Preferred Word Research Articles

A shared decision-making tool for individuals living with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

Reports exist regarding a gradual approach to the care of patients with differences of sexual development. Each patient and family have different values and styles of learning that have to be taken into account. The goals of care should include education about the condition, counseling of the patient and family, and a complete outlining of treatment options. Motivated by a call from the 2010 Health Reform Law for the use of shared decision-making tools and the emphasis placed on these issues by the DSD Consensus Statement, we sought to develop and implement such tools for the DSD population.1–3 Thus, we developed an organized checklist for providers to share with a patients and families affected by CAIS, beginning with the initial visit. The development of the document enlisted input from physicians, clinical coordinator, advocacy groups and affected individuals. It allows providers to explain the process of care and develop a plan for delivery of that care over multiple visits spanning six months or more. The checklist is divided into five sections: 1) An overview addressing how much information is desired and in what manner the patient prefers to obtain information; 2) A preferred words list so that the patient can choose nomenclature that is most comfortable; 3) A list of topics to review over the course of multiple visits; 4) A list of questions to be answered by the providers or other resources over time, and; 5) A list of concerns to be addressed before surgical intervention is considered. An organized approach to long-term delivery of compassionate care and accurate information can be facilitated for patients with CAIS by the use of a shared decision-making checklist. Documentation of the care delivery process can stimulate referral to peer support and promote fully informed consent for treatment decisions. The use of the checklist should encourage trust in the provider, as well as aid in identifying and addressing stressors for the patient and family. The checklist will be updated and revised as new treatments and advanced technology emerges.

Cross-domain personalized image captioning

Image captioning aims to translate an image to a complete and natural sentence. It involves both computer vision and natural language processing. Though image captioning has achieved good results under the rapid development of deep neural networks, excessively pursuing the evaluation results of the captioning models makes the generated text description too conservative in practical applications. It is necessary to increase the diversity of the text description and account for prior knowledge such as the user’s favorite vocabularies and writing styles. In this paper, we study the personalized image captioning which can generate sentences to describe the user’s own story and feelings of life with the most preferred word expression. Moreover, we propose cross-domain personalized image captioning (CDPIC) to learn domain-invariant captioning models which can be applied on different social media platforms. The proposed method can flexibly model user interest by embedding the user ID as an interest vector. To the best of our knowledge, we propose the first cross-domain personalized image captioning approach by combining the user interest modeling and a simple and effective domain-invariant constraint. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on datasets from the Instagram and Lookbook platforms.

Relacje semantyczne w polskich i niemieckich terminach wielowyrazowych z zakresu prawa

The tendency to use multi-word terms is different in the Polish and German languages for specific purposes. The studies of both languages indicate high productivity of syntagmatic derivation in Polish terminology, whereas in German terminology the preferred word formation process is composition. For both the multi-word terms and compound terms not only the structural relations between the components are significant, but also the semantic relationships between the head and the modifier of the term. In Polish and German literature a number of attempts have been made to classify the semantic relationships of multi-word and compound terms. The purpose of this article is to present the selected semantic relationships between Polish legal terms and to show similarities and differences between Polish terms and their equivalents in German.

Sonority's Effect as a Surface Cue on Lexical Speech Perception of Children With Cochlear Implants.

