Preferred Medium Research Articles

The Role of Audience Segments on Media Consumption

The research aims to present the role of the media brand associations on media content consumption by Generation Z. Technological convergence and content distribution and accessibility via multi- platforms brought new patterns in media content consumption regarding volume, channel, device and time. Digitalisation and technology advancement brought utterly new aspects in media consumption. Due to accessibility, content is distributed and consumed via multiple platforms. Convergence between different demand and supply channels makes content consumption easier in the meantime; content supply becomes more cluttered with new media entering the market. Social network sites created new possibilities for content distribution, readership, branding. Content consumption on-demand and via multi-platforms bring not only possibilities for media brands but also challenges. Media brands should reinvent their branding strategies as content consumption via multi-platforms dilutes brand associations, and therefore more and more of the audience becoming indifferent to media brands and more focused on content experience. Jenkins (2008) referred that consumers content consumption behaviour now is mobile, non-linear, modular, and not device/outlet/platform dependent. The main impact of the increasing audience fragmentation, the development of distribution channels, and the advancement of technology that allows for time and platform shifting according to the audience's immediate needs all contribute to an environment where the value of media brand or channel branding is valued might be diminishing. For Generation Z, this behaviour is even more pronounced as they consume traditional media below average and prefer media content on online platforms, access online content via mobile devices, use social media more than other age groups and choose international media and social network platforms over local media content. Changes create difficulties for national media brands to attract and grow the future audience – Generation Z. This audience use less local media content, use less media content in their national language, and consume it via social media platforms. The author analyses the consumption trends of national media brands in Latvia and highlights the significant brand associations that positively impact media brand content consumption for a younger media audience. The research shows that the distinctive content seamless and appropriate content experience to each consumption platform positively influences and strengthens media brand associations and, therefore, increase media brand usage. The more the target audience feels connected, engaged and associated with the media brand community, the more it feels towards the media brand. Thus, the research confirms many scholars findings that audience becomes a significant part of media brand and interaction or content experience is crucial for building media brand associations.

English as the Medium of Instruction (EMI) in Undergraduate Engineering Programs

Contribution: This study examines the influence of English as the medium of instruction (EMI) in the engineering college of a public university in a non-native English-speaking country, Saudi Arabia. The study analyzes alumni grade-point average (GPA) records and their English proficiency levels at the first year according to their transcripts. Also, this research contributes to the literature through its analyses of the current students' attitudes, societal attitudes, and self-efficacy regarding students' preferred language of instruction. Background: This study seeks to fill a gap in the literature, as most studies on EMI policy focus on teaching approaches and interaction modes. Research Question: What is the effect of the EMI policy on the performances and attitudes of engineering students? Methodology: The research uses three instruments to collect data: 1) engineering college alumni records; 2) current student questionnaires; and 3) engineering instructor questionnaires. Findings: Students' English proficiency in their first-year correlates significantly with GPA, thus predicting the overall GPA upon completing their five-year programs. The results of the survey of the current students' attitudes correlate with their preferred medium of instruction. Most of the students prefer their native language, Arabic, as the language of instruction. However, the engineering instructor survey reveals that most instructors believe that the EMI policy does not affect students' abilities to participate in classroom activities and examinations. Thus, there is a contradiction between students' and instructors' perspectives. It is recommended that engineering program policymakers consider the contrast in students' and instructors' perspectives on EMI when designing programs.

Assessing error in human dental measurements: a comparison of resin casts, plaster casts, and dental enamel

Technical advances in 3D morphometrics and other forms of digital analysis allow for detailed measurements of dental metrics yet, consistently, dental anthropologists show a publishing preference for measurements using dental calipers. It is possible that this preference reflects the often complex field settings, wide global distribution of sample collections, or the simple fact that calipers are a relatively low maintenance and low cost technology. Similarly, in bioarchaeological studies, dental casts are often measured when field seasons or collections based trips do not allow ample time to measure the original teeth. As such, this study aimed to assess differences among measurements of plaster casts, resin casts, and dental enamel to determine if variables such as material softness could lead to measurement error. Results of a paired t-test demonstrate no statistically significant difference in dental measurements. Likewise, while plaster casts exhibited overall smaller mean (and individual) measurements than enamel and resin the differences (around 0.039 mm on average) are negligible. We, therefore, conclude that casts can be used in place of original teeth, where needed, and which material type is “best” can be determined by the researcher’s preferred medium.

