Pregnancy Clinic Research Articles

The Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Revised Prenatal Coping Inventory (Nu-PCI).

Familiarity with coping strategies is essential for stress management during pregnancy. The Revised Prenatal Coping Inventory (Nu-PCI) was developed to assess coping strategies during pregnancy. This study aimed to assess the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Nu-PCI. After forward-backward translation, the Nu-PCI was administered to 210 pregnant women who were enrolled in two teaching referral clinics in the North of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Babol). The participants completed the Persian Nu-PCI and Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ), which was used to determine the validity of the Persian Nu-PCI. To test construct validity of the Persian Nu-PCI, a principal components factor analysis was performed. Principal components analysis with varimax rotation showed a best fitting 3-factor structure similar to the original with three coping subscales: planning-preparation, avoidance, and spiritual-positive coping. The Persian Nu-PCI was internally consistent and within the acceptable range (α=0.89-0.97). The alpha coefficients for the Nu-PCI and the subscales of planning-preparation, avoidance, and spiritual-positive coping were high. Test-retest coefficients for the Nu-PCI and subscales were 0.98-0.99. The Nu-PCI and its subscales correlated with the WCQ in the entire sample and within each trimester. The Persian version of the Nu-PCI and the subscales of planning-preparation, avoidance, and spiritual-positive coping represent the first reliable standardized tool for measuring coping strategies during pregnancy in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, it can be applied as a quick and accurate preliminary screening tool for evaluating coping strategies throughout pregnancy in clinics and other medical and research settings.

Difficulties in the diagnosis of stroke in pregnant women

To study the features of the clinical picture of stroke and results of laboratory/instrumental study in pregnant women. A study included 44 women at different periods of gestation (mean age 33.4±9.7 years) with clinical symptoms of stroke hospitalized within 4-11h after stroke. Neuroimaging, clinical/instrumental and laboratory examinations were carried out in the first 40 min after admission. A routine screening examination during the management of pregnancy in women's consultation clinics does not always reduce the risk of life threatening events. The operative delivery can decrease the severity of the focal neurological deficit. Intensive treatment and dynamic management of patients with intracranial pathology in intensive care stroke unit improves outcome of stroke. A timely differential diagnosis of pathological conditions with different symptoms of stroke at the different stages of medical care of pregnant women helps to choose an optimal treatment plan and improve the outcome.

Women's Pathways to Abortion Care in South Carolina: A Qualitative Study of Obstacles and Supports.

Women seeking timely and affordable abortion care may face myriad challenges, including high out-of-pocket costs, transportation demands, scheduling difficulties and stigma. State-level regulations may exacerbate these burdens and impede women's access to a full range of care. Women's reports of their experiences can inform efforts to improve pathways to abortion care. In 2014, semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with 45 women obtaining abortions in South Carolina, which has a restrictive abortion environment. Interviews elicited information about women's pathways to abortion, including how they learned about and obtained care, whether they received professional referrals, and the supports and obstacles they experienced. Transcripts were examined using thematic analysis to identify key themes along the pathways, and a process map was constructed to depict women's experiences. Twenty participants reported having had contact with a health professional or crisis pregnancy center staff for pregnancy confirmation, and seven of them received an abortion referral. Women located abortion clinics through online searches, previous experience, and friends or family. Financial strain was the most frequently cited obstacle, followed by transportation challenges. Women reported experiencing emotional strain, stress and stigma, and described the value of receiving social support. Because of financial pressures, the regulation with the greatest impact was the one prohibiting most insurance plans from covering abortion care. Further research on experiences of women seeking abortion services, and how these individuals are affected by evolving state policy environments, will help shape initiatives to support timely, affordable and safe abortion care in a climate of increasing restrictions.

The Relationship Between Religiosity and Health-Promoting Behaviors in Pregnant Women.

Pender's health promotion model guided this descriptive/correlational study exploring the relationship between religiosity and health-promoting behaviors of pregnant women at Pregnancy Resource Centers (PRCs). A consecutive sample included women who knew they were pregnant at least 2 months, could read/write English, and visited PRCs in eastern Pennsylvania. Participants completed self-report surveys that examined religiosity, demographics, pregnancy-related variables, services received at PRCs, and health-promoting behaviors. Women reported they "sometimes" or "often" engaged in health-promoting behaviors, Hispanic women reported fewer health-promoting behaviors than non-Hispanic women, and women who attended classes at the centers reported more frequent health-promoting behaviors than those who did not attend classes. In separate multiple linear regressions, organized, non-organized, and intrinsic religiosity and satisfaction with surrender to God explained additional variance in health-promoting behaviors above and beyond what Hispanic ethnicity and attending classes at the PRCs explained in pregnant women at PRCs.

