Pre-harvest Sprouting Research Articles

An independent validation reveals the potential to predict Hagberg–Perten falling number using spectrometers

AbstractThe Hagberg–Perten falling number (HFN) method is the international standard used to evaluate the damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain quality due to preharvest sprouting (PHS) and late maturity alpha‐amylase (LMA). However, the HFN test requires specialized laboratory facilities and is time consuming. Spectrometers were known as a potential tool for quick HFN assessment, but none of the studies have validated the assessment results across different datasets. In this study, an independent validation was conducted using independent samples and spectral instruments. The calibration set had 462 grain samples of 92 varieties grown at 24 locations in 2019 and examined using a near‐infrared spectrometer. In the validation set, 19 varieties collected from 10 locations in 2 years that experienced either PHS or LMA were scanned with a hyperspectral camera. The association between spectra and HFN was modeled by partial least square regression. As a result, the independent validation correlation accuracy was r = 0.72 and a mean absolute error of 56 s. Furthermore, this study showed a cost‐effective alternative using only 10 spectral bands to predict HFN, and it achieved better performance than the full spectrum of the hyperspectral system. In conclusion, this is the first study that showed the potential that wheat HFN could be predicted on an independent dataset measured by a different instrument. The result suggested that spectrometers can potentially serve as a faster alternative for plant breeders to develop varieties resistant to PHS and LMA, and for growers to screen damaged grains in transportation processes.

Rice OsGA2ox9 regulates seed GA metabolism and dormancy.

Rice OsGA2ox9 regulates seed GA metabolism and dormancy.

Dissecting the genetic basis of grain color and pre-harvest sprouting resistance in common wheat by association analysis

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) adversely affects wheat quality and yield, and grain color (GC) is associated with PHS resistance. However, the genetic relationship between GC and PHS resistance remains unclear. In this study, 168 wheat varieties (lines) with significant differences in GC and PHS resistance were genotyped using an Illumina 90K iSelect SNP array. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on a mixed linear model showed that 67 marker-trait associations (MTAs) assigned to 29 loci, including 17 potentially novel loci, were significantly associated with GC, which explained 1.1–17.0% of the phenotypic variation. In addition, 100 MTAs belonging to 54 loci, including 31 novel loci, were significantly associated with PHS resistance, which accounted for 1.1–14.7% of the phenotypic variation. Subsequently, two cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) markers, 2B-448 on chromosome 2B and 5B-301 on chromosome 5B, were developed from the representative SNPs of the major common loci Qgc.ahau-2B.3/Qphs.ahau-2B.4 controlling GC/PHS resistance and PHS resistance locus Qphs.ahau-5B.4, respectively. Further validation in 171 Chinese mini-core collections confirmed significant correlations of the two CAPS markers with GC and PHS resistance phenotypes under different environments (P<0.05). Furthermore, the wheat public expression database, transcriptomic sequencing, and gene allelic variation analysis identified TraesCS5B02G545100, which encodes glutaredoxin, as a potential candidate gene linked to Qphs.ahau-5B.4. The new CAPS marker CAPS-356 was then developed based on the SNP (T/C) in the coding sequences (CDS) region of TraesCS5B02G545100. The high-density linkage map of the Jing 411/Hongmangchun 21 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) constructed based on specific locus amplified fragment sequencing markers showed that CAPS-356 collocated with a novel QTL for PHS resistance, supporting the role of TraesCS5B02G545100 as the potential candidate gene linked to Qphs.ahau-5B.4. These results provide valuable information for the map-based cloning of Qphs.ahau-5B.4 and breeding of PHS resistant white-grained varieties.

