Prelacteal Feeding Research Articles

Linking infant and young child feeding practices to Z-scores: Unraveling the impact on childhood stunting and wasting

Abstract Introduction: Poor infant feeding practices predispose children to nutritional disorders which may persist into early childhood with life-long consequences. We aimed to find out prevalence of malnutrition among children aged less than six years and to assess infant and young children feeding practices and their impact on malnutrition. Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2021 and May 2022 among children up to six years of age registered in the Anganwadi centers of Rajkot district. Using the formula n = Z 2 pq/e 2, a sample size of 504 was estimated, including 10% nonresponders. Samples were drawn using a multistage simple random sampling method. The z scores related to the anthropometric measurements were estimated using the World Health Organization Anthro 2011 software. We reported prevalence of different types of malnutrition and infant and young child feeding practices. A logistic regression was used to identify significant factors for stunting and wasting (P < 0.05). Results: The mean age of the children was 32.43 months (SD 18.7 months). The prevalence of stunting and wasting was found 36.7% and 30.5%, respectively. The prevalence of prelacteal feeding practices was 72.8%. Less than one-fourth (21.4%) of children were exclusively breastfed and 77.9% of the children received complementary feeding at appropriate age. The binary logistic regression model showed that stunted growth was strongly associated with exclusive breastfeeding and complementary foods’ introduction at the appropriate age. Conclusion: As compared to national, state, and district averages, the prevalence of wasting was remarkably higher among children included in the study. In addition, the study underscores the disturbingly high prevalence of prelacteal feeding practices, which can have a detrimental effect on the health of newborns.

Infant Feeding Practices, Prevalence of Adolescent Motherhood and Malnutrition among Infants in Mangu Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria.

Background: Adolescent motherhood and malnutrition among children are significant challenges in Africa, but there is limited data on the impact of adolescent motherhood on their children's health and nutrition. This study assessed infant feeding practices, prevalence of adolescent motherhood, and malnutrition among infants in Mangu local government area (LGA). Methodology: A cross-sectional survey using multistage sampling was conducted. Validated questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic data, and appropriate tools were used for anthropometric measurements. Data were compared with established standards. Descriptive statistical tools, chi square, Pearson correlation, and independent sample t-test were used for data analysis, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 200 mothers completed the study. The majority of the infants (78.5%) were less than 6 months old, and 21.5% were 6-12 months old. Breastfeeding initiation within 1 hour was reported by 39% of mothers, while 38% practiced prelacteal feeding. Only 28.5% practiced exclusive breastfeeding, and all mothers breastfed their babies. The prevalence of adolescent motherhood was 37.5%. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among infants were 29.5%, 12%, and 8.5%, respectively. Children of adolescent mothers had higher rates of severe stunting compared to children of mothers above 19 years of age. There were significant differences (p = 0.017 and p = 0.029) in stunting rates and weight-for-age indices between children of adolescent mothers and mothers above 19 years of age. Conclusion: Adolescent motherhood contributes to chronic malnutrition in children, and there is a high prevalence of malnutrition among infants in Mangu LGA, Plateau State.

SOCIO-CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AND INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES IN NIGER

Background&#x0D; Niger has one of the lowest exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates in the world. Prelacteal feeding practices may contribute to low EBF rates, but research on the barriers related to EBF in Niger is limited.&#x0D; Objective&#x0D; The purpose of this study was to identify socio-cultural determinants for, and barriers to, EBF during an infant’s first 6 months through maternal perspectives in Niamey, the capital of Niger.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; Participants were mothers with children aged 0 to 24 months in Niamey, Niger. Participants completed an interview including a 20-item questionnaire on socio-demographics, breastfeeding support and knowledge, a short food security survey, and a 24-hour diet recall. Infant anthropometric data (height, weight, upper arm circumference) was collected from patient records.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; All participants (n=31) breastfed and a majority of the mothers were planning to breastfeed until the child reached 18 months old. No mother among the participants practiced EBF for the recommended 6 months because of the common practice of prelacteal feeding, where solid or liquid foods were introduced before 6 months of age. Most participants stated that they were instructed on how to feed their child by a close relative such as their mother or sister, while health professionals rarely gave such instructions.&#x0D; Conclusions&#x0D; Exclusive breastfeeding is not a common practice among mothers in Niamey. Even though many breastfeed their infant for a relatively long duration, the participants disclosed that they often feed their infants solid and liquid foods before they reach the recommended age for complementary feeding, and sometimes within 48 hours after birth. Study results may inform the development of breastfeeding education components in clinics where mothers attend pre and postnatal consultations.

