having a systematic illness and autoimmune disorders. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Scale and SF-36 were used. All patients were chosen using the purposive sampling technique. Results: Working women with PMS have decreased levels of work-related quality of life in their professional lives. The PMS score in working women 7.82% mild symptoms, 22.32% moderate, 16.13% severe symptoms, 3.17% very severe symptoms. Conclusions: PMS significantly influenced daily activities related to professional and personal lives. Valid conclusions were drawn that PMS had a great impact on working women with behavioral and psychological symptoms.

Pengaruh Konsumsi Puding Bayam Merah terhadap Keluhan Dismenore dan Gejala Sindrom Premenstrual pada Remaja Putri

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a collection of symptoms caused by hormonal changes that last about two weeks before menstruation until the start. In addition to hormonal changes (an increased estrogen hormone), several other contributing factors include vitamin and mineral deficiencies such as vitamin B, calcium, magnesium, lack of physical activity, and stress. This study aimed to find out more clearly the effect of consuming red spinach pudding on complaints of dysmenorrhea and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in adolescent girls. This study used a Quasy Experiment with a two-group pretest-posttest design with a total sample of 60 people. Based on the linear regression analysis results after controlling for the confounding variables BMI and HB levels, the mean reduction in PMS scores in the intervention group was 2.44 and in the control group was 0.54. The mean difference between groups was 2.98, with a p-value = 0.009. The results showed a decrease in the mean premenstrual syndrome score in the group of young women who consumed red spinach pudding.

Effect of Peppermint Oil on Premenstrual Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study

Background: Despite the mental, physical, and behavioral problems of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in reproductive women, there is no general agreement on effective treatment. Objectives: To determine the safety and effectiveness of herbal medicine capsules of peppermint oil as a novel formulation used for the severity management of PMS symptoms. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out on 50 high school students who were diagnosed with PMS in Babol, Iran. The subjects were divided into two groups based on blocked randomization to receive capsules of Colpermin® containing the peppermint oil (187 mg peppermint oil/0.2 mL), or placebo twice daily for 10 days, from the 15th day of one period to the first day of the next period for two cycles. The degree of PMS was assessed using Delany’s PMS checklist with 28 items as primary, at the first luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and at the third luteal phase. Results: The PMS score was decreased for the two menstrual cycles, from 30.3 ± 10.1 to 15.5 ± 6.0 in peppermint oil group and from 23.2 ± 7.0 to 20.7 ± 8.0 in the placebo group. The mean difference of the total PMS score between the two groups was -9.77; 95% CI: -12.52 to -7.02 (P < 0.0001). The number of participants needing treatment (NNT) for the peppermint oil group was approximately two compared with that of the placebo group. Conclusions: The proposed novel peppermint oil formulation was proved to be safe and may be used as an effective treatment for reducing the severity of PMS symptoms.

Effects of a social-media-based support on premenstrual syndrome and physical activity among female university students in South Korea

Introduction: This study examined the effects of social-media-based support on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and physical activity among female South Korean university students.Methods: This quasi-experimental study with an equivalent-control-group pretest–posttest design randomly assigned 64 female students with PMS to the experimental or control group. The experimental group received social-media-based support through a smartphone application, text messaging, and e-mail for one menstrual cycle between September and December, 2016. Descriptive and inferential statistics included a Chi-square test and independent and paired t-tests.Results: Significant differences emerged between the experimental and control groups in total PMS scores (p = .003), 14 premenstrual symptoms, and physical activity (p = .010).Conclusions: Female university students with PMS experienced decreased premenstrual symptoms and increased physical activity with social-media-based support, which could be an efficacious, accessible, and widely available nursing intervention to manage PMS and physical activity.

Diets enriched with whole grains reduce premenstrual syndrome scores in nurses: an open-label parallel randomised controlled trial.

