Premature Drying Research Articles

Seasonal Incidence of Tea Mosquito Bug, Helopeltis spp. in Guava, cv. L-49 at ARS- Hagari, Ballari, Karnataka, India

Guava production faces significant challenges due to insect pests, with the tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis spp. (Heteroptera: Miridae), posing a major threat by causing extensive damage. Both adult and nymph stages of TMB feed on young leaves, tender shoots, flower buds, and small fruits, leading to substantial plant stress. Infestation at the fruit’s early stages often causes premature drying and fruit drop, while damage to leaves and shoots results in drying and withering of shoots. TMB also causes visible black specks on flower buds that later merge, leading to bud desiccation, and its feeding punctures on fruits expand as fruits mature, forming corky patches that reduce marketable yield by up to 60–70%. Although TMB’s impact on guava is severe, limited information exists regarding its pest status and seasonal incidence. To address this, a study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Hagari, Ballari, Karnataka, to observe TMB incidence on guava. Bi-weekly observations from June 2019 to May 2021 recorded both affected and healthy plant parts, including young leaves, flower buds, and fruits. Over the two-year period, pest incidence on young leaves began in early July (4.11%) and peaked in the first fortnight of October (18.59%). Infestation on flower buds started in early August (8.29%) and reached a maximum (23.30%) by mid-October, while fruit infestation began at 8.89% in early August, peaking at 23.30% in mid-October. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between fruit infestation and temperature, while relative humidity and rainfall showed significant positive correlations with infestation levels.

Effect of Commercial Trap Design and Location on Captures of Diocalandra frumenti (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) on Palm Trees.

Diocalandra frumenti (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) is a weevil present in the Canary Islands, affecting economically important palms such as Phoenix canariensis H. Wildpret and its hybrids, for which there were no trapping tools. The larvae cause the main damage by burrowing galleries in the rachis of the leaves, causing premature drying and collapse. To develop an effective trap, six trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of trap type, design, colour, height, distance and location of the trap in relation to the palm tree on D. frumenti captures. This study confirms that the Econex® trap, green in colour, without a cover and with two ventilation holes of 2.5 cm in diameter, diametrically opposite each other and at 1 cm from the top of the base of the trap, baited with sugar cane and water, and placed between the first and second ring of green leaves of the palm canopy, is efficient in capturing D. frumenti. These results establish a basis for future research focused on the development of a specific trapping system based on semiochemicals to serve as a tool for detection, monitoring and mass trapping of D. frumenti.

A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies

Abstract The objective of this review article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the latest research on microchannel heat sinks, with a particular focus on single-phase flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannels. The review aims to highlight the progress made in this field and identify the challenges that need to be addressed to promote the widespread adoption of microchannel heat sinks. The review article examines the research on microchannel heat sinks and analyzes the findings related to single-phase flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannels. The analysis of single-phase flow in microchannels covers the impact of various parameters, including channel size, fluid properties, and flow conditions, on the heat transfer rate. The analysis of flow boiling in microchannels includes the identification of the potential advantages and challenges associated with this technique, as well as the strategies developed to mitigate these issues. The analysis of coating microchannels examines the effects of surface coatings on flow behavior and heat transfer performance. The review finds that microchannel heat sinks have gained significant attention due to their potential for high heat transfer rates in a compact size. The analysis of single-phase flow reveals that the heat transfer rate is proportional to the channel diameter and inversely proportional to the fluid viscosity. Increasing the flow rate results in higher heat transfer rates and pressure drops. The analysis of flow boiling reveals that this technique can significantly increase the heat transfer rate compared to single-phase flow. However, it can also lead to flow instability, wall superheat, and premature drying. The review identifies strategies to mitigate these issues, including using different surface coatings, enhancing nucleation, and optimizing channel geometry. The analysis of coating microchannels shows that coatings can alter the surface energy, wettability, and roughness of the channel walls, affecting the flow behavior and heat transfer performance. Coatings made from materials such as metals, polymers, and self-assembled monolayers have been investigated, and their effects on the flow of boiling heat transfer have been analyzed. The review highlights the need for further research to address the challenges associated with microchannel heat sinks, including flow instability and premature drying. Additionally, the review suggests that there is a need for more comprehensive studies on the effects of different surface coatings on flow behavior and heat transfer performance. Future research can also explore the potential of other materials for coating microchannels and investigate new strategies to optimize channel geometry and enhance nucleation. The review article concludes that the progress made in understanding microchannel heat transfer is significant, but further research is necessary to realize the full potential of microchannel heat sinks.