Breastfeeding Experiences of Midwife Mothers and Barriers to Their Breastfeeding

Introduction: Midwives are at the forefront of the breastfeeding success of mothers, but the breastfeeding experiences of midwives who are mothers are unknown. Aim: This study was planned to determine the breastfeeding experiences of midwife mothers and the barriers to their breastfeeding. Materials and Methods: The study used a cross-sectional and descriptive design. A total of 177 midwives who had breastfeeding experience were included in the study. Results: The mean age of the midwife mothers was 39.71 ± 7.17 years and 53.1% had 2 children. The first breastfeeding time was 152.76 ± 471.97 minutes, the duration of breastfeeding was 14.88 ± 9.87 months, the duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 4.43 ± 1.65 months, and the duration of maternity leave was 6.16 ± 6.30 months. It was determined that 38.4% gave pre-lacteal feeding. It was found that some of the participants could not breastfeed because 34.5% of them did not have enough milk, 28.2% took short maternity leave, 26.6% had a busy work schedule, 24.9% had long working hours, 22.6% did not have a suitable place to express milk, 18.6% did not have enough time, and 10.7% were concerned about COVID-19 transmission. A statistically significant correlation was found between exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months and breastfeeding up to the age of 2 and pre-lacteal feeding, time of going back to work after maternity leave, psychological status, and sleep status (p

Assessment of knowledge and practices of exclusive breastfeeding among rural women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt: a cross sectional study

BackgroundWorldwide exclusive breastfeeding is still recommended as a successful strategy even during the COVID -19 pandemic to lower infant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices of exclusive breastfeeding among rural women during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at EL-Morabeen Family Medicine Center in rural Damietta, Egypt among 178 lactating women who were chosen by using the purposive sampling technique. A developed structured questionnaire consisting of four parts was used to gather data from March to May 2022. Univariate analysis for descriptive data and bivariate analysis through the chi-square test were performed.ResultsThe current study revealed that 73% of the studied rural women did not receive any breastfeeding counseling during antenatal visits and 61.2% of them believed that coronavirus was transmitted through breastmilk. Only 15.2% of them breastfed their infant exclusively for 6 months, 88.2% of mothers delayed breastfeeding initiation after delivery and 48.3% administered the prelacteal feeds. A total of 98.3% of rural women had never made skin-to-skin contact, and 79.2% of them had not been vaccinated against COVID-19. Additionally, a statistically significant association between good knowledge and practice with highly educated women aged 26–30 years, with a monthly income of 4000–6000 L.E was found. Furthermore, only 26.4% and 26.1% of rural women had good knowledge and practice scores respectively.ConclusionSuboptimal breastfeeding practices, such as delayed onset of breastfeeding, low percentages of exclusivity, early weaning, prelacteal feeding administration, and lack of skin-to-skin contact during the COVID -19 pandemic were prevalent among the studied rural mothers. Breastfeeding counseling for all pregnant women and implementation of evidence-based practices in the health care system, such as the early initiation of breastfeeding and skin-to-skin contact, are recommended.

