Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation Research Articles

In-vitro cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory potential of Asparagus densiflorus meyeri and its phytochemical investigation.

Genus Asparagus is well known for its pharmacological activities and ethnopharmacological applications. In folk medicine, it is used in the management of several diseases such as diabetes, inflammations, and rheumatism. This work aimed to investigate the potential of Asparagus densiflorus meyeri root & aerial parts extracts as cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory and the investigation of their chemical profile. GC analysis & Folin-Ciocalteu and gravimetric methods were used respectively to estimate the lipoidal, phenolic, and saponin contents. MTT assay was conducted using two cell lines (MCF-7 & HepG2) to investigate the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity using TNF-α stimulated MCF-7 cells through monitoring the level of nitric oxide release and NF-κB gene expression. Preliminary phytochemical investigation indicated that both extracted parts are equally rich in saponins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and/or glycosides, and sterols and/or triterpenes. Palmitic acid and β sitosterol represented the major saturated fatty acids and sterol, respectively. A significant cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells was recorded for DCM extract (IC50 26.13 μg/ml). All tested extracts showed a significant decrease in NO release and NF-κB gene expression thus it possesses a potential anti-inflammatory activity. A. densiflorus meyeri is considered a good candidate as a food supplement for protection from malignancy.

Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigations of Borassus flabellifer Linn. Flowers

Borassus flabellifer Linn. commonly known as palmyra pam. The main purpose of the present work was to conduct systematic investigation of various extracts of B. flabellifer. Linn. flowers. The flowers of B. flabellifer Linn. belonging to family Areaceae were collected from Pune district. Authenticated at Botanical Survey of Pune. In this study B. flabellifer. Linn. flowers were evaluated for morphological characteristics, powdered microscopy, pharmacognostic investigation, preliminary phytochemical investigation as per World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The soxhlet apparatus was used for extraction, along with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform and a hydro-alcoholic solvent. Flowers were also extracted by cold maceration. Morphologically flowers were showed a yellowish-brown color, sweet, pleasant taste. Powdered microscsopy was showed presence of fibres, vessels, crystals of calcium oxalate, starch grains. Pharmacognostic investigation shows foreign matter- Nil, total ash, water-soluble, acid-insoluble, sulphated ash was observed to be 3.5, 0.5, 0.5, 4.5%, respectively. LoD was found to be 4.6%. Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and water-soluble extractive values were observed to be 0.2, 2.6, 0.4, 5.8 and 7.6%, respectively. Fluorescence analysis was also done. Extract contains carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, triterpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. Present study could be helpful for the proper identification and further research work.

PRELIMINARY PHYSICO CHEMICAL AND CHROMATOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF VASA ARKA (LEAF OF ADATHODA VASICA NEES) FOR DEVELOPMENT OF DOSAGE FORM FOR NEBULISATION

In the present scenario where the number of people being affected with respiratory ailments is at high, a proper management technique with best effect and least side effects has become a necessity. A nebulizing agent is far more potent than an oral medicine due to its increased absorption as well as its assimilation rate. Vasa (Adathoda vasica Nees) is one of the best medicines used for respiratory illness in the science of Ayurveda. According to literature review it possesses swasa kasahara action. Researches have been conducted on this herbal medicine over respiratory ailments and showed positive results. But no information is obtained on the nebulization effect of Vasa. The present study aims to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of Vasa arka & Vasa swarasa and to analyse the chromatography profile of Vasa arka and Vasa swarasa. Through this research, an attempt is done to expand the potential possibilities of Vasa as a nebulizing agent. The Pharmaceutical study includes collection of genuine Vasa leaves followed by its pre- processing and finally conversion to the Vasa swarasa and Vasa arka. Physico-chemical analysis was carried out as per parameters mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.8. Preliminary phytochemical investigations were carried out by following standard procedure.However In the present study, the preliminary phytochemical analysis of the swarasa and arka of vasa revealed the presence of important antioxidant phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds. The study revealed that vasa is inherently having bronchodilatory action. Preparing arka of the same retained the volatile oil and active principles that were responsible for the bronchodilating action. The present study concluded that vasa arka are effective in the management of respiratory illness in the form of nebulizing agents.