Sonority is the relative perceptual prominence/loudness of speech sounds of the same length, stress, and pitch. Children with cochlear implants (CIs), with restored audibility and relatively intact temporal processing, are expected to benefit from the perceptual prominence cues of highly sonorous sounds. Sonority also influences lexical access through the sonority-sequencing principle (SSP), a grammatical phonotactic rule, which facilitates the recognition and segmentation of syllables within speech. The more nonsonorous the onset of a syllable is, the larger is the degree of sonority rise to the nucleus, and the more optimal the SSP. Children with CIs may experience hindered or delayed development of the language-learning rule SSP, as a result of their deprived/degraded auditory experience. The purpose of the study was to explore sonority's role in speech perception and lexical access of prelingually deafened children with CIs. A case-control study with 15 children with CIs, 25 normal-hearing children (NHC), and 50 normal-hearing adults was conducted, using a lexical identification task of novel, nonreal CV-CV words taught via fast mapping. The CV-CV words were constructed according to four sonority conditions, entailing syllables with sonorous onsets/less optimal SSP (SS) and nonsonorous onsets/optimal SSP (NS) in all combinations, that is, SS-SS, SS-NS, NS-SS, and NS-NS. Outcome measures were accuracy and reaction times (RTs). A subgroup analysis of 12 children with CIs pair matched to 12 NHC on hearing age aimed to study the effect of oral-language exposure period on the sonority-related performance. The children groups showed similar accuracy performance, overall and across all the sonority conditions. However, within-group comparisons showed that the children with CIs scored more accurately on the SS-SS condition relative to the NS-NS and NS-SS conditions, while the NHC performed equally well across all conditions. Additionally, adult-comparable accuracy performance was achieved by the children with CIs only on the SS-SS condition, as opposed to NS-SS, SS-NS, and SS-SS conditions for NHC. Accuracy analysis of the subgroups of children matched in hearing age showed similar results. Overall longer RTs were recorded by the children with CIs on the sonority-treated lexical task, specifically on the SS-SS condition compared with age-matched controls. However, the subgroup analysis showed that both groups of children did not differ on RTs. Children with CIs performed better in lexical tasks relying on the sonority perceptual prominence cues, as in SS-SS condition, than on SSP initial relying conditions as NS-NS and NS-SS. Template-driven word learning, an early word-learning strategy, appears to play a role in the lexical access of children with CIs whether matched in hearing age or not. The SS-SS condition acts as a preferred word template. The longer RTs brought about by the highly accurate SS-SS condition in children with CIs is possibly because listening becomes more effortful. The lack of RTs difference between the children groups when matched on hearing age points out the importance of oral-language exposure period as a key factor in developing the auditory processing skills.

Tax Avoidance: Meaning, History & Rational

Tax avoidance is probably the most misunderstood and misused word in the field of tax. It is reckoned that scholars, practitioners and authorities rarely use the word but highly prefer words like ‘tax cheating’ or ‘tax dodging’ or ‘escaping tax’ instead. These words are preferred mainly because of the context they are used and a general lack of understanding of the meaning and concept of tax avoidance. Tax avoidance has, and it seems, will continue to remain a thorny issue globally because of the far reaching consequences its effects has on both the developing and developed countries, though on a different scale. To grasp the weight of the consequences of what has been described as tax avoidance can be witnessed through various researches by leading organization, but non so impactful as “Stealing Africa - Why Poverty?” and “Backlight Talks: Attiya Waris” . However, it’s important that before an honest discussion over the consequences of tax avoidance is engaged, the true meaning, or what can be a globally accepted definition and description of tax avoidance is provided. This essay shall delve into the definition, meaning history and the rational of tax avoidance. This research shall also highlight steps taken by Kenya to stem tax avoidance.

Adolescent preferences for weight terminology used by health care providers.

In light of high rates of obesity and weight stigma in youth, the American Academy of Paediatrics recommends that paediatric health care professionals use appropriate, sensitive and non-stigmatizing language in communication about weight with youth. For these efforts to be effective, there is a need to identify weight-based language preferences among youth with overweight and obesity, as research in this area is scarce. The present study provides a systematic assessment of youth perspectives of weight-based language used by providers. Adolescents (ages 13-18years; N=148) enrolled in a national weight loss camp were surveyed about their preferences for words that health providers use to refer to their body weight. Adolescents completed an online survey and responded to a list of 16 words describing excess body weight, as well as questions assessing demographics, body mass index, and experienced as well as internalized weight stigma. Adolescents assigned low ratings to words like 'fat', 'large', 'obese' and 'extremely obese', indicating that they would not want providers to use these words when discussing their body weight. In contrast, words like 'weight problem', 'BMI' and 'plus size' were rated among the most preferred words for providers to use. Word preferences varied across gender, body mass index and extent of internalized weight stigma. These findings underscore the importance of acknowledging different word preferences among youth, and to avoid making assumptions about what words youth will feel most comfortable using in discussions about their body weight.

The articulatory in-out effect resists oral motor interference.