Impact of Clinical Pharmacy on Asthma in Pregnancy in a Maternal-Fetal Care Clinic

Background: Asthma complicates 4% to 8% of pregnancies. The impact of clinical pharmacists providing asthma management and education to obstetric patients is unknown. Objective: Evaluate the impact of and patient satisfaction with clinical pharmacy services on asthma in pregnancy. Methods: This prospective quasi-experimental study enrolled 30 pregnant patients with asthma and assessed perceived asthma understanding, control, and inhaler technique before and after a clinical pharmacist visit and education. The primary outcome was change in pre- and postsurvey scores. Items were rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale; higher scores represented higher perceived knowledge or satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included inhaler technique scores, asthma control, correlating patient-specific factors with the primary outcome, and level of patient satisfaction with clinical pharmacy services. Results: Perceived knowledge of asthma in pregnancy median score (maximum score 50) significantly increased with clinical pharmacy education (37.5 pre vs 49 post, P = .001). Prior to clinical pharmacy services, patients highly rated their perceived knowledge of asthma in pregnancy with median scores on 7 of 10 items between 4 and 5. Despite this, significant changes were observed on 9 items. The proportion of patients with controlled asthma significantly increased after the pharmacist visit (33.3% vs 90%, P < .001). Satisfaction with clinical pharmacy services was overwhelmingly positive with average scores on all items 4.5 to 5. Inhaler technique scores significantly increased from baseline to follow-up (4 vs 7, P = .001). Conclusions: Pharmacists significantly improved patient perceived knowledge about asthma, asthma control, and inhaler technique. Patients were overwhelmingly satisfied with the care provided by the pharmacist.

Evaluation of services at crisis pregnancy centers in Ohio

Evaluation of services at crisis pregnancy centers in Ohio

Do Georgia pregnancy resource centers meet national quality service standards for pregnancy testing? A Web content analysis

Do Georgia pregnancy resource centers meet national quality service standards for pregnancy testing? A Web content analysis

What women seek from a pregnancy resource center

ObjectivesTwenty-nine states enable taxpayer funding to go to pregnancy resource centers (PRCs, often called crisis pregnancy centers), which are usually antiabortion organizations that aim to dissuade women from abortion. Some abortion rights advocates have called for the elimination of PRCs. However, we know little about why women visit PRCs. Study designWe analyzed deidentified intake survey data from first-time clients to a secular, all-options PRC located in Indiana between July and December 2015 on their reason(s) for seeking services, material resources provided and content of any peer counseling. We analyzed visitor logs of all (not just first-time) clients for repeat clients. Frequencies were computed in Excel. ResultsA total of 273 first-time clients visited the PRC during the study period. Their most frequent reason for seeking services was free diapers (87%), followed by baby clothes/items (44%). They most frequently discussed parenting resources/referrals in peer counseling (55%). Only 6% of clients discussed pregnancy options and only 2% discussed abortion during peer counseling. Nearly half of the PRC's total clients were repeat visitors. ConclusionPRC clients largely sought parenting, not pregnancy, resources. The underutilization of pregnancy-options counseling and high demand for parenting materials and services point to unmet needs among caregivers of young children, particularly for diapers. Our findings are limited in their generalizability to typical PRCs, which are conservative Christian and antiabortion. Nonetheless, our results suggest the need to rethink the allocation of resources toward funding or eliminating PRCs solely for the purpose of influencing women's decisions about abortion. ImplicationsUnderstanding the services women who go to PRCs seek (i.e. diapers and parenting support) can help women's health advocates better meet those needs, notably in contexts that are nonjudgmental about women's pregnancy decisions.