Устойчивость горчицы черной к фузариозному увяданию в условиях центральной зоны Краснодарского края

The different diseases decreasing quantitative and qualitative yield indicators can infected black mustard as the other oil crops of Brassicaceae family. Fusarium wilt is one of the most dangerous diseases for the crop. If plants are infected with disease pathogens (fungi Fusarium spp.) in a phase of 2– 4 true leaves root rot developes of young plants that causes their depth. In adult plants, conductive bundles in stems become clogged, causing premature drying of plants. Cultivation of resistant varieties is economically profitable and environmentally safe method of plant protection. The purpose of the research was to estimate new breeding material of black mustard on resistance to fusarium wilt in the central zone of the Krasnodar region. In a phase of yellow-green pod, breeding material of black mustard was estimated on resistance to the disease in a form of tracheomic wilting using 10-point scale of sample infection degree: from 0 to 9 points. All samples of mustard were divided on five group: immune, resistant, weak resistant, weak susceptible, and susceptible. During three years of research, the immune samples of black mustard were not selected. Ten samples of the crop were selected, they were resistant to the fusarium wilting on middle and high natural infection background in all years of the research. It allows recommending them to use in breeding of new black mustard varieties.

Evaluation of Inbreds for Resistance to Post-Flowering Stalk Rot Disease in Maize (Zea mays.)

Maize (Zea mays) is the most influential crop in the world, which can grow in temperate as well as tropical conditions. It is a major source for food, livestock, the beverage industry and cosmetics. In recent days maize production decreased drastically due to many diseases. Fusarium stalk rot is one among them. To evaluate the genotypes resistance against PFSR, 40 maize genotypes were subjected against five virulent isolates of Fusarium using the same artificial inoculation method. Varying disease reactions among the inbreds, with some exhibiting premature drying and lodging. After 40 days post-inoculation, internode infection was observed, and disease severity was assessed based on lesion spread within or across internodes. The inbreds were categorized according to their resistance levels, ranging from highly resistant to highly susceptible based on internode infection. Only one inbred showed high resistance to both FUR11 and Raichur isolates. None of the inbreds exhibited high resistance or resistance against the F1 isolate. Eight inbreds showed resistance against multiple isolates. One inbred, DML-1802, displayed high resistance to FUR11 and resistance to Raichur isolate, while another, A8-6, was highly susceptible to all tested isolates, showing infection spreading up to two internodes and observed xylem vessel rotting and hollow stems. Eleven resistant inbreds against Fusarium stalk rot were selected for a breeding program aimed at developing Fusarium stalk rot-resistant hybrids. The identification of variability among Fusarium species causing stalk rot in maize provided valuable insights for future research due to the limited understanding of Fusarium heterogeneity in maize stalk rot.

Numerical study of Two-Phase flow behavior during dryout in a Two-Phase closed thermosyphon under thermal boundary conditions

This paper presents a two-dimensional axisymmetric two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) model filled with R-134a refrigerant using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method, Lee model, and Continuum Surface Force (CSF) method within Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and simulates the flow characteristics inside the TPCT during the occurrence of dry out. Specifically, it discusses the two-phase flow in the condensation and evaporation sections when dry out occurs. The results indicate that the condensation section exhibits varying forms of vapor–liquid interface waves at different times. Phenomena such as liquid carryover and entrainment become increasingly prominent over time, contributing significantly to refrigerant blockages and dryout in the evaporation section. The mechanism behind dryout in the evaporation section is revealed to be the result of the initially continuous falling film being disrupted by fluctuations in the liquid–vapor interface, leading to the premature drying of thin liquid films in the troughs of these waves.

