Preliminary Drawing Research Articles

Revealing the Materials, Painting Techniques, and State of Preservation of a Heavily Altered Early 19th Century Greek Icon through MA-XRF

Macroscopic X-ray fluorescence analysis (MA-XRF) is a non-destructive analytical technique that allows for the rapid and thorough investigation of paintings; therefore, it is nowadays increasingly involved in relevant studies. In the present work, a state-of-the-art MA-XRF set-up is utilized to identify the painting materials and techniques and document the state of preservation of an early 19th-century AD Greek religious panel painting (“icon”). The artifact in consideration has received extensive restoration interventions in the past and is considerably decayed; for these reasons, the interpretation of the relevant MA-XRF elemental intensity distribution maps is challenging. In this framework, it is demonstrated how the elemental distribution maps can be explored and interpreted to lead to a thorough investigation of the painting in consideration. In particular, the MA-XRF data interpretation allowed for the identification of the original palette that includes the rather rarely employed–in icon painting-yellow lead-antimonate pigment, led to the spotting of an invisible inscription, to the documentation of the preparation/gesso layer and the preliminary drawing. Additionally, it was possible to discriminate between the original painting and the later interventions, while the collected data revealed that the painting originally had two cross-bars attached to its back. Ultimately, the presented case study can be utilized as a guide for the proper interpretation of MA-XRF data from decayed and altered icons.

Illustrating papyrus in Ancient Egypt

Illustrated papyruses from Ancient Egypt have survived across millennia, depicting with vivid colors numerous stories and practices from a distant past. We have investigated a series of illustrated papyruses from Champollion’s private collection showing scenes from the Book of the Dead, a document essential to prepare for the afterlife. The nature of the different pigments and their distribution are revealed by combining optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and fluorescence. The standardized three-step process from the New Kingdom period was used, comprising a preparatory drawing made of red hematite, a coloring step using pigments from the Egyptian palette, and a final black contour drawn with a carbon-based ink. Interestingly, specific pigment mixes were deliberately chosen to obtain different shades. In some parts, the final contour significantly differs from the preliminary drawing, revealing the artist’s creativity. These results enhance our knowledge of illustrative practices in Ancient Egypt.

ESKALASI KETERAMPILAN KOMUNIKASI SISWA MELALUI METODE SUGGESTOPEDIA DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN KUALITAS BELAJAR

Abstract: Communication skills are the most important skills in students' daily life, related to the learning climate, and are very much needed as an independent matter in learning. Communication skills greatly facilitate educators and students in learning situations effectively and efficiently. This study aims to determine the quality of the communication skills of educators to students by applying suggestopedia in developing the quality of learning. Suggestopedia is a breakthrough for students in learning to be more positive, enthusiastic, and active in providing good stimulation to the learning process in order to create a more pleasant feeling. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. This research was conducted at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Walisongo, Banyuanyar Tengah, Probolinggo, with the research subjects being teachers and students. This research phase is carried out with preliminary studies (interviews), data collection, data verification, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that in its application, suggestopedia at the basic level has a dominant positive side impact. A conducive learning atmosphere, communication skills, effectiveness, and enthusiasm of students during learning can be seen that students' self-confidence is now increasing at each lesson meeting. The application of the suggestopedia method is essentially effective in carrying out the quality of learning.

Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: Perspicacity Relation between Educators and Students

Artificial intelligence is a system with the nature of human intelligence that can automatically provide knowledge and information to create intelligent applications to make it easier to solve problems such as problem-solving, speech recognition, and learning. This research was investigated to find out and understand the relationship of intelligence between educators and students in applying artificial intelligence in universities. The method used is a phenomenological type of qualitative method. This research was conducted at Nurul Jadid University (UNUJA), with the subject of research being PAI lecturers and students in semester V. This research phase was carried out by preliminary studies, observation, data collection (interviews), data verification, and drawing conclusions. As for the results of this study, in its application, artificial intelligence in universities has a positive and negative impact on the relationship of intelligence to learning when it is carried out outside conventional learning. The intelligence relationship between educators and students, which includes Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Emotional Quotient (EQ), and Spiritual Quotient (SQ) contained in it, is also a positive thing that coexists and is directed.