Pharmacognostic Study and Standardization of Leaves and Stem of Mentha spicata Linn.

Background:: Various Mentha species are cultivated all over the world due to their aroma and valuable therapeutic constituents. Along with its traditional use as a food flavor, it is well-established folklore medicine for treating digestive and cardiovascular problems. Mentha spicata L. is a perennial, aromatic herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family. M. spicata leaves have been used in traditional systems of medicines for treating various digestive system disorders since old times. Aim:: The present research work encompasses the pharmacognostic study, phytochemical screening and physicochemical parameter estimation of leaves and stem of M. spicata L. for standardization of Mentha plant. Materials and Methods:: Morpho-anatomical characterization, physicochemical analysis and preliminary phytochemical investigation of leaves and stems were performed. These investigations were done as per WHO guidelines to determine the main diagnostic characteristics for correct identification and standardization of whole plant and powdered drug of M. spicata L. Results:: The dimensions, size, color, and surface texture characteristics of fresh crude drug (leaf and stem) were determined. Compound microscope images of the transverse section (TS) of M. spicata leaf and stem revealed the cellular arrangement and main identification characters. Phytochemical and physicochemical analysis of powdered drugs confirmed the presence of important phytoconstituents such as phytosterol, terpeneoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, volatile oil, etc. Conclusion:: The results obtained are helpful for the characterization of the crude drug. Morphoanatomical characterization and physicochemical analysis are inexpensive methods and serve as a quality control tool for stem and leaf standardization. The ethanolic and aqueous extract of leaves and stem showed the presence of valuable medicinally active phytoconstituents.

Pharmacognostical Study of Root Bark of <I>Erythrina indica</I> Lam. Paribhadra

Paribhadra, one of the reputed drugs of the indigenous system of medicine, is equated with Erythrina indica Lamk. Syn. E. variegata Linn. var. orientalis Linn., Family Fabaceae. Some other species of Erythrina viz. E. suberosa Roxb. and E. stricta Roxb., have also been mentioned as 'Paribhadra in different text books on Indian Medicine and are used as substitutes for the genuine drug, Erythrina indica.The pharmacognostical study is made of the root and root bark of E. indica Lamk., as based on material collected from authentic specimens and covers macro- and microscopical characters highlighting the diagnostic features, micro-chemical tests, examination of the powdered drug and preliminary phytochemical investigation.

Anti-Urolithiasis Activity of Selected Plant Extracts by Titrimetry Method and Aggregation Assay

A major global health concern with a high recurrence rate is urolithiasis. Various in vivo and in vitro techniques have been effective in assessing the anti urolithiatic capacity of therapeutic plants. Renal stone production can be studied using in vitro models, whereas the pathological implications of urolithiasis are declared using in vivo models. Therefore, preventative management can be considerably and successfully evaluated using in vitro models, whereas urolithiasis treatment can be directed by using in vivo models. This study explains the benefits, drawbacks, and uses of both models, with a focus on the contribution of in vitro research to the assessment of preventive care. We done Physicochemical Tests for Phyllanthus acidus (fruits) Tinospora cordifolia (leaves) and Psidium gujava (fruits and leaves ) and also Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of Phyllanthus acidus (fruits), Tinospora cordifolia (leaves) and Psidium gujava (fruits and leaves).