Current status of the distribution of European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) in Zhytomyr Polissia

Background. European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is a hemiparasitic, autotrophic plant, which is an integral part of natural and urbanized ecosystems of Ukraine, in particular Zhytomyr Polissia. V. album is considered to be an aboriginal species which is largely responsible for the deterioration of the sanitary condition of woody plants. In particular, it causes their premature drying, a sharp decrease in the intensity of growth and yield of fruit. This study pursues the following goals: 1) to identify the species of trees affected by V. album and which ones it prefers in the conditions of Zhytomyr Polissia; 2) to study the biology of the development of V. album in the conditions of the region; 3) analysis of the degree of damage to trees by V. album using the coefficient of complex assessment. Materials and Methods. The reconnaissance method was used to determine the distribution of V. album, the type of damage and the intensity of damage to tree plantations and the degree of tree damage by mistletoe was determined using the coefficient of comprehensive damage assessment (Ccda). Results and Discussion. It was found that out of the total number of affected trees, B. pendula (27.13 %), R. pseudoacacia (17.04 %) and P. tremula (11.13 %) were the most commonly infested by V. album in the region. At the same time, 46 % of the trees are slightly damaged, 31 % are moderately damaged and 23 % are insignificantly dama­ged. It was found that without human intervention, the number of populations and the number of V. album tend to increase. Conclusions. On the territory of Zhytomyr Polissia, V. album has entered the cate­gory of invasive plants. V. album was detected on 20 tree species, of which the number of trees affected by V. album reached 41.54 % of the total number of the examined trees. The vast majority of V. album populations (61 %) are growing. The largest numbers of V. album shrubs were recorded on trees aged 60–80 and 80–100 years, accounting for 23 % and 25.13 % of the total number of trees infested by V. album, respectively.

Изменение климата – важный фактор в распространении почернения древесины винограда в Республике Молдова

Studies have been carried out to study the process of the spread of the phytoplasmic disease of Bois noir on grape plantations of the Republic of Moldova. It has been established that the necessary factors for the spread of the disease are: the presence of plants-reservers of the disease, leafhoppers-vectors and the appropriate climatic conditions that contribute to the premature drying of the grass cover, which forces the leafhopper vectors to change to other food sources, including grapevine.

Design, development, and testing of rice-husk fueled mixed-flow rice dryer for small-scale rice producer farmers

In underdeveloped nations, rice is frequently harvested at a relatively high moisture content and then dried under the open sun to a storage moisture content. However, direct UV exposure, rain, dust, premature drying, contamination, and open sun drying are all associated with problems like poor grains, discolorations, and cracking. Commercial mechanical dryer utilization is not practical in remote regions due to the absence of electrical service, high startup costs, and ongoing operating expenses. In this work, a pilot mixed-flow rice drier that ran on rice husk energy and solar energy to power the driving fan was designed, produced, and tested. The major parts of the dryer assembly that were conceived and created were the combustion chamber, heat exchanger, and mixed-flow dryer. The results of the trial revealed that the combustion chamber's average temperature was 347.3 °C, the drying air at the heat exchanger output, where the drying chamber was attached, was 63.3 °C, and the combustion chamber and heat exchanger's respective efficiencies were 52.4% and 14.9%. The mixed-flow dryer powered by rice has a significantly lower operating cost than a comparable dryer powered by electricity, petrol, and diesel. The study makes it evident that such a reasonably priced and effective rice dryer might significantly help small-scale rice producers to extend the storage duration and maintain the quality of their product.

Fodder Preparation Practices Adopted by Community Subsistence Farmers in Zimbabwe in the Face of Climate Change: A Case Study of the Garanyemba Community Ward 13 in the Gwanda District, Matabeleland South Province.