Morpho-physiological trait variation of pre-harvest sprouting tolerance to simulated rain in mungbean (Vigna radiata)

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most important factors for lower productivity in mungbean [Vigna radiata(L.) R. Wilczek]. The morpho-physiological characters, ultra-structural variations in pods and seeds, changes andregulatory water absorption pathway of 30 mungbean genotypes in relation to pre-harvest sprouting behaviour wasstudied during kharif 2017–19 at Seed Research Technology Center, Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. Mungbean genotypes subjected to PHS imposed by simulated rainfall were evaluated. Rainfall simulator generates a rainfall spectrum that was similar to natural rainfall. Genotypes LGG 450 and K 851 with low score (%), while ML 267 and MGG 295 with high score (%) were screened as tolerant and susceptible to PHS. Accordingly, higher seed yield was recorded in LGG 450 (4.94 g/plant) followed by K 851 (4.20 g/plant) while lower seed yield was recorded in ML 267 (0.26 g/plant) followed by MGG 295 (0.79 g/plant). The findings were further corroborated with SEM studies by presence of sparse, wiry, short, twist or shriveled trichomes; thick cuticular pod wall, wide locular gap between seed coat (seed) and pod wall helping for the slow diffusion of moisture from endosperm to embryo. Further, the presence of lea-protein-insulated starch grains of endosperm merits lipophilic nature which might hindered dissipation of water to embryo via endosperm. The SEM studies have established ultrastructural features that determine the resistance to pre-harvest sprouting of mungbean and development of future resistant lines identification.

Physiological and biochemical traits regulating preharvest sprouting resistance in rice

In cereals, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) or vivipary is a key physiological and agronomic trait that causes huge economic loss. PHS triggered by typhoons, cyclones, and high relative humidity at the late seed maturation stage is becoming a major threat to rice production in India. To explore the mechanism of PHS in rice, we evaluated 96 rice genotypes for PHS resistance and discovered 12 PHS resistant genotypes. These genotypes were classified into two groups susceptible and resistant, based on their phenotype. From the 96 genotypes, 16 contrasting genotypes were chosen, to unravel the underlying mechanism associated with PHS resistance. The results revealed that resistant genotypes had 0% germination at all the flowering stages (20 to 40 DAF), while susceptible genotypes had 4 to 87.5% germination from 20 to 40 DAF. In terms of pericarp color, 7 out of 8 resistant genotypes had red/pigmented pericarp color while the susceptible genotypes had white/non-pigmented pericarp color. The carotenoid content of leaves and seeds from 20 to 40 DAF was also measured and found to be significantly higher in resistant genotypes than susceptible genotypes. Carotenoids have been demonstrated to increase resistance by assisting in the synthesis of ABA and thereby seed dormancy. The 12 resistant genotypes were examined for germination to decide the duration of dormancy. The duration of dormancy varied in these 12 resistant genotypes varying from 10 days up to 40 days after harvest. These findings suggest that these novel PHS resistant genotypes (PB-68, HT-81, PB-50(1), HT-86, HT-20, Mahulata, PB-285, PB-47, NHN-279, PB-65, PB-259 and Budidhan) may be exploited as donors in the crop improvement programmes to generate PHS resistant genotypes.

Genetic Improvement of Wheat with Pre-Harvest Sprouting Resistance in China.

Wheat pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) refers to the germination of seeds directly on the spike due to rainy weather before harvest, which often results in yield reduction, quality deterioration, and seed value loss. In this study, we reviewed the research progress in the quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection and gene excavation related to PHS resistance in wheat. Simultaneously, the identification and creation of germplasm resources and the breeding of wheat with PHS resistance were expounded in this study. Furthermore, we also discussed the prospect of molecular breeding during genetic improvement of PHS-resistant wheat.

A rice seed-specific glycine-rich protein OsDOR1 interacts with GID1 to repress GA signaling and regulates seed dormancy

Seed dormancy is an important agronomic trait under the control of complex genetic and environmental interactions, which have not been yet comprehensively understood. From the field screening of rice mutant library generated by a Ds transposable element, we identified a pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) mutant dor1. This mutant has a single insertion of Ds element at the second exon of OsDOR1 (LOC_Os03g20770), which encodes a novel seed-specific glycine-rich protein. This gene successfully complemented the PHS phenotype of dor1 mutant and its ectopic expression enhanced seed dormancy. Here, we demonstrated that OsDOR1 protein binds to the GA receptor protein, OsGID1 in rice protoplasts, and interrupts with the formation OsGID1-OsSLR1 complex in yeast cells. Co-expression of OsDOR1 with OsGID1 in rice protoplasts attenuated the GA-dependent degradation of OsSLR1, the key repressor of GA signaling. We showed the endogenous OsSLR1 protein level in the dor1 mutant seeds is significantly lower than that of wild type. The dor1 mutant featured a hypersensitive GA-response of α-amylase gene expression during seed germination. Based on these findings, we suggest that OsDOR1 is a novel negative player of GA signaling operated in the maintenance of seed dormancy. Our findings provide a novel source of PHS resistance.

Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Revealed That Hormone and Reactive Oxygen Species Synergetically Regulate Dormancy of Introgression Line in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Dormancy is a complex agronomy phenotype controlled by multiple signaling and a key trait repressing pre-harvest sprouting (PHS). However, the signaling network of dormancy remains unclear. In this study, we used Zhonghua11 (ZH11) with a weak dormancy, and Introgression line (IL) with a strong dormancy to study the mechanism of hormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS) crosstalk regulating rice dormancy. The germination experiment showed that the germination rate of ZH11 was 76.86%, while that of IL was only 1.25%. Transcriptome analysis showed that there were 1658 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IL and ZH11, of which 577 were up-regulated and 1081 were down-regulated. Additionally, DEGs were mainly enriched in oxidoreductase activity, cell periphery, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Tandem mass tags (TMT) quantitative proteomics analysis showed 275 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between IL and ZH11, of which 176 proteins were up-regulated, 99 were down-regulated, and the DEPs were mainly enriched in the metabolic process and oxidation-reduction process. The comprehensive transcriptome and proteome analysis showed that their correlation was very low, and only 56 genes were co-expressed. Hormone content detection showed that IL had significantly lower abscisic acid (ABA) contents than the ZH11 while having significantly higher jasmonic acid (JA) contents than the ZH11. ROS content measurement showed that the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content of IL was significantly lower than the ZH11, while the production rate of superoxide anion (O2.-) was significantly higher than the ZH11. These results indicate that hormones and ROS crosstalk to regulate rice dormancy. In particular, this study has deepened our mechanism of ROS and JA crosstalk regulating rice dormancy and is conducive to our precise inhibition of PHS.

Fine-Mapping Analysis of the Genes Associated with Pre-Harvest Sprouting Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) causes severe economic problems due to reduced grain quality and yield. Fine mapping was carried out to identify genes associated with PHS; the detected quantitative trait locus (QTL) was narrowed down to 50 Kbp using F3:4 populations, four polymorphic insertion and deletion (InDel) markers, and two cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. In one region, five candidate genes were detected, and the SNP and InDel in each gene (Os01g0111400 and Os01g0111600) were confirmed to show the differences and resulting amino acid changes between parent plants. Based on haplotype, expression, and co-segregation analysis, the InDel in Os01g0111600 was confirmed to be associated with the PHS trait. The results of this study could be applied to improve the PHS tolerance of Japonica rice varieties, and they also improved our understanding of the genetic basis underlying PHS tolerance.

Malting quality and preharvest sprouting traits are genetically correlated in spring malting barley

Key messageMalt for craft “all-malt” brewing can have high quality, PHS resistance, and malted in normal timeframes. Canadian style adjunct malt is associated with PHS susceptibility.Expansion of malting barley production into non-traditional growing regions and erratic weather has increased the demand for preharvest sprouting (PHS) resistant, high quality malting barley cultivars. This is hindered by the relatively unknown relationships between PHS resistance and malting quality. Here we present a three-year study of malting quality and germination at different after-ripening durations post physiological maturity. Malting quality traits alpha amylase (AA) and free amino nitrogen (FAN) and germination rate at six days post PM shared a common association with a SNP in HvMKK3 on chromosome 5H in the Seed Dormancy 2 (SD2) region responsible for PHS susceptibility. Soluble protein (SP) and soluble over total protein (S/T) both shared a common association with a marker in the SD2 region. Significant genetic correlations between PHS resistance and the malting quality traits AA, FAN, SP, S/T were detected across and within HvMKK3 allele groups. High adjunct malt quality was related to PHS susceptibility. Selection for PHS resistance led to a correlated response in malting quality traits. Results strongly suggest pleiotropy of HvMKK3 on malting quality traits and that the classic “Canadian-style” malt is caused by a PHS susceptible allele of HvMKK3. PHS susceptibility appears to benefit the production of malt intended for adjunct brewing, while PHS resistance is compatible with all-malt brewing specifications. Here we present our analysis on the effect of combining complexly inherited and correlated traits with contrasting goals to inform breeding practice in malting barley, the general principles of which can be extended to other breeding programs.