Pharmacognostic study and preliminary phytochemical investigation of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees

Andrographis paniculata (family –Acanthaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant with branches that grows up to a height of 50-150 cm in moist, shaded areas. Its stem is abruptly quadrangular, heavily branched, and has a delicate texture that is readily broken. It is found in Southeast Asia, tropical and subtropical Asia, and a few other nations like Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Caribbean islands, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand etc. It is widely used in different traditional medicinal systems or countries for medicinal purposes by the traditional practitioners, tribes or community as a folklore remedies. The present communication provides a detailed account of the pharmacognostic study carried out on various parts of the Andrographis paniculata. The study includes macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopic studies, physicochemical tests, preliminary phytochemical screening, development of HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) fingerprints profile and heavy metal tests. Physicochemical parameters were performed and found average values of three parts (root, stem and leaf) such as root loss on drying at 1050C 4.93% w/w, total ash value 10.16% w/w, acid insoluble ash value 0.21% w/w, alcohol soluble extractive value 13.98% w/w and water soluble extractive value 25.77%w/w. Stem loss on drying at 1050C 6.23% w/w, total ash value 6.88% w/w, acid insoluble ash value 0.25% w/w, alcohol soluble extractive value 18.46% w/w and water soluble extractive value 21.94%w/w and leaf loss on drying at 1050C was found 6.29% w/w, total ash value 7.30% w/w, acid insoluble ash value 0.13% w/w, alcohol soluble extractive value 21.93% w/w and water soluble extractive value 38.68%w/w. HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) fingerprints profile of methanolic extract was done by using mobile phase toluene: ethyl acetate (7:3). Andrographolide and Ferullic acid standard markers were applied, major spots Rf values with colour were recorded before derivatization at 254nm. Rf values are 0.25 black, leaf, stem and root with Andrographolide standard marker, and 0.20 light black color of stem, and root with Ferullic acid standard marker. Andrographolide is higher present in leaf which was range from 1.51-162 than the stem range1.46-153 and root range 1.45-1.150, while Ferulic acid was higher present in stem range from 0.91-0.96 than root 0.76-0.82 but absent in leaf. Heavy metals i.e Pb, Cd, As, & Hg were tested and found under WHO limits Established parameters can be used as standards for quality control and identification of the plant in herbal compound formulations and also preparation of a monograph of the plant.

Phytochemical stimulants for cancer therapeutics from Garcinia gummi-gutta: A prime research report

Cancers and tumors grow day by day and alternate traditional-based medicines are in demand to nullify the toxicity and side effects caused by modern pharmacological compounds. The medicinal properties of plant-based Indian ethnic drugs make them extremely important in this category. Traditional uses of G. gummi-gutta include a variety of herbal and folk remedies. Different herbal parts are extracted, isolated their specific compounds are targeted for applications in modern medicinal research today. The fresh fruit of G. gummi-gutta was extracted by ethyl acetate and tested through phyto-chemical modes. Thin layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to purify and characterize bioactive compounds. Studies using antimicrobial agents were conducted on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. The MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was used to examine cellular cytotoxic activity. Software for BSP-SLIM molecular docking analysis was utilized together with in-silico virtual screening techniques. The receptor structure was retrieved from the protein databank (Structure of human Bcl-2) in a complex with an analog of ABT-737 (6QGG). Pymol was found to have the best ligand interactions. The protein's stability characteristics were confirmed and molecular dynamics were estimated using a programme called Dynomics. A preliminary qualitative phytochemical investigation revealed that the primary constituents of G. gummi-gutta include alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenol, flavonoids, glycosides, and protein. The compound positions and Rf values were disclosed by the TLC technique. GC–MS technique revealed the presence of pure compounds whereas the antimicrobial activity was appraised through the disc diffusion method and the relative zone of inhibition was determined. The MTT test was used to measure the antiproliferative activity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line at a dose of 7.8 μg/mL. The virtual screening using the in-silico method further revealed the protein-ligand interactions and molecular dynamics that assisted in identifying the protein functions and stability graphs. G. gummi-gutta has thus proven to be an anticancer medicinal herb both by in-vitro and in-silico studies. This could further be applied for drug designing and database creation leading to machine-based diagnostics and therapeutics.