People prefer words with inward directed consonantal patterns (e.g., MENIKA) compared to outward patterns (KENIMA), because inward (outward) articulation movements resemble positive (negative) mouth actions such as swallowing (spitting). This effect might rely on covert articulation simulations, or subvocalizations, since it occurs also under silent reading. We tested to what degree these underlying articulation simulations are disturbed by oral motor interference. In 3 experiments (total N = 465) we interfered with these articulation simulations by employing concurrent oral exercises that induce oral motor noise while judging inward and outward words (chewing gum, Experiment 1; executing meaningless tongue movements, Experiment 2; concurrent verbalizations, Experiment 3). Across several word stimulus types, the articulatory in-out effect was not modulated by these tasks. This finding introduces a theoretically interesting case, because in contrast to many previous demonstrations regarding other motor-preference effects, the covert simulations in this effect are not susceptible to selective motor interference. (PsycINFO Database Record

Teachers’ use of phonics, knowledge of language constructs, and preferred word identification prompts in relation to beginning readers

New Zealand’s approach to literacy instruction is predominantly whole language. Explicit code-orientated literacy instruction is not favoured, however, most teachers are believed to include phonics in their literacy lessons. No study has been reported on phonics use in New Zealand schools. Survey responses on the use of phonics instruction from 666 primary school teachers were analysed. We also assessed knowledge of the basic language constructs related to early reading success with 55 teachers participating in a professional development program on literacy teaching. A word identification prompt task based on six common word error scenarios experienced by beginning readers was also administered. Results of the phonics survey revealed that 90% of teachers indicated they used phonics in their literacy instruction. Knowledge of basic language constructs was variable: phonological and phonemic knowledge were generally good, but understanding of phonic and morphological constructs was relatively weak. Only 40% of initial word identification prompts were focussed on word-level information; the remainder (60%) were based on context or were non-specific. The implications of these findings for beginning readers are discussed.

Word order denotes relevance differences: The case of conjoined phrases with lexical gender.

This work explores the order of linguistic references to the two genders (e.g., men and women vs. women and men). It argues that a gender is more likely to be mentioned first when it is perceived to have higher relevance in a context rather than lower relevance, and audiences assign stronger relevance to a party when the party is mentioned first rather than second. Studies 1-3 document the current prevalence of male-first conjoined phrases in the public (but not family) domain and link the pattern to historical changes in women's public presence over the 20th century. Study 4 shows that contextual relevance cues affect the odds of first mention, such that people are more likely to refer to a woman before a man, when the two are in a primary school classroom rather than a corporate office. At the same time, Studies 4 and 5 find that people often choose to reproduce collectively preferred word order patterns (e.g., men and women). Studies 6 and 7 show that these choices matter because people assign more relevance to a party when it comes first rather than second in a conjoined phrase. Overall, this work offers theoretical grounding and empirical evidence for word order as a means of expressing and perpetuating gender stereotypes. (PsycINFO Database Record

A Semantic Profile of Early Sanskrit “buddhi”

The word buddhi is an important term of Indian philosophical discourse, but some aspects of its use have caused confusion and continue to occasion difficulties. This paper undertakes a survey of the usage of the word buddhi (“intellect”) in general Sanskrit literature from its earliest late Vedic occurrences up to the middle of the first millennium CE. Signifying fundamentally “awareness (of something),” the word “buddhi” is shown to refer often to a being’s persisting capacity or faculty of awareness (“attentiveness, mind, intelligence,” etc.) and also, often, to the content of a being’s awareness (“idea, notion, thought, disposition, resolution,” etc.). There are also instances where it is hard to determine which of these two kinds of reference are intended in our written sources, and there are other instances where both senses seem present simultaneously. Various examples attest to the use of the word to refer to an affective and volitional capacity in a being—and to affective and volitional content—as well as to a cognitive faculty and cognitive content. One feature that occurs frequently in the word’s use is that this faculty and, or, its content, regularly describe alterations of a subject’s knowledge of the surrounding situation, the transformation of surrounding complexity or multiplicity into a simpler and more manageable mental construct—an understanding, an interpretation, a decision, a plan, etc. As the word buddhi is related to the primary Sanskrit word-family used to describe the concrete experience of awakening—moving from no (or little, or muddled) awareness to clear awareness—it is not surprising that its more abstract usage would often incorporate a similar dynamic, a transition from less clear to more clear knowledge, a rendering of early knowledge to better and more useful knowledge, in short, a faculty of “intellect” that produces refined decisions, resolutions, and determinations. It is suggested that this element of its semantic profile contributed to the word’s eventually becoming the preferred word for the most important of the mental functions of beings in one of the most widespread philosophical psychologies of ancient India, that which ultimately became formally enshrined in the philosophical system “Sāṃkhya.”