The study identifies methods and practices adopted by communal subsistence farmers in preparing fodder for their livestock in the face of climate change. The purpose is to enhance fodder availability in the Garanyemba Ward 13, Gwanda District in Matabeleland South Province, Zimbabwe. Explored are challenges that affect methods / practices of fodder preparation on which livestock depends; without which communities cannot survive. The study employed a mixed methods research methodology; gathering data through face-to-face in-depth semi-structured interviews and questionnaire. Analysis was through descriptive statistics, thematic and content analysis methods. Findings suggest that Garanyemba communal farmers are overwhelmed with numerous problems that affect fodder availability. Mountains and inselbergs have deprived the Ward of its agricultural land and crop residues; a critical component of fodder. Climate change has caused droughts, low rainfall, water shortage, non-availability of grass and premature drying of rivers and wetlands which are the main sources of water. This has caused serious shortage of fodder; and affected livestock productivity. These challenges have driven communities to prepare fodder to protect livestock against feed shortage; and losses during dry seasons. Cutting grass, crop residues, the ‘cut and carry’ system, ‘emilageni’ – the ‘lagisa’ system; and novel initiatives comprise the main methods of fodder preparation. Water harvested through sand dams helps to grow fodder. Training has improved communities’ skills to make fodder. Recommendations include construction of micro–dams, more sand dams and piping water from the Thuli River to avail water; and start irrigation schemes to grow fodder. Workshops and refresher courses on fodder preparation are encouraged to skill communal subsistence farmers.

ОЦЕНКА ФИТОСАНИТАРНОЙ ЗНАЧИМОСТИ ОСНОВНЫХ ФИТОФАГОВ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЗАЩИТЫ НАСАЖДЕНИЙ ГРУШИ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОМ РАЙОНЕ НЕЧЕРНОЗЕМНОЙ ЗОНЫ РОССИИ

The studies were carried out at Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery (ARHCBAN) in 2011-2021 in order to study and assess the characteristics of the harmfulness of economically significant pests of pears. Route surveys of pear plantations were carried out in Bryansk, Kaluga and Moscow regions. In the spring period (before flowering), the counts of individual phytophages and plant organs damaged by them were carried out 2 times a week, after flowering (until the end of the growing season) – 1-2 times a week. Along with visual observation, analysis of selected samples under a microscope (MBS-10 and Stemi 2000-C), pheromone traps were used to track the dynamics of the summer of the codling moth Cydia pyrivora (Danil.), sticky and corrugated trapping belts, as well as the shaking method to count the weevil -flower beetle Anthonomus pomorum (L.). The most dangerous, economically and phytosanitaryly significant pests of the pear were the common Psylla pyri (L.) and the large Psylla pyrisuga (Frst.) pear sucker (prevalence up to 100%, yield loss up to 50%), gall mite Eriophyes pyri (Pgst.) (damage up to 50...70% of leaves, with premature drying and falling off of about 20...25% of them), tetranychod mites Tetranychoidae (decrease in leaf area by 30...50% compared to undamaged leaves, with drying and falling off of heavily damaged leaves), aphid Aphis pomi (Deg.) (prevalence up to 70...80%, the number of populated shoots up to 15...25%). Pear damage by the flower weevil Anthonomus pomorum (L.) is increasing (up to 8...10% of inflorescences) compared to the beginning of the 2010s, as well as the number of invasive pests that are not yet of economic importance - pear codling moth Cydia pyrivora (Danil.) and pear weevil Anthonomus pyri (Koll.). Timely and competent application, with the obligatory alternation of preparations with different mechanisms of action, can provide effective protection of plants from the sucker and other dangerous pests and increase the yield by 1.5 ... 2 times.

Quantifying the coating yield by modeling heat and mass transfer in a Wurster fluidized bed coater

During the coating process of medicines, premature drying of the spray droplets may cause losses, as the droplets do not stick to the product. This work addresses two mechanisms that are central to predicting the heat and mass transfer in coating processes: (i) the evaporation of multicomponent spray liquids and (ii) the quantification of losses due to spray drying. We modeled a Wurster coating process via CFD-DEM simulation and validated the results based on temperature and coating-yield measurements obtained in lab-scale experiments. We assessed the effects of the inlet air flow rate, inlet air temperature and spray rate on the drying performance in a set of virtual experiments. Our calculations show that spray-drying losses can be reduced from 28.2% to 6.1% by selecting appropriate values of the input parameters. Implementing these results in a real coating system will maximize the coating yield and can reduce the process time by up to 75%.