Critical period for better nutrition among severely acute malnourished children up to two years of age: a hospital-based case-control study, Gujarat, Western India

Background: Nutrition in the first two years of life is important for growth and development among children. To tackle undernutrition during this period, timely initiation of breastfeeding and quality of complementary feeding practices are essential. So, this study was planned to determine feeding practices associated with severe acute malnutrition children. Methods: This was hospital-based case-control study with 1:1 ratio of cases (77) and controls (77). Cases and controls were matched for age and sex. Cases were selected from Nutritional Rehabilitation Centre and controls from Immunization clinic. Mothers were interviewed about feeding practices, immunization status and illness of their child. Weight and height of children were also measured. Results: Children who received pre-lacteal feeding were associated with SAM. Most of cases (62.3%) and controls (70.1%) had received breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth. Among children of &lt;7 months age, 71.4% cases breast-fed &lt;8 times in 24 hours. Among children of 7 months to 2 years, SAM was associated with children who were not received complementary feeding (CF) at correct age, not received semi-solid/solid diet, CF not added with ghee/oil and feeding frequency &lt;5 times in day. Among cases 18.2% and only 1.3% controls had &gt;3 ARI episodes in last 6 months. Conclusions: Among identified independent risk factors (p&lt;0.05), type of CF, not adding ghee/oil in CF and feeding frequency (BF+CF) &lt;5 times were associated with SAM among 7 months to 2 years. Hospitalization history and &gt;3 ARI episodes in last 6 months were also associated with SAM.

Maternal and Neonatal Risk Factors for Developing Early Onset Newborn Sepsis (EONS) in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh

Background: Globally, sepsis is still one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates, in spite of recent advances in health care units.&#x0D; Objective: To identify maternal and neonatal risk factors for developing early onset newborn sepsis (EONS) in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh.&#x0D; Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Neonatology department of Mugda Medical College Hospital (MuMCH) between November 2021 to April 2022 among the neonates who had clinical features of sepsis developed within 72 hours of postnatal age. After taking informed written consent from the parents the clinical profile and risk factors (both maternal and neonatal) were noted in a preformed data collection sheet. Blood for septic screening and C/S were done to confirm the diagnosis.&#x0D; Results: Majority (90.0%) newborns had maternal risk factors of sepsis whereas 6(10.0%) had not any maternal risk factors of sepsis. Mothers of majority (80.0%) newborns with sepsis had PROM&gt;18 hours. One third had UTI/ lower abdominal pain/ fever within last 2 weeks of delivery. In more than half (56.7%) of the newborn septic cases their mothers had prolonged labour. More than half (58.2%) newborns belonged to gestational age less than 37 completed weeks. About two third (66.7%) newborns belonged to birth weight less than 2500 gm. Almost one third (30.0%) newborns had prelacteal feeding. More than two third (70.0%) newborns were given 7.1% chlorohexidin. Six (10.0%) newborns required resuscitation by bag mask at birth.&#x0D; Conclusion: For newborn sepsis maternal risk factors PROM&gt;18 hours, prolonged labour, P/ V examination more than 3 times were more common. Neonatal risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, prelacteal feeding.&#x0D; Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2022; Vol. 37(2): 132-138

Factors associated with the plan to pre-lacteal feeding for the first 6 months among Ethiopian mothers: a multilevel mixed effects analysis of 2019 performance monitoring for action Ethiopia

IntroductionDespite efforts to promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, pre-lacteal feeding remains prevalent in Ethiopia. The study will use data from the 2019 Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia (PMA-ET), which is a nationally representative survey that collects information on maternal and child health indicators. Therefore, this study aims to identify individual and community-level factors associated with the plan to pre-lacteal feeding for the first six months among mothers in Ethiopia.MethodsThe datasets from the 2019 Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia Survey were analyzed in this study, which included 685 mothers from the survey. Stata version 17.0 was used for data analysis. Multi-level mixed-effect logistic regression was utilized to identify individual and community-level factors that are linked with the plan to pre-lacteal feeding. The strength and direction of the association were presented using an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval, and statistical significance was declared at a P value less than 0.05.ResultsThe study found that factors significantly associated with the plan to pre-lacteal feeding included mothers without higher education (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.204–1.204), mothers belonging to poor households (AOR = 11.1, 95% CI: 3.482–35.175), and women in clusters with poor wealth status (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.043–0.509).ConclusionAs per the findings of the study, both individual and community-level factors were found to influence the decision to practice pre-lacteal feeding. Educational status and household wealth were significant individual-level factors associated with pre-lacteal feeding, whereas community wealth status was a significant community-level factor. To address this issue, it is recommended to focus on increasing the education level of mothers from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and providing education on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding and the risks associated with pre-lacteal feeding. These efforts can help in reducing the prevalence of this harmful practice.