Fresh Strange Music: Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Language. Donald S. Hair. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015. Pp. viii+301.

<i>Fresh Strange Music: Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Language</i>. Donald S. Hair. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015. Pp. viii+301.

More food for thought: preferred words

More food for thought: preferred words

Identification of a dominant vocabulary in ELF interactions

Abstract This paper reports on several studies whose common theme is the elicitation of the lexical preferences of speakers of English in localized and globalized settings. Findings from analyses of various corpora show that there exists a relatively small set of preferred words that speakers of English rely on regardless of where the interaction takes place, with whom they are interacting, and what the purpose of the interaction is. Results also show that these lexical preferences are consistently prevalent to the extent that it is possible to advance the hypothesis that a relatively stable dominant vocabulary dynamically emerges out of ELF speaker interactions in order to serve certain communicative functions.

Verb class, case, and order: A crosslinguistic experiment on non-nominative experiencers

AbstractIn several languages, non-nominative experiencers tend to appear early on in utterances, which frequently triggers deviations from the preferred word order. These observations are based on linearization preferences, which in most cases involve gradient levels that cannot be determined precisely through singular intuitions. This article presents a crosslinguistic experimental study on languages with different word order properties (German, Greek, Hungarian, and Korean), offering precise estimates for the effects of experiencer objects on linearization. The findings reveal a strong effect of case in the sense that dative experiencers appear more frequently early in an utterance than accusative experiencers. Based on the specific properties of the investigated languages, we are revising previous hypotheses about the source of the dative/accusative asymmetry and conclude that the asymmetry relates to phrase-structural differences. Accusative experiencers are fronted more frequently than patients of canonical transitive verbs. We argue that this phenomenon relates to a preference for selecting experiencers as aboutness topics, which explains the fact that

Differentiating ‘dialect’ and ‘language’ in sign languages

The distinction between languages and dialects has remained a controversial issue in literature. When such a distinction is made, it often has far-reaching implications in top-down language promotion and preservation policies that tend to favor only those varieties that are labelled as ‘languages’. This issue is of critical importance for the survival of most sign language varieties in the world from a socio-political point of view. Against this background, this paper discusses how the notions of ‘dialect’ and ‘language’ have been applied in classifying sign languages in the past few decades. In particular, the paper reports on two recent studies which provide linguistic evidence that the signing varieties used by Deaf signers in Jakarta and Yogyakarta in Indonesia should be regarded as distinct sign languages rather than mutually intelligible dialects of Indonesian Sign Language. The evidence comes from significant differences in the lexicon, preferred word order for encoding transitive events, and use of mouth actions. Our result suggests that signing varieties within a country can be significantly different from each other, thus calling for more concerted efforts in documenting and recognizing these differences if the linguistic needs of the signing communities are to be met.

Mythological Names and dróttkvætt Formulae III: From Metric-Structural Type to Compositional System

This article explores patterns of language use in oral poetry within a variety of semantic formula. Such a formula may vary its surface texture in relation to phonic demands of the metrical environment in which it is realised. This is the third part of a four-part series based on metrically entangled kennings in Old Norse dróttkvætt poetry as primary material. Old Norse kennings present a semantic formula of a particular type which is valuable as an example owing to the extremes of textural variation that it enables. The study concentrates on two-element kennings meaning ‘battle’. The first part in this series introduced the approach to kennings as semantic formulae and illustrated their formulaicity through evidence of the preferred lexical choices with which they were realised. The second part presented a case study illustrating that preferred word choices could extend beyond the kenning to additional elements in the line like rhyme words. The third case study presented here concentrates on the potential for a formula of this type to develop a general preference for elements of the kenning to come from one semantic category rather than another without such choices being metrically motivated per se.

Words or graphics to present a Discrete Choice Experiment: Does it matter?