Preliminary phytochemical investigation in seeds of Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers., plant specimen from Fabaceae family

Preliminary phytochemical investigation in seeds of Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers., plant specimen from Fabaceae family

Varietal level comparison of Moringa oleifera Lam. for phytochemical constituents and antifungal properties against Fusarium oxysporum and Albugo candida

Background: The main objective of this work was to examine the chemical components, antioxidant and antifungal activities of an ethanolic extract of three Moringa oleifera varieties (PKM-1, PKM-2, and ODC-3) against selected fungal strains. The ethanolic extract was prepared using the Soxhlet extraction method. The extracts of three different varieties were tested for antioxidant activity as well as antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Albugo candida using the disc diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using the micro dilution method. Using the FTIR technique, spectrophotometer equipment was used to identify the distinctive peak values and functional groups. HPLC and GCMS were used to determine the phytochemical profiles of the three variants. Results: The preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of numerous secondary metabolites in all three M. oleifera types. The PKM-1 cultivar had a considerably higher total phenolic content (99.93 ± 0.239 mg GAE /g) than the PKM-2 and ODC-3 varieties of M. oleifera (81.58 ± 0.369 and 91.73 ± 0.254 mg GAE/g). The flavonoid content of the PKM-1 variety (135.3 ± 0.494 mg QE/g) was maximum than that of the PKM-2 and ODC-3 varieties (106.9 ± 0.553 and 117.1 ± 0.413 mg QE/g). In the DPPH and H2O2 assays, the PKM-1 variant was the most potent inhibitor (IC50) compared to the other two varieties. Antifungal activity testing demonstrated that all the three varieties suppress the growth of both the fungal strains such as F. oxysporum and A. candida with a mean zone of inhibition. FTIR examination of ethanol extract of Moringa types (PKM-1, PKM-2 and ODC-3) revealed the presence of distinct functional chemical classes at a variety of characteristic bands. GCMS analysis confirmed the presence of 25 metabolites in M. oleifera PKM-1 and 23 compounds in PKM-2 varieties. Conclusion: The results showed that M. oleifera has a diverse set of phytoconstituents with considerable antioxidant and antifungal effects, confirming its applicability in a wide range of applications.

Wound Healing Potential of Polyherbal Dusting Powder for the Treatment of Bedsores

A bed sore is also known as a pressure sore and is an open ulcer on the skin. Bedsores are mostly found on the skin that covers bony areas. The primary objective of this research project was to develop and test the polyherbal dusting powder containing an aqueous extract of Azhadirachta indica, Curcuma longa L., Aloe vera, and Tagetes erecta. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of aqueous extract was carried out. Selected herbs have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and wound-healing action needed for the treatment of bedsores. The powder was then tested for physical parameters like color, texture, smell, form, and pH), and micrometric parameters like size of particles, angle of repose, Hausner’s ratio, surface area, and other flow properties. The dosage form has been screened for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The formulation showed significant antimicrobial activity as compared to the standard povidone iodine drug. In the skin irritation and wound healing studies performed on albino wistar rats, significant effects were observed with 200 mg of powder. According to the in-vivo study, polyherbal dusting powder has been shown to be effective in the treatment of bedsores and can be further investigated.

Isolation and identification of flavonoids compounds and formulation of tecoma undulata (Sm.) seem. Herbal ointment

Every medicinal plant contains some therapeutically active compounds which are used as therapeutic agents in case of various diseases. Tecoma undulate (Sm.) seem was reported with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity, it contains high flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The aim and Objective behind this research study is to carry out Preliminary Phytochemical evaluation of extracted fraction outcome undulata (Sm.) seem. and its formulation. Soxhlet and maceration methods were used for extraction, and then the extracts were analysed for their potential levels of several therapeutically active phytochemicals in a preliminary phytochemical evaluation. Hydroalcoholic extract of Tecoma undulata (Sm.) seem. was used to create a 5% and 10% w/w ointment, and testing of both was performed. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of extract that presence of some medicinally active phytochemicals such as Alkaloids, Flavonoids, etc. Tecoma undulata (Sm.) seem. Thin-layer chromatography was used to isolate and purify the extract before UV-Spectroscopy was used to analyse it. The functional group determined by IR spectrophotometry, interpretation of data showed that chloroform and Hydroalcoholic extract contain functional group like ketone, alcohol and carboxylic acid. Also, IR interpretation suggests that the plant contains flavone and flavanone as active flavonoids. The extractive values for Chloroform, Hydroalcoholic and Water extracts were found to be 7.2, 9.5 and 8.7 respectively and hydroalcoholic extract were used for formulation of ointment as an API. So as per presence of many active principles, Tecoma undulata (Sm.) seem. may contain good therapeutic efficacy and may be used for the treatment of many disorders. Since Tecoma undulata (Sm.) seem. Contains numerous active components, it shows potential as a therapeutic agent for a wide range of disorders.

Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of Trapa natans Linn. root

Background: Water caltrop (Singara), a plant belonging to the Trapaceae or Lytraceae family is an essential medicinal herb used in Ayurvedic preparations. Due to its unique characteristics and therapeutic properties. It is one of the most widely consumed vegetables in Asian countries. Taiwan, China and areas of Southeast Asia are home to Singara. Objective: To study the pharmacognostic, physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical investigation of Trapa natans Linn. root to establish the salient diagnostic features. Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical, physicochemical evaluation, detection of inorganic constituents, fluorescence analysis, extractive value and phytochemical analysis were performed. Extraction was performed by using different solvent such as petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol and distill water. Results: Macroscopically roots were mostly 10–65 mm long and less than 1 mm in diameter, except for the first adventitious roots arising from the cotyledonary nodes, which were much longer and often descended into the substrate river bottom. Microscopically the stele of roots is typically tetrarch, but hexarchy and pentarchy occur in large roots and triarchy in some roots. Central metaxylem vessel elements with a discontinuity of mature xylem elements between protoxylem and metaxylem are common. The cortex of Trapa natans Linn. root is characterized by aerenchyma in its middle by schizogeny but it often has asymmetrically larger lacunae in the inner cortex. The result of physicochemical parameters such as foreign matter, loss on drying (moisture content), total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, water soluble extractive value, alcohol soluble extractive value, foaming index were found to be 0.3%w/w, 2.04%w/w, 9.5%w/w, 3.5%w/w, 5.0%w/w, 10.2%w/w, 5.2%w/w, less than 100 respectively. Qualitative tests of inorganic elements confirmed the presence of calcium, sodium, potassium, iron, sulphate, phosphate and chloride. The result of fluorescence analysis showed that in visible light, the root powder exhibit various shades of green and brown fluorescence. Various shades of green, brown and black were found under UV light. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts using different solvents confirmed the presence alkaloids, amino acid, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrate, steroids, triterpenoid compound, tannins, phenolic compounds, mucilage and saponins respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study concluded that the presences of various phytoconstituents in Trapa natans Linn. root may be medicinally useful. Also the results can be helpful in setting some diagnostic indices for identification, authentication and preparation of the monograph of the plant.

Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Free Radical Scavenging, and LDL Protective Effects of Different Solvent Fractions of Calotropis procera (R.) Br. Root Bark Extract