Barriers around access to abortion experienced by rural women in New South Wales, Australia

Little is known about Australian rural women's overall experiences of accessing an abortion service and the barriers they encounter. Approximately one in three Australian women access an abortion at some time in their lives. Most abortions are undertaken during the first trimester of pregnancy in private clinics. Although both medical and surgical abortions are uncomplicated medical procedures, abortion remains a contentious area of women's health. Whilst it is clear that rural women experience disparities in relation to access to health care, there is a gap in the evidence on rural women's experiences of accessing an abortion. The aim of the present study was to identify factors that women in rural New South Wales (NSW) experience in accessing abortion services and suggestions about how rural women could be better supported when seeking access to an abortion service. In-depth qualitative interviews were undertaken with rural women living in NSW who had had an abortion in the previous 15 years. Participants self-selected for a phone or face-to-face interview, in response to promotion of the study through women's services, community flyers and press releases. Rural women in this study experienced many barriers to accessing an abortion. Women travelled 1-9 hours one way to access an abortion in clinics. Several women borrowed money for the abortion fee. Five themes were identified: finding information about the provider; stigma, shame and secrecy; logistics involved in accessing the clinic related to travel, money and support; medical and surgical abortion; and ways rural women could be better supported in this process. Suggestions to improve rural women's access to abortion services included more affordable services that were 'closer to home' as a way to reduce travel and cost, and to normalise abortion as a women's health rights issue. Despite welcome legal and pharmaceutical reform in Australia, results from this small study indicate that there is a long way to go remove barriers on issues rural women experience in their process of accessing reproductive care, including the pervasiveness of abortion stigma. Services closer to home may help reduce inequities in access to health care experienced by rural women. Strategies such as broader use of tele-health and willingness of general practitioners to become authorised prescribers for medical abortions could help to reduce long distances to travel to services and the financial burden experienced by rural women.

QUIETING SPEECH: ESTABLISHING A BUFFER ZONE AROUND REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM.

The First Amendment and reproductive freedom have recently been pitted against each other on more than one occasion. In June 2014, the Supreme Court held that a Massachusetts law creating a buffer zone in front of abortion-providing centers was a violation of the First Amendment. In Maryland, the city of Baltimore and Montgomery County have passed ordinances to regulate crisis pregnancy centers (“CPCs”), which would effectively require the facilities to advertise that they are not medically licensed and do not provide abortion care. The president of a group of CPCs describes CPCs as “organizations out to offer ‘pro-life counseling;’” pro-choice proponents, however, “argue that the centers are deceptive, presenting themselves as medical facilities and even abortion clinics in order to lure pregnant women in, and then bombard them with guilt trips, emotional abuse, and even lies in an effort to keep them from having abortions.” In two cases, CPCs in Maryland have sued to enjoin these ordinances.

Mild anemia as a protective factor against pregnancy loss.

