Preferred Model Research Articles

Telehealth for HIV care and management among people living with HIV in Australia: results from an online survey.

Background The aims of this study were to evaluate the experiences of telehealth for routine HIV care and identify preferred models of HIV routine care for the future. Methods Anonymous, online questionnaire among people living with HIV aged 18years or older. This survey was advertised via posters with a QR code in six sexual health clinics and one community organisation as well as on social media from November 2021 to December 2022. Results Of 89 participants, the majority were males (80/89, 89.9%), between 36 and 55years old (49/89, 55.1%), spoke English at home (74/89, 84.1%), had been living with HIV for >5years (68/89, 76.4%) and reported having a telehealth consultation since the COVID-19 pandemic began (69/89, 77.5%). The top three liked aspects of telehealth were: the convenience of not leaving home or work (50/69, 72.5%); less travel time (48/69, 69.6%); and avoiding contact with other people (30/69, 43.5%). The top three dislikes of telehealth were: they could not be screened for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or have a physical examination at the same time (29/69, 42.0%); it was an impersonal experience (20/69, 29.0%); and it was more difficult to discuss health concerns (18/69, 26.1%). Among all participants, the preference for future consultations was to have a mix between in-person and telehealth (40/89, 44.9%); however, nearly one-quarter prefer in-person consultations only (20/89, 22.5%). Conclusions Use of telehealth during COVID-19 has been evaluated positively among people living with HIV that participated in this survey. Participants support the use of telehealth for routine care in conjunction with in-person consultations.

Combined transcriptome and proteome profiling reveal cell-type-specific functions of Drosophila garland and pericardial nephrocytes

Drosophila nephrocytes are specialised cells that share critical functional, morphological, and molecular features with mammalian podocytes. Accordingly, nephrocytes represent a preferred invertebrate model for human glomerular disease. Here, we established a method for cell-specific isolation of the two types of Drosophila nephrocytes, garland and pericardial cells, from animals of different developmental stages and ages. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics and RNA-Seq-based transcriptomics were applied to characterise the proteome and transcriptome of the respective cells in an integrated and complementary manner. We observed characteristic changes in the proteome and transcriptome due to cellular ageing. Furthermore, functional enrichment analyses suggested that larval and adult nephrocytes, as well as garland and pericardial nephrocytes, fulfil distinct physiological functions. In addition, the pericardial nephrocytes were characterised by transcriptomic and proteomic profiles suggesting an atypical energy metabolism with very low oxidative phosphorylation rates. Moreover, the nephrocytes displayed typical signatures of extensive immune signalling and showed an active antimicrobial response to an infection. Factor-specific comparisons identified novel candidate proteins either expressed and secreted by the nephrocytes or sequestered by them. The data generated in this study represent a valuable basis for a more specific application of the Drosophila model in analysing renal cell function in health and disease.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1P1) activity in the course of Alzheimer's disease

Some specific lipid molecules in the brain act as signaling molecules, neurotransmitters, or neuromodulators, by binding to specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) for neurolipids. One such receptor, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1P1), is coupled to Gi/o proteins and is involved in cell proliferation, growth, and neuroprotection. S1P1 constitutes an interesting target for neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which changes in the sphingolipid metabolism have been observed. This study analyzes S1P1 receptor-mediated activity in healthy brains and during AD progression using postmortem samples from controls and patients at different Braak's stages. Additionally, the distribution of S1P1 receptor activity in human brains is compared to that in commonly used rodent models, rats and mice, through functional autoradiography, measuring [35S]GTPγS binding stimulated by the S1P1 receptor selective agonist CYM-5442 to obtain the distribution of functional activity of S1P1 receptors.S1P1 receptor-mediated activity, along with that of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, is one of the highest recorded for any GPCR in many gray matter areas of the brain, reaching maximum values in the cerebellar cortex, specific areas of the hippocampus and the basal forebrain. S1P1 signaling is crucial in areas that regulate learning, memory, motor control, and nociception, such as the basal forebrain and basal ganglia. In AD, S1P1 receptor activity is increased in the inner layers of the frontal cortex and underlying cortical white matter at early stages, but decreases in the hippocampus in advanced stages, indicating ongoing brain impairment. Importantly, we identified significant correlations between S1P1 receptor activity and Braak stages, suggesting that S1P1 receptor dysfunction is associated to disease progression, particularly in memory-related regions. The S1P signaling via S1P1 receptor is a promising neurological target due to its role in key neurophysiological functions and its potential to modify the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, rats are suggested as a preferred experimental model for studying S1P1 receptor-mediated responses in the human brain.