Although previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of some components of whole grains on premenstrual syndrome (PMS), our literature review shows that no clinical trial has studied the effect of whole grain consumption on PMS so far. Therefore, the present study was designed to study the effect of diets rich in whole grains on PMS among nurses. This study is a parallel controlled clinical trial with a 3-month intervention period in which, after following two menstrual cycles among nurses, 100 nurses diagnosed with PMS were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control, with fifty individuals in each. Those in the intervention group replaced at least four servings of refined grains in their daily diets with whole grains. To supply four servings, 120 g of bread made with whole flour was given to the intervention group on a daily basis. Those in the control group, however, continued their regular daily consumption of grains. The two groups were compared regarding PMS symptoms after adjusting the confounding variables. The repeated measurement test showed that the interaction between the time factor and the experimental group on the mean score of PMS symptoms was significant. That is, the intervention group showed a significant decrease in the general, mood, physical and behavioural symptoms of PMS compared with the controls (P&lt;0·001, P=0·01, P&lt;0·001 and P=0·003, respectively). Therefore, daily consumption of whole grains in place of refined grains can contribute to improvement in PMS symptoms. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

The effect of diet and aerobic exercise on Premenstrual Syndrome: Randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Objective This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of aerobic exercise and diet in female students with Premenstrual Syndrome Scale who were studying at the public university. Methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted in a public university in 2018. The population of the study was composed of all female first graders (N=426). The female students were followed-up for two cycles, premenstrual syndrome scale was administered to the students and premenstrual syndrome was found in 43.8% (n=187). However, 106 female students were included in the study divided in three groups (diet, aerobic exercise, control). The diet and aerobic exercise were administered during the three months. Results There was no significant difference in premenstrual syndrome scale mean scores between the post-intervention groups. However, the mean premenstrual syndrome score of the diet and aerobic exercise groups decreased significantly after the intervention. There was a significant difference in visual analogue scale score between the groups after intervention. Besides the students in exercise and diet groups experienced less dysmenorrhea intensity than the control group. Conclusion It was found that diet and aerobic exercise were effective in reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea intensity in female students with premenstrual syndrome.

Physical Activity and Neural Correlates of Sad Facial Expressions in Premenstrual Syndrome

Exercise benefits our emotional function, particularly frontal lobe-mediated cognitive processes. Recent studies have indicated that affective neural circuits are modulated by premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Meanwhile, observational studies have reported that physical activity can promote PMS remission. Nonetheless, few studies have investigated the effect of physical activity on sad emotion recognition from a neurobiological perspective. Our objective was to explore the relationships between exercise and high order sad emotion cognitive processing in women with PMS. We conducted a sad facial emotion recognition task to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on activity in central frontal regions with electroencephalography in 31 participants. Participants were divided into a high (HPMS) or low severity PMS (LPMS) group according to self-reported PMS scores. We then analyzed cortical activity in response to sad cues, comparing such activity between the groups. Repeated ANOVA and pooled t statistics were used for statistical analysis. We observed a significant reduction in the N250 wave evoked by sad emotions after exercise compared with baseline at most channels in HPMS (P < 0.05), but not in LPMS. There was also a significant post-exercise prolongation of N250 latency at F3 and C3 in HPMS. There were no differences in N250 activation between the groups at baseline but significantly lower activation was noted in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC: F7 and F8) of HPMS compared with LPMS after exercise. Furthermore, higher PMS scores were significantly associated with greater PFC-N250 amplitude before exercise, but this was not observed after exercise. Acute exercise induced significant brain activity changes in response to sad cues in the HPMS group only. Furthermore, significantly lower activation of the lateral PFC was found after exercise in HPMS compared with LPMS. Given our results, we discuss the potential efficacy of exercise to modulate emotional context or sad emotion regulatory capabilities in women with PMS.

Study Protocol for a Randomized Double Blind, Treatment Control Trial Comparing the Efficacy of a Micronutrient Formula to a Single Vitamin Supplement in the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome.

Background: The recent addition of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (5th ed.) has highlighted the seriousness of this disorder. Many alternatives to psychoactive medication in the form of vitamins, minerals, and plant extracts have been trialled by women seeking a natural treatment approach. We plan to explore whether a well validated micronutrient formula, EMPowerplus Advanced, can outperform a recognized single nutrient treatment, vitamin B6, for the treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). Methods: This will be a randomized treatment control study. Eighty women will be recruited and assigned to one of two treatment groups; EMPowerplus Advanced or vitamin B6. Baseline daily data will be collected for an initial two cycles, followed by three months of active treatment. A natural follow up will take place three cycles post treatment. Results: The primary outcome measure will be PMS change scores as based on results from the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP). The number of treatment responders for each of the two groups will yield a comparison score between the two treatments, with participants deemed as a responder if they show a total PMS score improvement of 50% from their baseline scores on the DRSP. Conclusion: If a micronutrient formula proves more effective for treating PMS, not only does it give women suffering from the condition a viable treatment option, but it may also suggest one cause of PMS; that is insufficient minerals and vitamins.