Iron deficiency anemia is traditionally considered to be a pathological condition during pregnancy. According to the standards, prescription of iron supplements to pregnant women is required at hemoglobin levels of 110 g/l and lower. Numerous studies at different periods showed the relationship of anemia and premature birth [5], preeclampsia [1], low birth-weight [2]. Meanwhile, physiological hemodilution carries in pregnancy an important adaptive function. It is well known, that in the second half of pregnancy physiological hypercoagulability develops (increased activity of the plasma clotting factors, platelet aggregation, decreased activity and blood concentrations of physiological anticoagulants) aimed at implementing adequate hemostasis in labor. Under these conditions, moderate hemodilution is an effective mechanism for preventing the development of severe disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in labor, during surgery, in various forms of obstetric pathology. To study the effect of anemia of varying severity on the pregnancy course and outcomes. We conducted a "case-control" study based on cohort. The study included 421 pregnant women who received outpatient care under the monitoring of pregnancy in the antenatal clinic of the South Ural State Medical University and the antenatal clinic of Chelyabinsk Clinical Hospital №6. The inclusion period was from January to March 2014. Inclusion criteria were: confirmed pregnancy, informed consent to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancy, induced pregnancy, late first appearance in the antenatal clinic (after 25 weeks' gestation), change of residence and medical supervision during pregnancy, the presence of severe mental disorders, severe somatic diseases in decompensation stage, HIV infection, cancer, active tuberculosis. Study design complies with the legislation of the Russian Federation, international ethical standards and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the South Ural State Medical University. Prospective observation was conducted. All pregnancy complications were registered, in particular, preeclampsia, placental insufficiency (violation of utero-placental blood flow), the presence and severity of anemia during pregnancy, as well as outcomes: the duration and mode of delivery, fetal weight at birth. The criteria for the diagnosis of anemia during pregnancy were: decrease of hemoglobin levels below 110 g/l. All pregnant women with confirmed anemia were treated with iron supplements. After the completion of follow-up the odds ratios analysis of presenting anemia was performed in subgroups: 1) a patient gave birth to a live child, and patient with the loss of the fetus at various stages of gestation; 2) patients who have given birth in time, and patients with premature birth; 3) patients with placental insufficiency (violation of utero-placental blood flow) during pregnancy and patients without placental insufficiency; 4) patients with preeclampsia and patients without pre-eclampsia; 5) patients who have delivered live births weighing less than 2,500 grams and birth weight over 2500. In each case, odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Statistical calculations were performed using the software package SPSS 22.0. Among all patients (n = 421) anemia of varying severity has been diagnosed in 190 (45.13%), including mild anemia in 161 (38.24%), moderate or severe anemia - in 29 patients (6.88%). In 16 (3.8%) cases, the pregnancy resulted in miscarriage or fetal death. Premature birth of live fetus before 34 weeks of gestation was recorded in 13 cases (3.2%; n = 405). Preeclampsia was diagnosed in 15 women (3.56%). Live births with weights less than 2,500 g were registered in 23 cases (5.67%; n = 405).An analysis of odds ratios was performed to compare the groups of women with anemia of any severity and without anemia, with mild anemia compared with women without anemia, and moderate/severe anemia compared to women with mild anemia or without anemia.According to our results, there was a statistically significant reduction in the chance of having anemia of any severity in patients whose pregnancy was completed by fetal loss. For mild anemia odds ratio in these subgroups was even lower. Thus, the odds of having mild anemia in the group of women who completed a pregnancy to a live birth, was 90.3%, which may indicate a protective role of mild anemia against the loss of the fetus.In all other cases, statistically significant results were not received. Thus, we didn't receive significant positive association between anemia and development of preeclampsia, placental insufficiency during pregnancy, low birth weight and premature birth. There are other publications that show a protective role of anemia in pregnancy. Case control study [3] showed a protective role of anemia against the development of pre-eclampsia (n = 636, p = 0,01). In [4] anemia was a protective factor against stillbirth. There is evidence [6] of the higher risk of stillbirth in women with high hemoglobin level (146 g/l and above), while the link of the risk of stillbirth with anemia has not been confirmed (n = 1404). Our data suggest a protective role of mild anemia during pregnancy in relation to pregnancy loss.

Fecal Calprotectin: A Biomarker and Predictor of Disease Activity During Pregnancy in Women with IBD

Introduction: Active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, and therefore requires early optimization of therapy. Women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often have gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy, but it is often difficult to differentiate between pregnancy symptoms and active IBD. Fecal calprotectin (FCP) is a noninvasive biomarker of intestinal inflammation used to guide the management of IBD. Whether FCP can be used as a biomarker to identify active disease in pregnant women with IBD who have symptoms is not well understood. The objectives of this study were to determine if FCP is elevated during pregnancy in women with IBD who 1) have active disease or 2) who flare within 3 months of the FCP measurment. Methods: Women with IBD (18 to 45 yrs) were followed pre-conception (PC) and at each trimester of pregnancy (T[n]) in the Preconception and Pregnancy in IBD clinic. Women completed the modified Harvey Bradshaw Index (mHBI) for Crohn's disease and the partial Mayo (pMayo) for ulcerative colitis. Women with mHBI > 5 or pMayo > 2 were identified as having clinically active disease. FCP was determined from the first morning stool sample from each visit using the Quantum Blue High Range Reader. We compared the FCP of the women who 1) had active disease vs inactive disease at each study visit, and 2) who flared within 3 months vs who do not flare within 3 months of the FCP measurement. Results: Of the 60 patients enrolled in the clinic, 9 women with Crohn's disease, and 13 women with ulcerative colitis provided stool samples over 27 visits. FCP was elevated in women with active disease compared to women with inactive disease at each clinic visit (Figure 1). FCP was also elevated in women who flared within 3 months (Figure 2). These findings were mainly seen among women with UC.Figure 1Figure 2Conclusion: Fecal calprotectin is elevated before and during pregnancy in women with active IBD, and in women who will flare within 3 months of FCP measurement. FCP has a potential to be used as a noninvasive biomarker of disease activity during pregnancy in women with IBD - in order to confirm disease activity or to identify those at risk of flaring, so that clincians can optimize the management of IBD preconception and during pregnancy, and thus improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