Setting priorities for police operations by using a multicriteria decision approach with partial information

Abstract The paper presents a real-world decision-making problem in the context of the Brazilian Federal Police (BFP), which consists of establishing priorities for Police Operations. This study deals with allocating resources to trigger police operations that, while demanding more resources and specialized techniques, also promote the effectiveness of police actions more conspicuously and directly. Driven by the Value Focused Thinking methodology, the objectives and values of the Federal Police were structured and represented by criteria, which let police operations be evaluated and prioritized. The FITradeoff method was applied to rank the operations, with an innovative methodological perspective, which integrates two different paradigms for preference modelling: elicitation by decomposition and holistic evaluations. A mathematical modelling approach is presented to deal with the combination of both types of information obtained by the Decision Maker (DM), in order to search for dominance relations between alternatives. This study shows how incorporating holistic judgments in the process can be useful for tightening the decision process, since the inequalities obtained with holistic judgments have a high impact on the space of weights compatible with the DM’s preferences. A clear conceptual framework is presented for the analysis, showing how the application of such a combined approach to prioritizing special police operations adds a step to the decision-making processes and policies of the BFP, thereby broadening the managerial implications of tackling public security issues by seeking to solve them using management mathematics.

Leadership in a social dilemma: Does it matter if the leader is pro‐social or just says they are pro‐social?

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that pro‐social leaders cooperate, on average, more than pro‐self leaders in social dilemmas. It can, thus, be beneficial for the group to have a pro‐social leader. In this paper we analyze the consequences of a leader informing followers that they are pro‐social (or pro‐self). In doing so, we compare a setting in which the leader's type is truthfully revealed to settings where the leader can ‘hide’ or ‘lie’ about their pro‐sociality. We find that a leader saying they are pro‐social boosts efficiency, even if the signal is not fully credible. Cooperation is highest in a truth setting with a pro‐social leader. We demonstrate that these results are consistent with a belief‐based model of social preference in which the stated type of the leader changes the frame of reference for followers.

Towards a history of behavioural and experimental economics in France

Existing histories of behavioral and experimental economics (BE-XP) are primarily focused on its developments in the United States. While French economist Maurice Allais made significant contributions in the 1950s, the subsequent trajectory of BE-XP in France is understudied. This article addresses this gap by comparing the history of BE-XP in France to international trends previously identified in the literature. We find that, after an initial ambivalent influence from Allais, French BE-XP subsequently aligned with international trends. We nevertheless identify some distinctive national features in utility measurement and social preference modeling that are heterogeneously distributed across the French territory.

The 2024 Mw 7.0 Wushi Earthquake in Southern Tianshan Convergent Zone: Finite-Fault Model for the Coseismic Rupture and Aftershock