Influence of biologically active substances, chemicals and growth regulators on diseases of conifers in urban conditions

The objects of study were coniferous plants aged from 6 to 10 years. The study involved such plants as Siberian spruce (Pícea obováta), prickly spruce Hoopsi (Picea pungens Hoopsii), western thuja Smaragd (Thuja occidentalis Smaragd), thuja western Brabant (Thuja occidentalis Brabant). The subject of the study was the pathological symptoms manifested on the aboveground plant organs. The plants were planted in 2015 at the age from 6 (thuja Smaragd and thuja Brabant) to 10 (prickly spruce and Siberian spruce) years. The studies were conducted from May 2016 to September 2018 inclusive. During the initial examination, which was carried out on May 28, 2016, on all conifers, there was a loss of decorativeness, partial premature drying of shoots and falling of needles. When using biological products, a persistent stimulating effect is very noticeable — the general condition of conifers improves, this makes it possible to recommend tank mixtures for use, the composition of which is less toxic. Thuja Brabant turned out to be the most unresponsive to drug treatment.

Hyalesthes obsoletus is an active vector of Wood blackening in the Republic of Moldova

Hyalesthes obsoletus (Signoret) is an important vector of Wood Blackening in the Republic of Moldova. To identify the causes of the epidemiology of this disease in vineyards, the period of flight and the preference of the host plant H. obsoletus in the field were studied. Monitoring of vineyards showed that this species was found on the Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), and during the period of mass flight, the leafhopper was observed on Xanthium strumarium and Gorets bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus L.). The captured leafhoppers were diagnosed with the presence of Bois Noir stolbur phytoplasm (STOL). The adults of H. obsoletus were also caught from other herbaceous plants: Povoy fence (Calystegia sepium L.), Garden quinoa (Ariplex hortensis L.), Sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.), Medicinal dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.), as well as c Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Changes in climatic conditions in the region, causing premature drying of the grass cover, forces cicadas - vectors to switch to actively growing plants during this period, including grapes, which contributes to the widespread of the disease.

Characterization of Macrophomina phaseolina associated with leaf blight disease on Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau & R.R. Fern. and its fungicidal susceptibility

Safed musli, Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau & R.R. Fern. is an important medicinal plant due to aphrodisiac and immuno-modulatory properties. Leaf blight disease showing characteristic symptom of necrosis spots on tips and outer margin of leaves, which gradually progressed and cover large portion of leaf lamina. Severe infection causes premature drying of leaves, which give blighted appearance as observed on safed musli growing field of ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat (India). Associated putative fungus was isolated from single microsclerotia and characterized through cultural, morphological and microscopic studies. The association of putative fungus confirmed by pathogenicity test on potted safed musli plants. Mycelium of the causative organism showed dark olive black colonies that ultimately turns black and were found embedded with abundant of microsclerotia. Morphologically microsclerotia were black, smooth, round to oblong, 49.88 - 99.74 ± 5.62 μm in diameter. Pycnidia were exclusively observed on the infected leaves of C. borivilianum, were dark to greyish, globose, membranous and 83.62- 123.88 ± 3.77 μm in diameter. Conidia were single celled, hyaline, aseptate, obovoid and measuring 13.83 - 17.28 ± 0.37 μm × 5.39 - 7.28 ± 0.28 μm. By comparing with available relevant literature, the fungus was tentative identified as Macrophomina phaseolina. The identity of associated pathogen was further confirmed by molecular sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA region and actin gene. In vitro efficacy test showed that among the tested fungicides, metalaxyl 4.0% + mancozeb 64% causes highest mycelial growth inhibition (90.00%) at both, 0.1 and 0.2% concentration and of Pseudomonas fluorescence (PF7) showed 51.72% mycelial growth inhibition.