Pengembangan Media Belajar Literasi Digital Berbasis Game Edukasi untuk Siswa Kelas 2 SD

The purpose of this study is to increase the interest in reading from the problem of low interest in reading in grade 2 elementary students, with several factors of problems from low interest in reading and low reading skills of students are still lacking, the rise of types of entertainment such as playing games and watching TV so as to influence the attention of students choosing not to read. Researcher develop digital literacy learning media based on educational games by developing students to be able to play puzzles and read. With the media design created by Researcher, namely the collaboration between writing, images, and sounds, it is very important in communication and conveying messages to students, if students still do not know the word, they can see pictures and sounds that can help children in visualizing stories in reading. Researcher designed this media so that students can be interested and motivated and more enjoyable in digital literacy. Researcher used a type of development research (R&D) and a qualitative descriptive approach to percentage. For data analysis techniques that have been conducted consists of preliminary studies, product development, validity tests and conclusion drawing. The results of this study after analysis of the data of the assessment of material expert validation test by 100% and media experts by 84.2%, with the results have been qualified and eligible to be tested after improvement according to the advice of experts.

Cato T. Laurencin

For Cato T. Laurencin, being asked to choose between engineering and orthopedic surgery would be like having to choose which arm to cut off. These twin passions have driven his innovation in biomedical engineering, including many pioneering achievements in tissue regeneration. As a sports medicine fellow in the early 1990s, Laurencin saw a fair number of injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). This major knee ligament stabilizes the joint and is a common site of injuries, particularly in athletes. He believed there had to be a better way to address those injuries, and he thought the answer could come from using biomaterials to regenerate the ligament. One night, he sketched out a preliminary drawing of how he might do just that. While a chemical engineering professor at Drexel University from 2001 to 2003, a textile-engineering colleague showed Laurencin two objects that helped with his plan: a flimsy fiber that

In the Name of COVID-19: Is the ECB Fuelling the Climate Crisis?

We offer preliminary evidence drawing on a novel dataset of corporate bonds issued in the European energy sector since January 2020 in combination with the European Central Bank’s (ECB) purchases under the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) in response to COVID-19. We show that the likelihood of a European energy company bond to be bought as part of the ECB’s programme increases with the greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of the bond issuing firm. We also find weaker evidence that the ECB’s PEPP portfolio during the pandemic is likely to become tilted towards companies with anti-climate lobbying activities and companies with less transparent GHG emissions disclosure. Our findings imply that, at later stages of the COVID-19 recovery, an in-depth analysis may be necessary to understand if, and if yes why, the ECB fuelled the climate crisis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10640-020-00450-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

СТЕКЛОВИДНЫЕ ЗАЩИТНО-ДЕКОРАТИВНЫЕ ПОКРЫТИЯ НА ДРЕВЕСНО-СТРУЖЕЧНЫХ ПЛИТАХ

scientific and technological bases of receiving vitreous coverings on wood with use of a torch of low-temperature plasma are developed. Before plasma dusting of glass powders by grain structure 60-120mkm, the special protective coating protecting chipboard from destruction at high-temperature influence of a plasma stream on a front surface of the wood particle board (WPB) was applied. The structure of an intermediate protective coating including mix of a fine-grained glass powder and liquid glass is developed. Preliminary drawing an intermediate protective layer provides several consecutive technological operations.
 For receiving vitreous coverings fight of colored and colourless glass are used which was previously ground in spherical porcelain mills. Optimum process parameters of plasma dusting of glass powder on the front surface of chipboard are developed. Optimum parameters of plasma melting is: current - 800A; operating voltage – 30B, a consumption of plasma-forming gas of argon 2m3/h.
 Operational and aesthetic-consumer properties of vitreous protective and decorative coverings are investigated. It is established that vitreous protective and decorative coverings have the high durability of coupling with an intermediate protective layer. The received vitreous protective and decorative coverings on the basis of colored and colourless glass have the high water resistance, acid resistance, alkali resistance, as well as microhardness and high aesthetic performance.
 The technology is recommended for widespread industrial introduction.