Abstract On 22 January 2024, an Mw 7.0 earthquake struck the oblique thrust Maidan fault (MDF) at the boundary between the Southern Tianshan and Tarim basin, making it the largest earthquake on the fault in the last 100 yr. Here, we use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to retrieve coseismic and aftershock deformation caused by the earthquake and then constrain fault geometry and slip distribution. Line-of-sight InSAR observations revealed a coseismic deformation area of 70 km × 60 km with a maximum value of ∼0.8 m and also captured the deformation from the aftershock event seven days after the mainshock. Our preferred two-segment coseismic fault model ruptures the MDF locked segment and deeper regions, exhibiting a homogeneous elliptical rupture with a maximum slip of ∼2.7 m on a rectangular plane with a dip angle of ∼60°, a length of ∼55 km, and a depth between 5 and 20 km. The aftershock formed a rupture plane of 10×8 km2 with the maximum slip of ∼0.3 m, causing slip in the shallow area of the fault where the coseismic ruptures were smaller, and supplementarily released the stress in the shallow part of the fault. The strong earthquake (Mw 7) return period on MDF inferred from the interseismic slip rate is 170–200 yr. Oblique thrust slip revealed by the slip distribution model is the result of long-term absorption of oblique convergence strain in the Southern Tianshan by the MDF and then concentrated release. The 2024 event resulted in a 60 km unruptured segment on the MDF being in a stress-triggering zone, increasing the potential seismic hazard, in contrast to the delayed seismicities on 100 km region of the southern Kalping fault (KPF).

TriMLP : A Foundational MLP-Like Architecture for Sequential Recommendation

In this work, we present TriMLP as a foundational MLP-like architecture for the sequential recommendation, simultaneously achieving computational efficiency and promising performance. First, we empirically study the incompatibility between existing purely MLP-based models and sequential recommendation, that the inherent fully-connective structure endows historical user–item interactions (referred as tokens) with unrestricted communications and overlooks the essential chronological order in sequences. Then, we propose the MLP-based Triangular Mixer to establish ordered contact among tokens and excavate the primary sequential modeling capability under the standard auto-regressive training fashion. It contains (1) a global mixing layer that drops the lower-triangle neurons in MLP to block the anti-chronological connections from future tokens and (2) a local mixing layer that further disables specific upper-triangle neurons to split the sequence as multiple independent sessions. The mixer serially alternates these two layers to support fine-grained preferences modeling, where the global one focuses on the long-range dependency in the whole sequence, and the local one calls for the short-term patterns in sessions. Experimental results on 12 datasets of different scales from 4 benchmarks elucidate that TriMLP consistently attains favorable accuracy/efficiency tradeoff over all validated datasets, where the average performance boost against several state-of-the-art baselines achieves up to 14.88%, and the maximum reduction of inference time reaches 23.73%. The intriguing properties render TriMLP a strong contender to the well-established RNN-, CNN-, and Transformer-based sequential recommenders. Code is available at https://github.com/jiangyiheng1/TriMLP .

Decompensated MASH-Cirrhosis Model by Acute and Toxic Effects of Phenobarbital.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated Steatohepatitis (MASH), is a prominent cause for liver cirrhosis. MASH-cirrhosis is responsible for liver complications and there is no specific treatment. To develop new therapeutic approaches, animal models are needed. The aim of this study was to develop a fast animal model of MASH-cirrhosis in rats reflecting the human disease. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injections in combination with a high-fat Western diet (WD) were used to induce MASH-cirrhosis. To accelerate liver injury, animals received phenobarbital (PB) in their drinking water using two different regimens. Rats developed advanced MASH-cirrhosis characterized by portal hypertension, blood biochemistry, hepatic ballooning, steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Importantly, rats receiving low-dose PB for the long term (LT) showed ascites after 6 weeks, whereas rats with high-dose short-term (ST) PB developed ascites after 8 weeks. ST- and LT-treated rats showed increased portal pressure (PP) and decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP). Of note, hepatocyte ballooning was only observed in the LT group. The LT administration of low-dose PB with CCl4 intoxication and WD represents a fast and reproducible rat model mimicking decompensated MASH-cirrhosis in humans. Thus, CCl4 + WD with LT low-dose phenobarbital treatment might be the preferred rat animal model for drug development in MASH-cirrhosis.