In the present study, the methanolic extract of Calotropis procera root bark was subjected to solvent-solvent partitioning using n-hexane fraction (HF), dichloromethane fraction (DMF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and methanol fraction (MF). The resultant fractions were tested for antioxidant activity using in vitro radical scavenging assay. Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of varying proportions of secondary metabolites in solvent fractions such as glycosides, flavonoids, triterpenoids, sterols, and polyphenolic compounds. The total phenolic content of EAF was 25.7 ± 3.12 mg TAE/g followed by 19.05 ± 3.29 mg TAE/g in DMF. The total flavonoid content was 13.69 ± 1.74 mg QUE/g in DMF and 11.4 ± 1.88 mg QUE/g in EAF. The EAF showed significant radical-scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, IC50 = 369.87 μg/mL), nitric oxide (IC50 = 317.46 μg/mL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 , IC50 = 396.85 μg/mL), and hydroxyl radicals (IC50 = 195.39 μg/mL). DMF was most effective in scavenging superoxide radicals (IC50 = 679.60 μg/mL), while greater metal chelating activity was exhibited by MF (IC50 = 614.73 μg/mL). Moreover, the total antioxidant activity for EAF was found to be 94.14 ± 9.114 mg AAE followed by DMF (68.10 ± 8.78 mg AAE). EAF also significantly reduced the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in a dose-dependent manner in CuSO4. The observed antioxidant effect might be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites. Subsequent GC-MS analysis of EAF confirmed the presence of lupeol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and ursolic acid. The current investigation reveals that the high polyphenolic and antioxidant pentacyclic triterpenes in EAF of C. procera root bark methanol extract correlates with its good antioxidant activity and can provide protection against free radicals-induced damage in a variety of chronic health conditions.

The ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura exhibits in vitro antidiabetic potentials by inhibiting carbohydrate digestive enzymes

Objective: The present research study was conducted to investigate in vitro anti-diabetic potentials of ethanol extract of leaves of Muntingia calabura for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities.
 Materials & Methods: The leaves of Muntingia calabura were collected and authenticated. dried and powdered. The powdered drug was defatted using petroleum ether and extracted with ethanol. The ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura was subjected to preliminary phytochemical investigation. The in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory and α-amylase inhibitory properties were determined for the ethanol extract and concentrations of extract required to inhibit absorbance (IC50 values) EEMC were determined.
 Results: Significant IC50 values were found in both tests that assessed the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, demonstrating the capacity of the ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura to block carbohydrate digesting enzymes and prevent postprandial blood glucose.
 Conclusion: The results of the presents investigation recommends that ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura possess significant α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity.
 Keywords: Antidiabetic activity, Muntingia calabura, α-glucosidase and α-amylase and IC50values.

Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Tagetus erecta L. and Pelargonium Graveolens Against Xanthomonas Axonopodis Pv. Punicae

The antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants namely Tagetus erecta L. and Pelargonium graveolens extracts was studied against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Punicae, the causative agent of Bacterial blight of Punica granatum. The plants are selected based on their traditional use as medicinal plants.The water, ethanol and methanol extracts of Tagetusr erecta L. and Pelargonium graveolens were used for antibacterial activity assay by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Among these extracts, only methanol extract of Taget erecta L.has showed substantial antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Punicaeand all other extracts showed less antibacterial activity.The phytochemical constituents such asalkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, proteins, resins, proteins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and glycosides were found to be present in selected plant extracts as per preliminary phytochemical investigation. Only methanol extract showed maximum inhibition zone and all other extracts of Tagetus erecta and extracts of Pelargonium graveolens have showed less inhibition activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Punicae. The Minimum inhibitory Concentration and Minimum bacteriocidal concentration of Tagetus erecta L. methanol extract was found to be 25mg/ml and 25mg/ml respectively. Our study revealed the possible application of Tagetus erecta L. methanol extract in the management of Bacterial blight of Punica granatum.

The ethanol extract of Euphorbia hirta exhibits in vitro antidiabetic potentials by sensitization of the insulin

The objective of current investigation was to assess the mechanism of action of Euphorbia hirta for its antidiabetic properties. Materials &Methods: The authenticated leaves of plant Euphorbia hirta were dried and powdered. The powdered drug was defatted with petroleum ether and subjected to ethanol extraction. The ethanol extract of Euphorbia hirta was subjected to preliminary phytochemical investigation. The glucose up takes by rat hemi-diaphragm (skeletal muscle) model was also used evaluate potentials of the ethanol extract of Euphorbia hirta to enhance utilization of the blood glucose by peripheral tissues. The overnight fasted albino rat was sacrificed and dissected to hemidiaphragm. Weighed quantity of skeletal muscle was incubated with glucose in Tyrode solution for 30 mins at 37oC and the amount of glucose utilized by the tissue was determined. Results: The ethanol extract of Euphorbia hirta significantly increased the glucose utilization by skeletal muscle which its shows potency to sensitize the insulin. Conclusion: The results of the presents investigation recommends that, one of the mechanisms of ethanol extract of Euphorbia hirta for antidiabetic activity is reduction of insulin resistance.