Protecting Pregnant Pennsylvanians: Public Funding of Crisis Pregnancy Centers

Following a brief overview of the history of CPCs in the United States and the “abortion alternatives” program in Pennsylvania, this Note examines possible legal claims in terms of legal standards and likelihood of success. The results of a Right to Know (“RTK”) request directed toward the Pennsylvania DPW, including both what the DPW offered to produce and what it refused to produce, will supplement this evaluation of possible legal claims. This Note also proposes Public policy recommendations aimed at eliminating the DPW’s liability for these claims in the interest of preventing abusive tactics by CPCs and conserving public funds. Finally, this Note compares the relative benefits and disadvantages of legislative and regulatory reform to those of litigation. Either litigative or legislative action is necessary to prevent publically funded CPCs from inflicting further harm on pregnant Pennsylvanians.

Information about Sexual Health on Crisis Pregnancy Center Web Sites: Accurate for Adolescents?

Study ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and accuracy of sexual health information on crisis pregnancy center Web sites listed in state resource directories for pregnant women, and whether these Web sites specifically target adolescents. DesignA survey of sexual health information presented on the Web sites of crisis pregnancy centers. SettingInternet. ParticipantsCrisis pregnancy center Web sites. InterventionsEvaluation of the sexual health information presented on crisis pregnancy center Web sites. Main Outcome MeasuresThemes included statements that condoms are not effective, promotion of abstinence-only education, availability of comprehensive sexual education, appeal to a young audience, provision of comprehensive sexual health information, and information about sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Results and ConclusionCrisis pregnancy center Web sites provide inaccurate and misleading information about condoms, STIs, and methods to prevent STI transmission. This information might be particularly harmful to adolescents, who might be unable to discern the quality of sexual health information on crisis pregnancy center Web sites. Listing crisis pregnancy centers in state resource directories might lend legitimacy to the information on these Web sites. States should be discouraged from listing Web sites as an accurate source of information in their resource directories.

Informed decision making and abortion: crisis pregnancy centers, informed consent, and the first amendment.

Shifting laws and regulations increasingly displace the centrality of women's health concerns in the provision of abortion services. This is exemplified by the growing presence of deceptive Crisis Pregnancy Centers alongside new informed consent laws designed to dissuade women from seeking abortions. Litigation on informed consent is further complicated in the clinical context due to the increased mobilization of facts - such as the gestational age or sonogram of the fetus - delivered with the intent to dissuade women from accessing abortion. In other words, factual information utilized for ideological purpose. To preserve a woman's autonomy and decision-making capacity, there must be a concerted effort on the part of legislators and courts to place a woman's health at the center of abortion law and policy.

Casey meets the crisis pregnancy centers.

Recent cases have found factual disclosure requirements to be constitutional when imposed on abortion providers but unconstitutional when imposed on crisis pregnancy centers. This paper argues that the outcomes in both kinds of cases can be explained by courts' perception of abortion as an ideological, political, or moral act rather than as health care.

Crisis pregnancy center websites: Information, misinformation and disinformation

ObjectiveMost states with 24-h waiting periods prior to abortion provide state resource directories to women seeking abortion. Our objective was to evaluate the information on abortion provided on the websites of crisis pregnancy centers listed in these resource directories. Study designWe performed a survey of the websites of crisis pregnancy centers referenced in state resource directories for pregnant women. We searched for these state-provided resource directories online. We contacted state Departments of Health and Human Services for a print copy when a directory could not be found online. The crisis pregnancy center websites were evaluated for the information provided on abortion. Standardized data collection tools were used. Descriptive statistics were generated. ResultsResource directories of 12 states were procured. A total of 254 websites referring to 348 crisis pregnancy centers were identified. Overall, a total of 203/254 [80%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 75%–84%] of websites provided at least one false or misleading piece of information. The most common misleading or false information included on the websites were a declared link between abortion and mental health risks (122/254 sites; 48%, 95% CI 42%–54%), preterm birth (54/254; 21%, 95% CI 17%–27%), breast cancer (51/254; 20%, 95% CI 16%–25%) and future infertility (32/254; 13%, 95% CI 9%–17%). ConclusionMost crisis pregnancy centers listed in state resource directories for pregnant women provide misleading or false information regarding the risks of abortion. States should not list agencies that provide inaccurate information as resources in their directories.

Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Training Intervention

INTRODUCTION: Unintended pregnancy remains persistently high in the United States. Few randomized interventions have effectively reduced pregnancy. METHODS: We conducted a cluster randomized trial in 40 Planned Parenthood sites, including family planning and abortion, to assess the effect of a clinic-wide training in long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) on patient outcomes. A cohort of 1,500 patients, 18–25 years, who received contraceptive counseling and did not want to become pregnant in the next 12 months, were recruited from intervention and control clinics. Pregnancy was measured over 12 months with questionnaires, pregnancy tests, and medical record review. In blinded intent-to-treat analyses, we used survival analysis with shared frailty for clustered data to measure the intervention effect compared with standard care. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov and followed CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guidelines. RESULTS: Participants were similar in baseline characteristics by arm. At enrollment, after counseling, participants in arm 1 were twice as likely to choose a LARC method as those in arm 2 using generalized estimating equation models for clustered data and robust standard errors (odds ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–2.9). In family planning settings, pregnancy during the study was lower in arm 1 (7.5%) than in arm 2 (13.8%). Analyses of the intervention effect in a model with an interaction for setting type showed a highly significant effect on reduced pregnancy in family planning settings (hazard ratio 0.5, 95% CI 0.3–0.8). However, there were no significant differences in pregnancy by arm in the abortion setting. CONCLUSIONS: A half-day replicable LARC intervention effectively reduced pregnancy in family planning clinics.

Evangelical Underdogs

The evangelical crisis pregnancy center (CPC) movement demonstrates both low rates of success and robust support from evangelicals. I draw upon three theoretical frameworks—subcultural identity, organizational solidarity, and doing religion—to explain this seeming paradox. Data stem from a study of this pro-life/antiabortion movement and include fieldwork observations in seven CPCs, thirty-eight semistructured interviews, and analysis of primary and secondary documents. Empirically, evangelicals’ commitment to CPCs is tied to three aspects of subcultural identity: emphasis on intrinsic meanings of success, solidarity among evangelical organizations, and understandings of activism as an identity marker. These findings suggest that evangelicals are doing religion through their activism, making action and identity mutually reinforcing, and insulating activists from forces that might otherwise hinder religious identity. Theoretically, these results indicate that subcultural identity theory should be modified to acknowledge organizational solidarity as a form of religious action and the mutually reinforcing relationship between action and identity as the process of doing religion.

Crisis Pregnancy Centers, Poverty, and the Expanding Frontiers ofAmerican Abortion Politics

Pro‐life “crisis pregnancy centers” are an increasingly important venue for theAmerican abortion conflict, yet scholars know little about them. The increasing concentration of abortion among the poor also potentially heightens their relevance since they aim to reduce abortion through offers of practical support. This article describes this branch of the pro‐life movement, focusing on its approach to poverty and the political factors that may shape it. My national, mixed‐method study of pro‐life pregnancy centers finds that they devote substantial attention to poverty, frequently collaborate with social welfare agencies, and claim that a compassionate, “woman‐centered” approach differentiates them from other pro‐life groups. Despite this, there is little evidence that the development of such centers is related to conflict in the pro‐life movement over poverty.Related ArticlesCarmines,Edward G.,Jessica C.Gerrity, andMichael W.Wagner.2010. “.”Politics & Policy38():1135‐1158.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00272.x/abstractGainous,Jason,Stephen C.Craig, andMichael D.Martinez.2008. “.”Politics & Policy36():972‐1004.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00147.x/abstractMedoff,Marshall H.2010. “.”Politics & Policy38():193‐221.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00235.x/abstractRelated MediaGibbs,Nancy.2007. “.” . February 15.http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1590444,00.htmlFilm Clip.2012. “.” February 18.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lG412TvBTMo