Non‐Typical Supershear Rupture: Fault Heterogeneity and Segmentation Govern Unilateral Supershear and Cascading Multi‐Fault Rupture in the 2021 Mw ${M}_{w}$7.4 Maduo Earthquake

AbstractPrevious geodetic and teleseismic observations of the 2021 7.4 Maduo earthquake imply surprising but difficult‐to‐constrain complexity, including rupture across multiple fault segments and supershear rupture. Here, we present an integrated analysis of multi‐fault 3D dynamic rupture models, high‐resolution optical correlation analysis, and joint optical‐InSAR slip inversion. Our preferred model, validated by the teleseismic multi‐peak moment rate release, includes unilateral eastward double‐onset supershear speeds and cascading rupture dynamically triggering two adjacent fault branches. We propose that pronounced along‐strike variation in fracture energy, complex fault geometries, and multi‐scale variable prestress drives this event's complex rupture dynamics. We illustrate how supershear transition has signatures in modeled and observed off‐fault deformation. Our study opens new avenues to combine observations and models to better understand complex earthquake dynamics, including local and potentially repeating supershear episodes across immature faults or under heterogeneous stress and strength conditions, which are potentially not unusual.

Complex Models of Sequence Evolution Improve Fit, but not Gene Tree Discordance, for Tetrapod Mitogenomes.

Variation in gene tree estimates is widely observed in empirical phylogenomic data and is often assumed to be the result of biological processes. However, a recent study using tetrapod mitochondrial genomes to control for biological sources of variation due to their haploid, uniparentally inherited, and non-recombining nature found that levels of discordance among mitochondrial gene trees were comparable to those found in studies that assume only biological sources of variation. Additionally, they found that several of the models of sequence evolution chosen to infer gene trees were doing an inadequate job fitting the sequence data. These results indicated that significant amounts of gene tree discordance in empirical data may be due to poor fit of sequence evolution models, and that more complex and biologically realistic models may be needed. To test how the fit of sequence evolution models relates to gene tree discordance, we analyzed the same mitochondrial datasets as the previous study using two additional, more complex models of sequence evolution that each includes a different biologically realistic aspect of the evolutionary process: a covarion model to incorporate site-specific rate variation across lineages (heterotachy), and a partitioned model to incorporate variable evolutionary patterns by codon position. Our results show that both additional models fit the data better than the models used in the previous study, with the covarion being consistently and strongly preferred as tree size increases. However, even these more preferred models still inferred highly discordant mitochondrial gene trees, thus deepening the mystery around what we label the "Mito-Phylo Paradox" and leading us to ask whether the observed variation could, in fact, be biological in nature after all.

Neuroendoscopy Training

AbstractNeuroendoscopy can be learnt by assisting or doing live human surgery, cadaver dissection with or without augmented pulsatile vessel and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) perfusion, and practicing on live animal, dead animal model, synthetic models, three-dimensional printing model with or without augmentation with animal, cadaver tissue, pulsatile vessel and reconstructed CSF model, virtual reality (VR) simulator, and hybrid simulators (combined physical model and VR model). Neurosurgery skill laboratory with basic and advanced learning should be there in all teaching hospitals. Skills can be transferred from simulation model or VR to cadaver to live surgery. Staged learning (first with simple model to learn basic endoscopic technique, then animal model, and then augmented cadavers) is the preferred method of learning. Although most surveys favor live surgery and practice on animal models and cadavers as the most preferred training model now, in future VR may also become a favored method of learning. This article is based on our experience in over 10,000 neuroendoscopic surgeries, and feedback from over 950 neuroendoscopic fellows or consultants who attended workshops conducted every 6 monthly since 2010. A literature search was done on PubMed and Google Scholar using (neuroendoscopy) AND (learning), and (neuroendoscopy) AND (training), which resulted in 121 and 213 results, respectively. Out of them, 77 articles were finally selected for this article. Most of the training programs typically focus on microneurosurgical training. There is lack of learning facilities for neuroendoscopy in most centers. Learning of neuroendoscopy differs greatly from microneurosurgery; switching from microneurosurgery to neuroendoscopy can be challenging. Postgraduate training centers should have well-equipped neuroendoscopy skill laboratory and the surgical educational curriculum should include neuroendoscopy training. Learning endoscopy is about taking advantages of the technique and overcoming the limitations of endoscopy by continuous training.