Identification of QTL for Target Leaf Spot resistance in Sorghum bicolor and investigation of relationships between disease resistance and variation in the MAMP response

Target leaf spot (TLS) of sorghum, a foliar disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Bipolaris cookei (also known as Bipolaris sorghicola), can affect grain yield in sorghum by causing premature drying of leaves and defoliation. Two sorghum recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, BTx623/BTx642 and BTx623/SC155-14E, were assessed for TLS resistance in replicated trials. Using least square mean trait data, four TLS resistance QTL were identified, two in each population. Of these, three were previously unidentified while a major QTL on chromosome 5 in the BTx623/BTx642 RIL population corresponded to the previously identified TLS resistance gene ds1. A set of sorghum lines were assessed for production of reactive oxygen species induced by treatment with the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) flg22 (a derivative of flagellin). Flg22-induced ROS production varied between lines in a consistent fashion. One QTL associated with variation in the flg22 response was detected in the RIL populations. No evidence was found to link variation in the MAMP response to variation in TLS resistance

Pear rust: peculiarities of pathogen biology measures for control and profilactic

Pear rust: peculiarities of pathogen biology measures for control and profilactic

Patterns of protein carbonylation during Medicago truncatula seed maturation.

Seeds mainly acquire their physiological quality during maturation, whereas oxidative conditions reign within cells triggering protein carbonylation. To better understand the role of this protein modification in legume seeds, we compared by proteomics patterns of carbonylated proteins in maturing seeds of Medicago truncatula naturally desiccated or prematurely dried, a treatment known to impair seed quality acquisition. In both cases, protein carbonylation increased in these seeds, accompanying water removal. We identified several proteins whose extent of carbonylation varied when comparing natural desiccation and premature drying and that could therefore be responsible for the impairment of seed quality acquisition or expression. In particular, we focused on PM34, a protein specific to seeds exhibiting a high sensitivity to carbonylation and of which function in dicotyledons was not known before. PM34 proved to have a cellulase activity presumably associated with cell elongation, a process required for germination and subsequent seedling growth. We discuss the possibility that PM34 (abundance or redox state) could be used to assess crop seed quality.

Aquifer porosity in the Pan-African semi-arid context

Water scarcity is one of the major concerns that people are facing worldwide. Although the liquid is absolutely abundant through the globe, its availability poses too much problems specifically to each region. Those problems can result in one or a combination of three basic situations: declining water (drought), overabundance of surface water (floods) or degradation of the quality of water (pollution). All these situations are reflected in the scarcity of good quality water. Arid regions are particularly concerned. In such areas where groundwater contained in aquifers is usually perceived as providence, any project of groundwater exploration and exploitation must be preceded by prior careful and meticulous investigation, in order to avoid early and premature drying. This investigation is likely to predict the future behaviour of aquifers and to improve the groundwater resources management. Beside fundamental properties as hydraulic conductivity, the present paper that addresses the water sector in the semi-arid region of northern Cameroon emphasizes the importance of porosity on aquifer productivity and consequently on the groundwater resources management. The porosity of the local aquifer has then been determined using the Waxman and Smits model which establishes a reliable relationship between the apparent and corrected formation factors, Fa and Fc, taking the clay effects into consideration. This approach can be applied in other similar semi-arid regions through the world.

Mechanical degradation of biological heart valve tissue induced by low diameter crimping: An early assessment

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become today an increasingly attractive procedure to relieve patients from aortic valve disease. However, the procedure requires crimping biological tissue within a metallic stent for low diameter catheter insertion purpose. This step induces specific stress in the leaflets especially when the crimping diameter is small. One concern about crimping is the potential degradations undergone by the biological tissue, which may limit the durability of the valve once implanted. The purpose of the present work is to study the effect of low diameter crimping on the mechanical performances of pericardium valve prototypes. The prototypes were compressed to a diameter of 1mm within braided stents for 20min. SEM observations performed on crimped material show that crimped leaflets undergo degradations characterized by apparent surface defects. Moreover mechanical extension tests were performed on pericardium strips before and after crimping. The strips (15mm long, 5mm wide) were taken from both crimped and native leaflets considering 2 different valve diameters, 19 and 21mm. In order to prevent the premature drying of the pericardium tissue during the procedure, the biological tissue was kept in contact with a formaldehyde solution. Results show that the ultimate strength value decreases nearly by up to 50%. The modifications observed in the material may jeopardize the long term durability of the device. However, further tests are necessary with a larger amount of samples to confirm these early results.