Perception of Infant Feeding among Urban Educated Women

Introduction: Despite of high prevalence of breast feeding practices among mothers, infant feeding pattern is not ideal in our country. Short duration of exclusive breast feeding and inappropriate feeding for newborn and infant are common in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Objectives: To explore the perceptions on breastmilk, pre lacteal feeding, complementary feeding and infant feeding among medical and non-medical female students of urban area and to compare their perceptions. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was done at Bangladesh Medical College (BMC), Dhanmondi, Dhaka and Hazrat Shah Ali Women University College (HSAWUC), Mirpur, Dhaka from December 2015 to May 2016 and study populations were 100 of which 50 from female medical students of BMC and 50 from female non-medical students of HSAWUC. Data were collected by random sampling as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was compiled manually and analyzed by statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Results: Majority of study population were unmarried (88%), most of them were in 21-25 years age group (77%) and a high number among them had crossed higher secondary school level (84%). Comparison of perceptions between medical and non-medical students students of both institutions regarding knowledge of first feed of a newborn, pre lacteal feeds and its importance; time of initiation of breast feeding and harmful effect of bottle feeding showed differences which were statistically significant (P&lt;0.05). The female medical students had relatively better perceptions regarding infant feeding. Conclusions: Although perceptions on infant feeding were more correct among medical students, incorrect perceptions on infant feeding still present in both medical and nonmedical students which is alarming. Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2023; 31: 86-93

First 72-hours after birth: Newborn feeding practices and neonatal mortality in India.

The reductions in mortality levels among children under five years are observed in most populations, including populations that were lagging the progress in the past. However, the reduction is not uniform across ages during childhood. The mortality declines within the first month have shown relatively slow progress. Early initiation of breastfeeding and discarding pre-lacteal feed protects the newborn from acquiring infection and, thereby, reduces mortality. This paper assesses the change in the prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding and pre-lacteal feed along with their associated factors, and their association with neonatal mortality in India. We used data from the three rounds of National Family Health Surveys conducted during 2005-06, 2015-16 and 2019-21 in India. We used bivariate and multivariate analyses to examine prevalence rates, risk factors, and relationships between breastfeeding practices, including early initiation of breastfeeding and pre-lacteal feed, and neonatal mortality. Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth increased rapidly from 25% in 2005-06 to 42% in 2019-21, and the pre-lacteal feeding practice declined from 57% in 2005-06 to 15% in 2019-21. Pre-lacteal feed is lower in states/districts where early breastfeeding initiation is predominant and vice versa. The role of health professionals during pregnancy and the first two days after delivery significantly improved breastfeeding practice. Further, the findings suggest that an early breastfeeding initiation is associated with lower neonatal mortality, whereas pre-lacteal feed is not harmful compared to late breastfeeding initiation. Prevalence of pre-lacteal feed reduced, and initiation of early breastfeeding increased considerably after the launch of the National Rural Health Mission in India. However, after 2015-16, early breastfeeding initiation has stagnated, and the decline in pre-lacteal feed has slowed down. The future program needs special attention to emphasize the availability and accessibility of breastfeeding advisers and observers in health facilities to help mitigate adverse neonatal outcomes.