La Σκιά (Hbr. 10,1) e la verità dei colori

In the Epistle to the Hebrews (10,1; cf. Hbr. 8,5; Col. 2,16-17) the terms σκιά and εἰκών are opposed, and most commentators have focused on the latter term, interpreting it as a Platonic allusion. If we consider in more detail the meanings of σκιά and σκιαγραφία, another interpretation appears more likely. Σκιαγραφία means “shading”, “silhouette” or “outline”, and finally “sketch” or – even better – “preliminary drawing”, “underdrawing”or “sinopia”. The last meaning is well attested in the sources at least since the late second or early third century AD and a number of passages in the Fathers alluding to the Epistle support the same conclusion. The term is common in the technical terminology of painters on wooden tablets and was a widely employed topos with different nuances according to different authors.

In the Name of COVID-19: Is the ECB Fuelling the Climate Crisis?

We offer preliminary evidence drawing on a novel dataset of corporate bonds issued in the European energy sector since January 2020 in combination with the European Central Bank’s (ECB) purchases under the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) in response to COVID-19. We show that the likelihood of an European energy company bond to be bought as part of the ECB’s programme increases with the greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of the bond issuing firm. We also find weaker evidence that the ECB’s PEPP portfolio during the pandemic is likely to become tilted towards companies with anti-climate lobbying activities and companies with less transparent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions disclosure. Our findings imply that, at later stages of the COVID-19 recovery, an in-depth analysis maybe necessary to understand if and if yes, why the ECB fuelled the climate crisis.

Study of Rock Blasting Failure Pattern with One Free Boundary

The study of rock blasting failure pattern is of engineering importance. In order to investigate rock blasting failure pattern with one free boundary, high‐speed photography technology is introduced into the two‐dimensional granite model. Through high‐speed camera images, a crack that originated from spalling is observed and then propagates inward. By using the high‐speed digital image correlation method, the full‐strain fields on the surface of the specimens are calculated. The preliminary results show that von Mises strain localization appears on the specimen surface near the free boundary. The axial strains near that crack present three kinds of characteristics. There are the joint action areas of the strain localization by analyzing strains in different directions, and the strain localizations are related to the crack propagation. Ultimately, after analysis of the experimental results, the preliminary diagrammatic drawing of rock blasting failure pattern under stress wave action with one free boundary is drawn.

A case-based reasoning system for interior design using a new cosine similarity retrieval algorithm

ABSTRACTDuring concept design stage, a case-based reasoning (CBR) system is good for searching the most suitable interior design drawing case as a preliminary concept drawing design aid to bridge the design requirements gap between the consigner and the designer. In the case base of the system, features of the pre-stored design drawing cases could be characterized by interval, nominal, ordinal and/or ratio scale data. However, the cosine similarity measure used for case reasoning scarcely deals with mixed measurement scales of interval, nominal, ordinal and ratio scale types. Therefore, the objective of this study has been twofold. The first goal was to propose a new cosine similarity retrieval algorithm for case reasoning, in which mixed measurement scales are considered and applied. The second goal was to propose a CBR system and apply the new cosine similarity retrieval algorithm to the search engine of the CBR system for interior design drawing retrieval. Finally, numerical experiments were carried out to demonstrate the capability and effectiveness of the proposed similarity matching algorithm on the case-based reasoning system.

A group of painted funerary monuments from Hellenistic Alexandria in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Examination and scientific analysis have elucidated the well-preserved figural painting on a collection of limestone funerary stelai and loculus slabs from Alexandria, Egypt, dating from the late 4th to 3rd centuries B.C. This paper presents new information about the preparation, design, and technique of these paintings, which display a lead white ground preparation, both incised and black preliminary drawing, and a masterful elaborate multi-layered painting process to build up color. The paintings’ generally bright colorful palette employs a wide range of pigments attested elsewhere in the classical Greek palette, and features, notably, the extensive use of mimetite, a geologically rare yellow lead arsenate mineral, uncommon in Greek and Roman painting and unknown in earlier Pharaonic painting traditions.

Evaluation of Bevarage Can End Forming Process Using Kolmogorov’s Fracture Criterion

The present study investigates the process of beverage can end forming from 5182 aluminum alloy. Stress-strain state during forming is analyzed using finite element method in PAM-Stamp 2G, and fracturing probability is evaluated based on V.L. Kolmogorov’s fracture criterion. It is established, that stress state does not provide the sufficient plasticity margin during ends forming. Blank material plasticity resource is depleted during preliminary and reverse drawing stages, defects accumulation during countersink forming is negligible. Minimum relative elongation value, responsible for fracture-free end forming, is 6% in the rolling direction.