Striking the balance: Fiqh Bi’ah and Productive Waqf Forests (PWFs) for sustainable forest management in Indonesia

Purpose This study aims to address the challenge of balancing economic development with environmental protection in the context of productive waqf forests (PWFs). The inherent tension between forest productivity and protection necessitates a model that ensures sustainable utilization. This research proposes a novel framework by integrating fiqh bi'ah (Islamic environmental jurisprudence) with a model for PWFs development. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative approach, the analytical network process (ANP) analyzes data gathered through a literature review of Islamic environmental jurisprudence (fiqh bi'ah) on environment and waqf, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with academics, practitioners and regulators in fiqh bi'ah and waqf forest management. Findings Three potential PWFs development models emerge from the fiqh bi'ah literature; Harim (maintaining the natural forest state for intangible benefits like oxygen and biodiversity), Hima (sustainable utilization of forest products while preserving ecological components) and Ihya’ al-mawat (developing unproductive land into a future forest). The ANP analysis reveals that Hima is the most preferred model by all stakeholders, followed by Ihya’ al-mawat. The Harim model received lower preference due to limited economic potential. Additionally, experts suggest tourism-based forest management as the most suitable approach for all three PWFs models. Originality/value This study offers a novel PWFs development model grounded in fiqh bi'ah principles. By using ANP to integrate diverse stakeholder perspectives, the research provides valuable insights for sustainable and ethical management of PWFs resources, contributing to the literature on Islamic finance and business models.

Psychoacoustic assessment of automotive fan-systems

In the automotive industry, electrification trends worldwide are inducing an increase of noise sources emergences. This reinforces the acoustic assessment metrics and thresholds set by stakeholders to ensure acoustic comfort of car passengers and passersby. The main acoustic indicator, the overall Sound Pressure Level, is not relevant enough to depict pedestrian annoyance during exposure to fan-system noises. Currently, psychoacoustic assessment of these products is not systematic as the psychoacoustic metrics taken separately are not sufficient for sound quality ranking. In order to address this weakness, studies were performed by Valeo based on fan-system noise jury evaluations. It aims at providing a preference model consisting of an equation which combines several psychoacoustic metrics to assess fan-system noise annoyance; keeping in mind that Loudness -or overall SPL- high levels could mask underlying annoyances biasing its assessment. In a first step, the correlation between Overall SPL, Loudness and aeraulic power is highlighted based on standard benchmark test database. In a second step, since tonal noises affect the perceived annoyance, additional tonal metrics are analyzed versus Loudness, or acoustic classes. Tonality especially is then compared to other tonal criteria, before potential assessment of a preference model equation.

Never stop or never start? Optimal stopping under a mixture of CPT and EUT preferences

We consider the problem of finding the best time to stop a diffusion process for an agent with a preference model that is a mixture of expected utility theory (EUT) and cumulative prospect theory (CPT). In view of time-inconsistency, we consider two types of agents: a naive agent, who is not aware of the time-inconsistency and thus re-plans at every instant, and a sophisticated agent, who is aware of the time-inconsistency and takes a so-called intra-personal equilibrium strategy by correctly anticipating her actions in the future. We show that under a wide range of the CPT preference parameter values, the naive agent will never stop. For a sophisticated agent, we use a different notion of intra-personal equilibrium from the one employed by Ebert and Strack (2018). We show that any two-threshold strategy, which is to stop when the diffusion process reaches either an upper threshold or a lower threshold, cannot be an intra-personal equilibrium if the agent overweights worst, unlikely outcomes disproportionally. We derive a sufficient and necessary condition for the strategy of stopping everywhere to be an intra-personal equilibrium and show that this condition does not hold and thus the sophisticated agent may choose to start the diffusion process for some commonly used probability weighting functions.