Individual and community-level factors associated with introducing prelacteal feeding in Ethiopia

Individual and community-level factors associated with introducing prelacteal feeding in Ethiopia

Comparative study of feeding practices among children less than two years attending rural and urban primary health centers, Mysuru, Karnataka

Background: Breastfeeding is considered one of the most significant aspects of a child's health and survival. Breastfeeding is unquestionably the "GOLD STANDARD" dietary intake during the first six months after birth. So it is necessary to know about the feeding practices among children less than two years in both rural and urban areas. Aim of study was to compare the feeding practices among children less than two years attending the urban and rural Primary health centers under JSS Medical College, Mysuru. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 mother and their children residing in both rural and urban areas of Mysuru for six months. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic characteristics and feeding practices. Feeding practices among study subjects were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Results: In the present study, 35% had poor, 57.1% had average and 7.9% had good infant and early child feeding practices in rural areas, on the other hand, 19.3% had poor, 55.0% had average and 25.7% had good in urban. In this study, the frequency of breastfeeding practices, pre-lacteal feeding, and overall feeding practices were significantly associated with place of residence. Conclusions: This study concludes that though pre-lacteal feeding and bottle feeding were more in urban areas, the overall feeding practices were poorer in rural than urban.

Early Breastfeeding Initiation, Caesarean Section, And Pre-Lacteal Feeding Practices

Pre-lacteal feeding practices prevalence in Indonesia was 45%. This study's objective was to analyze factors that correlate with pre-lacteal feeding practices in Kedungsari Village, Tarokan District, Kediri Regency. This study was a cross-sectional design with 104 subjects. The subject recruited by total sampling technique was a mother of 6 – 24month-old children who came to Integrated Health Pos (Posyandu) in Kedungsari Village in January 2022. The variables studied included pre-lacteal feeding practices, socio-demographic factors, and birth-related factors. Data analyzed were univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. The bivariate analysis used the Kendall Tau b correlation test, while the multivariate analysis used the multiple logistic regression test. Pre-lacteal feeding practices prevalence among those under 24 months old in Kedungsari Village was 44.2%. History of caesarean section delivery was a risk factor of pre-lacteal feeding practices (p=0.029 and 95%CI=1.140 – 12.226). Early breastfeeding initiation was a protective factor of pre-lacteal feeding practices (p=0.036 and 95%CI= 0.093 – 0.921). Only 20.9% of pre-lacteal feeding practices can be predicted by early breastfeeding initiation and history of cesarean delivery, while 79.1% other predicted by factors outside this study. Further research is needed to analyze other factors that contributed to pre-lacteal feeding practices in Kedungsari Village.

The Socio-cultural Context of Barriers to Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices among Mothers in Karanganyar District Central Java Province

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding has an important role in preventing stunting among children due to chronic malnutrition. According to Indonesia Health Profile 2020, approximately 33.9% of children under six months were not exclusively breastfed. One of the challenges to achieving successful exclusive breastfeeding comes from socio-cultural aspects. Method: This mixed-methods study examined the socio-cultural context of barriers to exclusive breastfeeding among mothers. For a cross-sectional study in Karanganyar District, Central Java Province, a total of 706 participating mothers with children aged between 6–59 months were interviewed using a structured questionnaire in 2021. In addition, in-depth interviews with mothers were conducted to enrich the findings related to the obstacles in giving exclusive breastfeeding. Result: The binary logistic regression found that male children (AOR= 1.64, 95%CI (1.06, 2.56), children living in low-income households (AOR= 2.48, 1.25, 4.92), children with low-educated mothers (AOR= 8.84, 95%CI (3.83, 20.36), children with working mothers (AOR= 6.45, 95%CI (3.79, 10.98), children with pre lacteal feeding (AOR= 5.67, 95%CI (2.33, 13.75) were more likely to have nonexclusive breastfeeding. This study also revealed that 36,1% of mothers in Karanganyar District gave honey as pre-lacteal feeding to the newborn, which hindered exclusive breastfeeding practices. The qualitative approach also confirms this finding. Conclusion: Therefore, it is important to strengthen health promotion programs related to exclusive breastfeeding to mothers and the family through the life cycle approach based on the local context.