Multi-output Portable Universal Power Supply Kit with Plug-and-Use Equipment for Emergency Application

This paper presents design and analysis of Multi-output Portable Universal Power Supply Kit (EPS Kit). This EPS Kit is intended as an alternative power supply kit to reduce the issue of a power outage. Lead Acid Battery which is considered one of the easiest sources that can be found during an emergency state is the best alternative energy source. The EPS Kit is designed to store the power in Lead Acid Battery as the main source and powered by the solar energy as the secondary source and will be providing both standard household alternating current (AC) and most common direct current (DC) power. This Kit is a stand-alone system comes with plug-and-use kit in which the system can be recharged using solar and AC power. The plug-and-use kit is equipped with intelligent multi-USB ports, adjustable dual mode NiCd, Ni-Mh, and Li-Ion battery which are Discharge/Charger mode, AC output port, LED lamp, and emergency electrical accessories. EPS Kit is also portable which installed with wheel and handle for mobility application. Production of EPS Kit is involved software and hardware. The software used are 3D CAD design software and circuit simulation software respectively for preliminary 3D drawing design and output circuit validation. Experimental results of the EPS Kit load testing, charging and discharging state are conducted in order to demonstrate the EPS Kit functionality and usage.

The Influence of the Angle of the Working Part of the Die on the High Speed Drawing Process of Low Carbon Steel Wires

Abstract The paper contains the theoretical and experimental analysis of the impact of the drawing angle on the drawing process and the properties of low carbon steel wires. A multi-stage drawing wire rod with a diameter of 5.5 mm on a wire with a diameter of 1.0 mm has been carried out in two stages. The first one consisted of preliminary drawing wire rod for the wire with a diameter of 2.2 mm which was next subjected to the drawing process at a speed of 25 m/sec at the final wire with a diameter of 1.0 mm. The wires were drawn in conventional dies with drawing angle α = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 degrees. For the wires drawn in respective variants, the investigation of the mechanical properties was performed and the amount of lubricant on the surface of steel wires was determined. Numerical analysis of the process of drawing in the Drawing 2D complemented the experimental studies. It has been shown that when drawing at high speeds, properly chosen the value of the angle of the working part of the die can improve the lubrication conditions and mechanical properties of steel wires.

Application of Energy-Carbon Flow Charts in High-Tech Industrial Park

The energy structure and carbon emissions become more and more important for the sustain-able development of a regional construction. The purpose of this paper is to apply the energy-carbon flow charts to analyze the energy use and carbon emissions in a high-tech industrial park. The characteristics of the charts applied in a park are very different from that of a coun-try, a province or a product. The authors propose a preliminary drawing frame to guide the effective application of the chart for a park. The frame presents the steps and focus of the drafting work. A case application is also introduced to illustrate the applicability of the frame to practical problems, the results are very helpful to optimize the energy structure and reduce the carbon emissions.

Reflection for learning, learning for reflection: Developing Indigenous competencies in higher education

Reflection is an essential part of students’ critically reflective development within experiential-learning contexts; it is arguably even more important when working cross-culturally. This paper reports from a national, arts-based service-learning project in which students in creative arts, media and journalism, and pre-service teachers worked with Aboriginal people in urban and rural areas of Australia. The paper uses Ryan and Ryan’s (2010) 4Rs model of reflective thinking for reflective learning and assessment in higher education to ascertain the effectiveness of the project work toward engendering a reflective mindset. The paper discusses how students learned to engage in critical self-monitoring as they attended to their learning experiences, and it describes how they “wrote” their experiences and shaped their professional identities as they developed and refined the philosophy that related to their developing careers. Examples taken from the narratives of students, community partners and academic team members illustrate the principal finding, which is that through a process of guided reflection, students learned to reflect in three stages: a preliminary drawing out of existing attitudes and expectations; a midway focus on learning from and relating to past experiences; and a final focus on reciprocal learning, change and future practice. The three stages were apparent regardless of program duration. Thus, program phase rather than academic year level emerged as the most important consideration when designing the supports that promote and scaffold reflection.

Reflection for Learning, Learning for Reflection: Developing Indigenous Competencies in Higher Education.