Genome-wide association mapping for pre-harvest sprouting in European winter wheat detects novel resistance QTL, pleiotropic effects, and structural variation in multiple genomes.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), germination of seeds before harvest, is a major problem in global wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production, and leads to reduced bread-making quality in affected grain. Breeding for PHS resistance can prevent losses under adverse conditions. Selecting resistant lines in years lacking pre-harvest rain, requires challenging of plants in the field or in the laboratory or using genetic markers. Despite the availability of a wheat reference and pan-genome, linking markers, genes, allelic, and structural variation, a complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying various sources of PHS resistance is still lacking. Therefore, we challenged a population of European wheat varieties and breeding lines with PHS conditions and phenotyped them for PHS traits, grain quality, phenological and agronomic traits to conduct genome-wide association mapping. Furthermore, we compared these marker-trait associations to previously reported PHS loci and evaluated their usefulness for breeding. We found markers associated with PHS on all chromosomes, with strong evidence for novel quantitative trait locus/loci (QTL) on chromosome 1A and 5B. The QTL on chromosome 1A lacks pleiotropic effect, for the QTL on 5B we detected pleiotropic effects on phenology and grain quality. Multiple peaks on chromosome 4A co-located with the major resistance locus Phs-A1, for which two causal genes, TaPM19 and TaMKK3, have been proposed. Mapping markers and genes to the pan-genome and chromosomal alignments provide evidence for structural variation around this major PHS-resistance locus. Although PHS is controlled by many loci distributed across the wheat genome, Phs-A1 on chromosome 4A seems to be the most effective and widely deployed source of resistance, in European wheat varieties.

QTL Mapping for Wheat Seed Dormancy in a Yangmai16/Zhongmai895 Double Haploid Population.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat reduces grain yield and quality, and it is strongly affected by seed dormancy. Therefore, identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed dormancy is essential for PHS resistance breeding. A doubled haploid (DH) population, consisting of 174 lines from the cross between Yangmai16 (YM16) and Zhongmai895 (ZM895) was used to detect QTLs for seed dormancy and grain color. For seed dormancy, a total of seven QTLs were detected on chromosomes 2A, 3A, 3D, 4D, 5B and 5D over four environments, among which Qdor.hzau-3A, Qdor.hzau-3D.1 and Qdor.hzau-3D.2 were stably detected in more than two environments. For grain color, only two QTLs, Qgc.hzau-3A and Qgc.hzau-3D were detected on chromosomes 3A and 3D, which physically overlapped with Qdor.hzau-3A and Qdor.hzau-3D.1, respectively. Qdor.hzau-3D.2 has never been reported elsewhere and is probably a novel locus with allelic effect of seed dormancy contributed by weakly dormant parent ZM895, and a KASP marker was developed and validated in a wheat natural population. This study provides new information on the genetic dissection of seed dormancy, which may aid in further improvement for marker-assisted wheat breeding for PHS resistance.

Identification and validation of coding and non-coding RNAs involved in high-temperature-mediated seed dormancy in common wheat.