Edukasi Ibu Tentang Pemberian Makanan Prelakteal Pada Bayi 0-6 Bulan Di Desa Bangun Rejo Kecamatan Tanjung Morawa Kabupaten Deli Serdang Tahun 2023

Early breastfeeding (ASI) in the first days of birth provides many benefits where there is colostrum which is proven to be very rich in antibodies which can increase the baby's immunity. Prelacteal food is given to babies in the first days after birth on the grounds that breast milk (ASI) has not been released so that the first days after birth are a vulnerable period for babies to receive prelacteal food/drinks. Prelacteal foods are dangerous because they can replace colostrum as the baby's earliest food. The impact of prelacteal feeding is that babies may get diarrhea, septicemia (bacterial infection in the blood), and meningitis, babies are more likely to suffer from intolerance to the protein in the formula, and develop allergies such as eczema. Method: this activity begins with the preparation of proposals and administration activities in May 2023. The implementation of this activity is educating mothers about prelacteal feeding to babies aged 0-6 months. Results: 30 participants in this activity were mothers who had babies aged 0-6 months in the village of Bangun Rejo. In its implementation, it was explained about the types of prelacteal feeding, the impact of prelacteal feeding, factors that can influence mothers to give prelacteal feeding. Conclusion: community service activities based on health education are carried out. This community service activity was carried out for 3 months starting in May-July 2023. The results of this community service regarding prelacteal feeding in infants aged 0-6 months.

Delayed Onset of Lactation and Accompanying Perinatal Factors in Mothers Who Delivered at the End of A Normal Term Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of delayed onset of lactation and accompanying perinatal factors in mothers who gave birth after a normal gestational course without any health problems. Methods: The study sample consisted of infants and their mothers who had given birth at Şanlıurfa Şan Med Hospital and then applied to the Pediatrics Health and Diseases Polyclinic for health check-ups within 3-15 days postpartum between June 2017 and September 2017. The data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. Results: Delayed lactation was reported by 30.6% of mothers, being more common among primiparous mothers and those who delivered by cesarean section (p&amp;lt;0.001 and p=0.044, respectively). The rate of delayed lactation was lower among those who had skin-to-skin contact than those who did not (p=0.010), and among those who started breastfeeding in the first hour than those who did not (p&amp;lt;0.001). The rate of delayed lactation was higher if water or food other than breast milk was given on the first day or in the following period (p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion: To reduce the risk of delayed lactation, there is a need for more personalized breastfeeding counseling and interventions for mothers who have given birth for the first time. Skin-to-skin contact should be ensured in all deliveries, and unnecessary cesarean deliveries and prelacteal feeding should be avoided. Keywords: Breastfeeding, cesarean section, delayed lactation

Oxytocin Massage Can Increase Breastfeeding Production in Postpartum Mothers

&lt;p class="Normal1"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Breastfeeding is the most appropriate feeding method for babies, so the Government issued a policy of Implementing 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding to support successful breastfeeding. However, the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is still low. Pre-lacteal feeding, culture, and common knowledge are the causes of the failure of exclusive breastfeeding. In addition, the mother's perception of insufficient milk supply is the most common reason for stopping breastfeeding. Therefore, an oxytocin massage intervention is needed to increase milk production. This study aims to determine the effect of oxytocin massage on breastfeeding production in postpartum mothers in the work area of the Bengkulu City Health Center. Quasi-experimental research design with control group post-test only. The treatment group was postpartum women who were given oxytocin massage, while the control group was given endorphin massage. A sample of 34 people was taken by purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through questionnaires and observation sheets. A breast pump measures breastfeeding production. Data were analyzed univariately, bivariate with independent t-test, and multivariate with Ancona. The results showed that there was an effect of oxytocin massage on milk production p=0.00. The mean difference was 1.54. There is an effect of IMD status on breast milk production p=0.00, and there is an effect of frequency of breastfeeding on milk production p=0.00. Oxytocin massage is not the most dominant variable affecting breastfeeding production. It is recommended that health service providers provide breastfeeding education continuously during pregnancy, perinatal, and until the baby is two years old by involving the family and using digital information technology that can reach all targets.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Normal1"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: Oxytocin massage, Breastfeeding Production&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;