Reflection is an essential part of students’ critically reflective development within experiential-learning contexts; it is arguably even more important when working cross-culturally. This paper reports from a national, arts-based service-learning project in which students in creative arts, media and journalism, and preservice teachers worked with Aboriginal people in urban and rural areas of Australia. The paper uses Ryan and Ryan’s (2010) 4Rs model of reflective thinking for reflective learning and assessment in higher education to ascertain the effectiveness of the project work toward engendering a reflective mindset. The paper discusses how students learned to engage in critical self-monitoring as they attended to their learning experiences, and it describes how they “wrote” their experiences and shaped their professional identities as they developed and refined the philosophy that related to their developing careers. Examples taken from the narratives of students, community partners and academic team members illustrate the principal finding, which is that through a process of guided reflection, students learned to reflect in three stages: a preliminary drawing out of existing attitudes and expectations; a midway focus on learning from and relating to past experiences; and a final focus on reciprocal learning, change and future practice. The three stages were apparent regardless of program duration. Thus, program phase rather than academic year level emerged as the most important consideration when designing the supports that promote and scaffold reflection. This journal article is available in Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice: http://ro.uow.edu.au/jutlp/vol13/iss2/7 Reflection for learning, learning for reflection: Developing Indigenous competencies in higher education Dawn Bennett, Curtin University, dawn.bennett@curtin.edu.au Anne Power, Western Sydney University Chris Thomson, Curtin University Bonita Mason, Curtin University Brydie-Leigh Bartleet, Griffith University

Muros consagrados. El entorno litúrgico medieval de la lipsanoteca de Bagüés

Resumen: La iglesia de los Santos Julián y Basilisa de Bagüés, en la provincia de Zaragoza, es conocida por el gran conjunto de pintura mural que albergaron sus muros, hoy conservado en el Museo Diocesano de Jaca. Bajo las pinturas, también se halló una lipsanoteca en una oquedad abierta en el muro de su ábside principal. En su interior sólo estaba el pergamino escrito con una lista de nombres de Santos que se repetían escritos sobre la propia caja. Este artículo trata sobre la costumbre de consagrar iglesias mediante la colocación reliquias en sus muros, una costumbre litúrgica extendida y que permite situar en contexto el hallazgo realizado en Bagüés.Palabras clave: Bagüés. Zaragoza. Museo Diocesano de Jaca. Lipsanoteca. Reliquias. Relicario. Liturgia. Arquitectura románicaAbstract: In the Aragonese province of Zaragoza, although it belongs to the Diocese of Jaca, the church of Saints Julian and Basilissa of Bagüés is known for the large Romanesque wall paintings cycle that was depicted on its walls and now It is preserved in the Diocesan Museum at Jaca. Its interest lies in the stylistic dependence on the French Poitou painting through the direct influence the monastery of San Juan de la Peña (Huesca). During the restoration of the Bagüés paintings before they were taken to Jaca, it was discovered an interesting question. A liturgical hole containing a casket was found in the middle of the apse. The cavity is 13 inches wide and 12.5 tall and 8 deep, coinciding exactly with the head of the crucified Christ that was painted in that area. Also, the remains of preliminary drawing appeared in the area, under the original Romanesque wall paintings. In fact, the hole was sealed by the paintings themselves, small casket (3.2 x 6.2 x 5.1 cm) wrapped in a long strip of cloth was found inside this cavity and it is now also kept in the Diocesan Museum of Jaca. What reasons led to put this empty little box, only with the names of six saints, on the surface of the wall of the church, with an obvious symbolism as it was located at the same place where the head of the crucified Christ would be painted? This Christ painted in the apse of Bagüés was not conceived only as a blessed image, but it was consecrated, too, as happened with the altars or with some images that constituted the sacred treasure of a church. Thus, we should think of it as a large apsidal shrine that gives the wall area of this church a special liturgical significance. In this paper, I analyze how the deposition of relics in the walls or other areas of the architecture of a building was a usual custom and a common paraliturgical rite throughout medieval Europe. This paralitugical usage even grew to monumental expressions which are review here to put in context the casket of Bagüés.Keywords: Bagüés. Zaragoza. Museo Diocesano de Jaca. Liturgy. Relics. Casket. Lipsanotheca. Romanesque Architecture.