Seed dormancy (SD) significantly decreases under high temperature (HT) environment during seed maturation, resulting in pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) damage under prolonged rainfall and wet weather during wheat harvest. However, the molecular mechanism underlying HT-mediated SD remains elusiveSeed dormancy (SD) significantly decreases under high temperature (HT) environment during seed maturation, resulting in pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) damage under prolonged rainfall and wet weather during wheat harvest. However, the molecular mechanism underlying HT-mediated SD remains elusive. Here, the wheat landrace 'Waitoubai' with strong SD and PHS resistance was treated with HT from 21 to 35 days post anthesis (DPA). Then, the seeds under HT and normal temperature (NT) environments were collected at 21 DPA, 28 DPA, and 35 DPA and subjected to whole-transcriptome sequencing. The phenotypic data showed that the seed germination percentage significantly increased, whereas SD decreased after HT treatment compared with NT, consistent with the results of previous studies. In total, 5128 mRNAs, 136 microRNAs (miRNAs), 273 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and 21 circularRNAs were found to be responsive to HT, and some of them were further verified through qRT-PCR. In particular, the known gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis gene TaGA20ox1 (TraesCS3D02G393900) was proved to be involved in HT-mediated dormancy by using the EMS-mutagenized wheat cultivar Jimai 22. Similarly, a novel gene TaCDPK21 (TraesCS7A02G267000) involved in the calcium signaling pathway was validated to be associated with HT-mediated dormancy by using the EMS mutant. Moreover, TaCDPK21 overexpression in Arabidopsis and functional complementarity tests supported the negative role of TaCDPK21 in SD. We also constructed a co-expression regulatory network based on differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs and found that a novel miR27319 was located at a key node of this regulatory network. Subsequently, using Arabidopsis and rice lines overexpressing miR27319 precursor or lacking miR27319 expression, we validated the positive role of miR27319 in SD and further preliminarily dissected the molecular mechanism of miR27319 underlying SD regulation through phytohormone abscisic acid and GA biosynthesis, catabolism, and signaling pathways. These findings not only broaden our understanding of the complex regulatory network of HT-mediated dormancy but also provide new gene resources for improving wheat PHS resistance to minimize PHS damage by using the molecular pyramiding approach.

The GATA transcription factor TaGATA1 recruits demethylase TaELF6-A1 and enhances seed dormancy in wheat by directly regulating TaABI5.

Seed dormancy is an important agronomic trait in crops, and plants with low dormancy are prone to preharvest sprouting (PHS) under high-temperature and humid conditions. In this study, we report that the GATA transcription factor TaGATA1 is a positive regulator of seed dormancy by regulating TaABI5 expression in wheat. Our results demonstrate that TaGATA1 overexpression significantly enhances seed dormancy and increases resistance to PHS in wheat. Gene expression patterns, abscisic acid (ABA) response assay, and transcriptome analysis all indicate that TaGATA1 functions through the ABA signaling pathway. The transcript abundance of TaABI5, an essential regulator in the ABA signaling pathway, is significantly elevated in plants overexpressing TaGATA1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) and transient expression analysis showed that TaGATA1 binds to the GATA motifs at the promoter of TaABI5 and induces its expression. We also demonstrate that TaGATA1 physically interacts with the putative demethylase TaELF6-A1, the wheat orthologue of Arabidopsis ELF6. ChIP-qPCR analysis showed that H3K27me3 levels significantly decline at the TaABI5 promoter in the TaGATA1-overexpression wheat line and that transient expression of TaELF6-A1 reduces methylation levels at the TaABI5 promoter, increasing TaABI5 expression. These findings reveal a new transcription module, including TaGATA1-TaELF6-A1-TaABI5, which contributes to seed dormancy through the ABA signaling pathway and epigenetic reprogramming at the target site. TaGATA1 could be a candidate gene for improving PHS resistance.

Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Soft Winter Wheat (&lt;i&gt;Triticum aestivum&lt;/i&gt; L.) and Evaluation Methods

The review is devoted to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as one of the main problems faced by specialists in the field of genetics and selection of grain crops. Pre-harvest sprouting leads to a decrease in yields and economic losses. In the present work the internal and external factors which influence PHS grain crops as well as their interrelation, has been described. The characteristic for efficiency and featuresthe use of physiology-biochemical and molecular genetic methods to evaluate the pre-harvest sprouting resistance of soft wheat grain are given.