Rupture behaviors of the southern Xianshuihe fault and seismicity around Mt. Gongga: Insights from the 2022 MW 6.6 Luding (China) earthquake sequence

The 2022 MW 6.6 Luding earthquake occurred on the Moxi segment of the Xianshuihe fault at the southeast margin of Tibetan Plateau, China. To assess the seismic potential of the Moxi segment, we examine the rupture process of the mainshock and aftershock sequence, along with historical seismicity. Our preferred slip model inverted from teleseismic body waves and regional GNSS static displacements shows a dominant southeastward rupture consisting of two distinct, prominent slip patches along strike extending by ∼15 km, with a peak slip of ∼2.8 m, approximately balancing the slip deficit since the last major earthquake in 1786. The northern section of the Moxi segment experienced minor coseismic slip, which, together with the significant slip deficits and positive Coulomb failure stress change induced by the 2022 mainshock indicates a high seismic potential. Several aftershock clusters are distributed along or near the Moxi segment, with strike-slip focal mechanisms around the downdip edge of the coseismic slip area at ∼8‐12 km. At the eastern flank of Mt. Gongga, another cluster of normal faulting aftershocks is located at shallower depths of ∼3‐7 km, with high seismicity rate over ∼9 months including two other M5 sequences in January and February 2023. Similar intense shallow normal faulting activity had occurred after the impoundment of the nearby Dagangshan reservoir in 2015. We speculate that some NW-SE trending normal faults were initially developed by the gravitational collapse of Mt. Gongga underneath the eastern flank, further weakened by fluid flow, as supported by the existence of hot springs and water impoundment, and reactivated by the tensional stress change induced by the 2022 mainshock. These results have important implications for assessing the seismic hazard in and around the Moxi segment, and the potential interplay between strike-slip fault and nearby mountain areas.

Views of nutrition needs in patients with systemic sclerosis.

Systemic sclerosis is a debilitating inflammatory condition synonymous with gastrointestinal symptoms which have the potential to impact dietary intake and nutritional status. This study aimed to describe symptoms experienced by patients with systemic sclerosis that may impact on dietary intake and assess nutrition education preferences in this cohort. A 24-item online qualitative and quantitative survey distributed via REDCap® was conducted in adult patients (aged ⩾18 years) living with systemic sclerosis and attending outpatient services at a single healthcare setting from January to March 2022. Data were collected on demographics, symptoms that may impact dietary intake, nutrition priorities and preferred nutrition education models. Data are mean ± standard deviation or number (%). Of 322 eligible patients, 156 (48%) participated (63 ± 12 years, 86% female, body mass index 27 ± 7 kg/m2). Most patients experienced gastrointestinal conditions (n = 123/155; 79%), which occurred daily in 26% (n = 40/155) of patients. A third of patients (n = 48/156; 31%) reported diet manipulation for symptom management. Recent weight loss was common (n = 36/154; 23% of patients). Less than a third of patients had seen a dietitian (n = 45; 29%), while 69% of patients (n = 107) desired dietetic consultancy. The preferred methods of consultation were written resources and face-to-face, respectively, and systemic sclerosis symptom management (n = 100; 64%) and losing weight (n = 53; 34%) were the most desired education topics reported. Gastrointestinal conditions are common and occur frequently in patients with systemic sclerosis. Patients want to engage with dietetics services to better manage symptoms via face-to-face consultations and written resources. These results will inform future dietetic service delivery.

Impact of drug incorporation into micelle on reduced griseofulvin and meloxicam permeation across a hollow fiber membrane