FACTORS ASSOCIATED TO EARLY INTRODUCTION OF COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING : META ANALYSIS STUDY IN INDONESIA

More than 40% of mothers in the world, including Indonesia, have given food other than breast milk when the baby is less than six months old. Various factors can lead to early complementary feeding in Indonesia. The novelty of this research is because it examines about factors associated with early complementary feeding in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with early complementary feeding in Indonesia. This study used a quantitative design and meta-analytical analysis technique. Articles were included in this study, which were searched using Google Scholar, Garuda Portal, and ISJD databases. A total of 1,157 identification articles, with keywords ((early complementary feeding, complementary feeding administration in infants aged 0-6 months, early breastfeeding or prelacteal feeding) and (factors or factors related to, risk factors, knowledge) mother or education level, family support, support health workers, promotion of complementary feeding products, baby porridge, baby biscuits, formula or culture) and (cross sectional or case control) and (region in Indonesia)). The search was performed using the Indonesian language. Fifteen articles were systematically reviewed and included in this meta-analysis. There is no significant relationship between maternal education level, family support, support from health workers and culture with early complementary feeding in Indonesia. Mothers’ low knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding is one of the factors contributing to early complementary feeding in Indonesia. Conclusion is Mother which low knowledge is at risk 2.63 times to have early introduction of complementary feeding for baby (95% Cl; 1.14-6.09).

Determinants of Nutritional Status among Mothers and their Children of Age 6–59 Months

Objectives: The main aim is to study the determinants of nutritional status among mothers and their children aged 6–59 months in Nepal’s Panauti municipality. Material and Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted among 226 mothers and their children 6–59 months residing in ward no. 1, 2, and 4 of Panauti Municipality. A combination of a semi-structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements was used to assess various determinants of nutritional status. A Chi-square test was used to check the association between variables. Results: The study found that the prevalence of maternal underweight was low (2.7%) whereas the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 36.7% and 13.7%, respectively. Around 27.9% of the children were severely stunted, 3.6% underweight, and 3.5% wasted, whereas 22.1% of the children were overweight. About 54% of the mothers and 57.52% of the children were malnourished. Ethnicity was significantly associated with mothers’ nutritional status and factors such as ethnicity, pre-lacteal feeding, and cultural practices of the mother were significantly associated with the nutritional status of children. Conclusion: The study concluded that more than half of the mothers and children were malnourished. Demographic factors-like ethnicity were significantly associated with the nutritional status of mothers and children, whereas factors like pre-lacteal feeding and cultural practices of the mother were significantly associated with the nutritional status of the children.

Breastfeeding-Related Practices in Rural Ethiopia: Colostrum Avoidance.

The practices of colostrum avoidance and prelacteal feeding, which are common in many developing countries, including Ethiopia, are firmly rooted in ancient traditions. The main objective of this work is to identify the prevalence of colostrum avoidance and study its associated factors among mothers of children aged less than 2 years old in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study on the practice of colostrum avoidance/prelacteal feeding was conducted in a rural community with 114 mothers of children under 2 years old. Our results reflected that colostrum avoidance and prelacteal feeding were practiced by 56.1% of mothers. The percentage of women who started breastfeeding in the first hour after birth, as recommended by the WHO, was 2.6%. Of the women who practiced colostrum avoidance, 67.2% gave birth at home, and 65.6% were attended by relatives. The likelihood of avoiding colostrum increases in mothers who have a lower educational level, who did not receive health care at the time of delivery, who think that colostrum is dirty and dangerous and who did not receive information about breastfeeding from healthcare professionals. The knowledge emanating from this work may be useful in designing new breastfeeding education programs and/or interventions in Ethiopia and other developing countries.