Study on of Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Embelia ribes for Anthelmintic Properties

Study on of Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Embelia ribes for Anthelmintic Properties

Structurally Diverse Triterpene-26-oic Acids as Potential Dual ACL and ACC1 Inhibitors from the Vulnerable Conifer Keteleeria fortunei.

A preliminary phytochemical investigation on the 90% MeOH extract from the twigs and needles of the vulnerable conifer Keteleeria fortunei led to the isolation and characterization of 17 structurally diverse triterpen-26-oic acids, including nine previously undescribed ones (fortunefuroic acids A-I, 1-9) featuring a rare furoic acid moiety in the lateral chain. Among them, 1-5 are uncommon 9βH-lanostane-type triterpenoic acids. Friedo-rearranged triterpenoids 6 and 7 feature a unique 17,14-friedo-lanostane skeleton, whereas 9 possesses a rare 17,13-friedo-cycloartane-type framework. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic (e.g., detailed 2D NMR) and computational (NMR/ECD) calculations and the modified Mosher's method. In addition, the absolute structure of compound 1 was ascertained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Fortunefuroic acids B (2), G (7), and I (9), along with isomangiferolic acid (12) and 3α,27-dihydroxycycloart-24E-en-26-oic acid (14), exhibited dual inhibitory effects against the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-citrate lyase (ACL, IC50s: 5.7-11.4 μM) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1, IC50s: 7.5-10.5 μM), both of which are key enzymes for glycolipid metabolism. The interactions of the bioactive triterpenoids with both enzymes were examined by molecular docking studies. The above findings reveal the important role of protecting plant species diversity in support of chemical diversity and potential sources of new therapeutics for ACL-/ACC1-associated diseases.

Preliminary phytochemical, physico-chemical & HPTLC analysis of aanai nerunjil kudineer

The Siddha system is an Ancient and Indigineous system of medicine followed predominantly by the people of South India. It comprises of various modes of treatment for a number of diseases. Aanai Nerunjil kudineer is a herbal drug which is indicated for many common Genito-Urinary tract disorders in the textbook, Gunapadam Mooligai vaguppu (Siddha Materia Medica). Aanai Nerunjil (Pedalium murex) plants and Seeds of Kothumalli (Coriandrum sativum) were collected from the locality of Tuticorin, Tamilnadu and were dried under sunshade and ground into coarse powder and then mixed in a 4:1 ratio respectively. Aqueous alcoholic Extracts of the powder was made by Hot soxhlet method. Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Glycosides were found to be present in preliminary phytochemical investigation. The Physico-chemical analysis revealed that the LOD at 1050c was 8.4%, Total Ash value as 10.84%, acid insoluble ash as 0.85%, water soluble ash as 3.25%, sulphated ash as 14.56%, pH of 4% aqueous solution as 8.08, volatile oil content of 0.5%.HPTLC was performed in aqueous alcoholic extract at 254nm, 366nm & 575nm and the chromatograms were recorded. The Rf peak values were found to be significant which can further assist in identification of the individual compounds. Keywords: siddha medicine, pedalium murex, coriandrum sativum, preliminary phytochemical, physico chemical, HPTLC Analysis Introduction The World Health Organization has estimated that about 80% of earth's inhabitants rely on traditional medicine for their primary health care needs that primarily involves the use of plant extracts or their active components.1 Over 248, 000 species of higher plants have been identified and from these 12, 000 plants are known to have medicinal properties.2The importance of plants is known to us well. The plant kingdom is a treasure house of potential drugs and in the recent years there has been an increasing awareness about the importance of medicinal plants[3].