The identification of suitable internal reference genes in quinoa seeds subjected to abscisic acid and gibberellin treatment

Abstract: Quinoa has been recognized as the sole “comprehensive nutritional crop”; however, it is susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS). While quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has been extensively employed for gene expression level detection, the selection of suitable reference genes is imperative to ensure precise gene expression quantification across diverse conditions. This study aims to identify stable reference genes in quinoa seeds under ABA and GA, in order to provide a basis for subsequent research on PHS. Seeds were subjected to different concentrations of ABA and GA (10 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, and 200 μM). The most suitable treatment concentration was determined based on seed viability. Here, MON1, GAPDH, EIF3, EF1α, ACT, TUB1, and TUB6 were selected as candidate genes. The suitability of these reference genes under different conditions was assessed using various methods including Ct values, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta Ct, and RefFinder. Based on the results obtained from the hormone experiments, it was observed that the application of 100 μM ABA and 200 μM GA yielded the most advantageous outcomes. Additionally, the most appropriate reference genes for different treatments are ACT and TUB1 (H2O treatment), EIF3 and MON1 (ABA, GA treatment and also for the combined data set of the three groups). However, GAPDH exhibited the least stability across all treatments. In summary, ACT is recommended as the reference gene for natural quinoa germination, while EIF3 and MON1 should be used for ABA and GA treatments.

Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Soft Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Evaluation Methods

Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Soft Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Evaluation Methods

Streamlined alpha‐amylase assays for wheat preharvest sprouting and late maturity alpha‐amylase detection

AbstractLate maturity alpha‐amylase (LMA) and preharvest sprouting (PHS) lead to elevated alpha‐amylase in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain. Risk of poor end‐product quality due to elevated alpha‐amylase is detected in the wheat industry using the Hagberg–Perten falling number (FN) method. In breeding programs, selection for PHS and LMA tolerance requires higher throughput methods requiring a smaller sample size than the 7 g required for the FN method. Specifically, LMA can only be screened only using detection of alpha‐amylase activity or protein after cold treatment of individual wheat spikes at a specific stage of grain development resulting in very small samples (≤1 g). This study developed and evaluated a high throughput 96‐well method for the Phadebas alpha‐amylase enzyme assay for small wheat grain samples and compared this method to FN and the Megazyme Alpha‐Amylase SD (Sprout Damage) Assay Kit performed on the automated Awareness Technology ChemWell‐T Analyzer. In parallel, the efficacy of low‐cost small‐scale milling methods was evaluated relative to traditional larger scale mills. The Phadebas enzyme activity was highly reproducible and showed a strong correlation to the SD enzyme assay and FN method regardless of which mill was used to process the grain. The SD assay offers simpler standardization and calculation of enzyme activity, whereas the Phadebas assay offers higher sensitivity and lower expense. Both the 96‐well Phadebas and automated Megazyme SD assays are suitable for alpha‐amylase detection from small samples, and the use of low‐cost coffee grinders to process small samples did not significantly impact assay performance.

Evaluation of Pre-Harvest Sprouting (PHS) Resistance and Screening of High-Quality Varieties from Thirty-Seven Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Resources in Chengdu Plain

Evaluation of Pre-Harvest Sprouting (PHS) Resistance and Screening of High-Quality Varieties from Thirty-Seven Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Resources in Chengdu Plain

The Genetic and Biochemical Mechanisms Underlying Cereal Seed Dormancy

The crop seeds have been a staple food for humans, and seed yield is important for sustaining agriculture development and enhancing human adaptability to food risks. The phenomenon of pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), caused by seed dormancy deficiency, and the phenomenon of low seedling emergence caused by seed deep dormancy, will lead to a reduction in agricultural production. Therefore, it is particularly important to understand the regulation mechanisms of seed dormancy. There are many studies on the regulation of seed dormancy in rice, but there are few studies on the regulation of seed dormancy in other crops, and the research on its mechanism is not thorough enough. In this paper, we comprehensively summarize the regulation mechanisms of cereal seed dormancy, including rice, barley and wheat, discussing the integral mechanism of seed dormancy. This information should provide new insights for developing versatile cultivated lines to improve crop yield and economic benefits.