ObjectiveTo test whether presenting attribute levels in words or graphics generates different results with respect to attribute level interpretation, relative importance and participation probabilities. MethodsParents of 959 newborns completed a DCE questionnaire that contained two versions of the same nine choice tasks in which the attribute levels were presented in words or graphics. Five attributes related to the decision of parents to vaccinate their newborn against rotavirus were included. Mixed-logit models were conducted to estimate the relative importance of the attribute levels. ResultsRespondents who started with the choice tasks in words produced the most consistent answer patterns. All respondents significantly preferred words to graphics. Part-worth utilities and the relative importance of the attribute levels differed based on the words and graphics data, resulting in different probabilities to participate in vaccination. ConclusionsWords were preferred over graphics, resulted in higher choice consistency, and showed more valid attribute level estimates. Graphics did not improve respondents’ understanding of the attribute levels. Practice implicationsFuture research on the use of either words or graphics is recommended in order to establish guidelines on how to develop a valid presentation method for attribute levels in the choice tasks of a DCE.

문자 텍스트의 감성 평가에 색채가 미치는 영향

Background If you notice that you have to fill your car while driving, you have to find a filling station. And you can distinguish by the color before you read the letter on the sign. People can recognize color faster than they can read text. So, today, color is used in the whole industry as color marketing, color therapy, color psychology and so on. And color is actively discussed and studied today. However, there is a lack of research on relationship between color and words. Because, both color and words have referential meaning, they are often in semantic conflict with each other. People can distinguish the meaning of the words “man” and “woman,” they can also distinguish the color red and the color blue on the wall in front of a toilet. Therefore, when you are faced with woman written in blue, and man written in red, you must be confused about it for a moment. Although this makes the experiment about color and text difficult, it is interesting for me. Therefore, I plan to find emotional differences between words written by practiced color and inverted color. Methods For the study, I establish three research problems as follows. 1) Which is more preferred, a word sample written by practiced color or written by inverted color? 2) Are there differences in preference between adult groups and children group? 3) Are there emotional differences when people watch word samples written by practiced color and written by inverted color? First, I made ten words samples, Five of which are company names and others were common nouns. The company names were Samsung, Hanabank, Naver, LG, e-mart, which have their symbol colors. I also made word samples from the common nouns are strawberry, star, cucumber, orange, and sky. Each word sample was printed in both practiced color and inverted color. Second, I identified two groups of participants, one comprised of people over the age of 19, and the other comprised of children under the age of 8 years. Third, I investigate the preference between words sample written in two differences colors. Fourth, I measure the differences in feelings through the Semantic Differential Method. Result The ESCO stakeholders have highly diverse needs which are often interdependent and conflicting. A new PSS thus aimed at addressing the identified needs, and simultaneously achieving economic feasibility and environmental sustainability. Its economic feasibility was validated through a field test. Result Based on the results of a preference survey for questions 1 and 2, both of the adult group and the kids are prefer words written by practiced color. More than 80% of participants are chose practiced colored words in the case of the common proper nouns' samples. However, the adult group preferred the practiced colored sample and the kids group in preferred the sample of company names.' Results from the Semantic Differential Method for question 3, I allow me to can make a graph which that reflects sensibility evaluation. Although the sample word is the same, the feeling is different according to the written color. Conclusion Results-from the Semantic Differential Method for question 3 show us that color can give various meanings to words. We can try more detailed communication by using color and words. The color of words influences preference because color has a referential function. Thus, if we want to gain good filling through text message, we would have to choose the color of words carefully.

How Crucial can Cognitively Preferred Word Orders be for EFL Learners?

The object of this study is to show how crucial the cognitively preferred word orders can be for EFL learners. For this, we took two steps. Firstly, in the L2-L1 translation process, the cognitively shared word orders were investigated by means of a questionnaire. Then, in the process that L1 written in these shared word orders was translated into L2, the response time (RT) of these shared orders was measured. The shortest RT of these was thought of as the most cognitively preferred word order, i.e. inter-cognitive mechanism. The results showed that participants overall preferred SV(O-clause) order to S(O-clause)V order as the cognitively preferred word orders. As a result, this study suggests that L2 input can be more effective for word order parameter resetting than L2 word order itself if it is based on the most cognitively preferred word order.

Determining Language for Human to Robot Navigational Commands

Robots that collaborate with humans must be equipped with interfaces that support deeper and richer interaction. Such interfaces may involve the understanding and production of speech. This calls for an understanding of speech and natural language in various contexts. The present study investigates the preferred words and phrases used in giving directions to a robot teammate in an intelligence and surveillance reconnaissance (ISR) mission. Results indicate that participants may have had a perceptual mental model that influenced choice of words or phrases. Recommendations for future research include examining the factors that affect development of schemas when interacting with robots.