A hollow fiber membrane (HFM) was previously characterized as a potential permeation component of a dissolution/permeation system. Two objectives were to assess the impact of micellization on drug permeation across HFM and identify a preferred permeation model from three models: permeation from only free drug, permeation from both free drug and micelle-bound drug, and permeation with enhancement from micelle shuttling. HFM studies were conducted under unsaturated drug conditions, using griseofulvin and the more hydrophilic drug meloxicam, with and without surfactant [sodium lauryl sulfate, polysorbate 80, and polyoxyethylene (10) lauryl ether]. Griseofulvin was micelle incorporated to a greater extent than meloxicam, such that griseofulvin flux decreased to a greater extent than for meloxicam. The griseofulvin permeation model from only free drug was rejected, since griseofulvin flux required free drug to be about 5-20 fold higher in HFM flux studies than supported by solubility studies, depending on surfactant. Permeation from both free griseofulvin and micelle-bound griseofulvin successfully accommodated observed flux, where micelle permeability was about 5-fold lower than free drug permeability for HFM with 10KDa MWCO. Permeation with enhancement from micelle shuttling was not the preferred explanation, although the model accommodated flux data and provided aqueous boundary layer thicknesses similar to other setups.

Zebrafish as a model organism to study sporadic Alzheimer's disease: Behavioural, biochemical and histological validation

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global burden to the healthcare system with no viable treatment options till date. Rodents and primates have been extensively used as models for understanding AD pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. However, the focus is now shifting towards developing alternate models. Zebrafish is emerging as a preferred model for neurodegenerative conditions because of its simple nervous system, highly conserved genome and short duration required to model disease condition. The present study is aimed to develop streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model of sporadic AD (sAD) in zebrafish. STZ was administered to adult zebrafish (4–6 mo) at different doses (1 to 50 mg/kg body weight, intracerebroventricularly). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed time and dose dependent mortality in the zebrafish administered with STZ. Based on survival analysis, 1 to 10 mg/kg body weight of STZ was selected for behavioural, molecular and histological studies. STZ administered fish had anxiety and stress-like behaviour in novel tank and light/dark preference tests. STZ-induced cognitive and memory deficits assessed using novel object recognition and spatial alternation tests. Further, expression of markers of amyloidogenic pathway (appa and bace1) were increased in terms of mRNA and protein levels in a time and dose dependent manner following STZ administration. However, expression of non-amyloidogenic pathway mediator (adam10) was reduced at both mRNA and protein level. Histological assessment using hematoxylin and eosin, and Nissl stain revealed loss of neurons in STZ administered fish. The ratio of phosphor-tauser396/total-tau was increased in STZ administered fish. Based on these findings, 5 mg/kg body weight of STZ was found to be most appropriate dose to exhibit sAD phenotype. Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed the presence of amyloid beta oligomers in brains of STZ administered fish. Transmission electron microscopy also showed the presence of higher order insoluble amyloid fibrils with twists. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed amyloid beta deposits in brain of STZ administered fish. Golgi-cox staining indicated decreased number of dendrites, whereas microglia had increased density, span ratio, soma area and lacunarity. The results of the present study demonstrate presence of AD hallmarks and phenotype in zebrafish 7 days post STZ administration (5 mg/kg). The study validates the potential of STZ-induced sAD in zebrafish as a reliable model for studying pathophysiology and rapid screening of therapeutic molecules against sAD.

Research on Challenges and Strategies of Students' Adaptive Learning within AI

It's acknowledged that an adaptive e-learning system can be efficient for users to conduct personalized learning in which learners could choose appropriate content and preferred models based on artificial intelligence (AI) recommendations. Nowadays, the rapid development of adaptive platforms, fueled by the evolution of machine learning and AI, incontestably brings innovative potential to the educational field. However, there are many unavoidable challenges followed by the swift process of integrating AI and other technologies into adaptive learning practices. Through the extensive review of previous research on adaptive e-learning and comprehensive analysis of their prominent outcomes, the paper focuses on exploring the challenges of adaptive learning within AI that students are facing and proposing possible solutions. It's found that adaptive learning is mainly experiencing the challenges involving how to avoid data bias and protect personal privacy, making continuous evaluations of users, lack of emotion monitoring and technological support for both students and teachers and the technology integration and inequity. To deal with the increasing problems, some practical strategies are presented, such as properly governing data for learning management, conducting continuous evaluation and prediction for users, and visualizing cognition, which can be supportive of students' professional development in adaptive learning.