Ensuring equity in access to online courses: Perspectives from the WHO health emergency learning response

AbstractThe World Health Organization's (WHO) open‐source learning platform, OpenWHO, allows diverse audiences worldwide to access self‐paced, asynchronous online courses based on WHO technical expertise and guidance. In addition, the platform emphasizes equitable access to learning by aiming to remove barriers. All OpenWHO courses are therefore provided free of charge and in low‐bandwidth friendly, downloadable, and offline formats. This paper explores differences in access to online learning across learner demographics, namely gender, country income status, and preferred language. The evidence presented is derived from surveys and statistical data extracted from the OpenWHO platform. It advocates for the importance of offering courses in non‐time‐bound formats that address the relevant diseases, outbreaks, and challenges of affected communities. Doing so is vital to ensure the broadest possible and most equitable access to learning, according to learners' availability and preferred media, languages, and health topics.

Effectiveness of structured education through social media to medical students

Background: Various advantages are advocated for Internet-based tools over in-person/print educational materials as these tend to curb certain barriers of communication. Social media can be used productively in improving knowledge of the mass. The present study was carried out with an aim to evaluate the effectiveness of structured educational programs through social media to medical college students. Methods: The present study was carried out as an uncontrolled before-after intervention study among students of fourth and sixth semester of a medical college in New Delhi. The study sample comprised 195 students for whom structured education materials on Disaster management and Pharmacovigilance were shared using social media platforms. Statistical Analysis: Data entry was done using MS Excel 2013 and Data Analysis using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 21.0. McNemar test was used to measure statistical significance between paired proportions and paired t-test was applied to test for difference in means. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 20.75 ± 1.2 years. The proportion of study participants who preferred receiving education material more than once a day increased from 33.5% at the beginning of study to 44.1% after the intervention (P < 0.001). Majority of the students stated Facebook as the most preferred media at the beginning (56.6%), and this increased to 96.3% at the end of intervention. Mean posttest scores of all study participants were found to significantly high as compared to that of pretest score with respect to the intervention subjects (7.9 ± 2.6–15 ± 2.6, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Learning materials in digital formats for medical education when shared through social media platforms positively influence the knowledge of the students. The preferences of students on type of social media platform for such learning activities are varied.

Salivary Menopausal Markers and Oral Health Status - A Hidden Hook Up.

Aim and Objectives:The aim of our study was to evaluate salivary estradiol and salivary calcium in postmenopausal women with varying degrees of oral dryness. The primary objective was to establish the interrelationship between salivary parameters and oral health status among menopausal women and compare the same with premenopausal women and normal controls.Materials and Methods:The study included 60 women Group I consisted of healthy menstruating women between 25 and 34 years of age. In Group II premenopausal women between 35 and 45 years of age were present and Group III consisted of menopausal women between 45 and 60 years of age. Unstimulated saliva was collected from the participants and estradiol analysis was done using ELISA method and calcium analysis was done using Arsenazo III reaction using colorimetric method. The oral health status in these patients was determined by using xerostomia score, Russell's periodontal score, and oral hygiene index. The values obtained were subjected to statistical analysis and the results were derived.Results:On oral examination, most of them had poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, and moderate to severe levels of xerostomia. Salivary estradiol levels were low and salivary calcium levels were high among postmenopausal women and as salivary estradiol levels decreased there was an increase in xerostomia scores and salivary calcium. And also as salivary calcium levels increased the periodontal disease scores increased. All parameters were within normal limits among healthy menstruating women.Conclusion:Saliva can be a preferred medium and an emerging alternative for serum to estimate estradiol and calcium levels. As a dentist, we have to educate them about the oral changes they will experience during menopause and emphasize its strong association between low estradiol levels. Oral hygiene instructions should be given for the maintenance of healthy periodontium. Menopausal women who experience severe postmenopausal symptoms can be identified and the dentist and gynecologist can work hand in hand to treat the symptoms of these women.

A Column generation approach for product targeting optimisation within the banking industry ORiON: Product Targeting Optimisation

Product targeting optimisation within the financial sector is becoming increasingly complex as optimisation models are being exposed to an abundance of data-driven analytics and insights generated from a host of customer interactions, statistical and machine learning models as well as new operational, business, and channel requirements. However, given the expeditious change in the data environment, it is evident that the product targeting formulation cited throughout the literature has not yet been updated to align with the realistic modeling dynamics required by financial institutions. In this paper, an enhanced product targeting formulation is proposed that incorporates a large set of new modeling constraints and input parameters to try and maximise the economic profit generated by a financial institution. The proposed formulation ensures that the correct product is offered to the desired customers at the best time of day through their preferred communication medium. To solve the foregoing product targeting formulation, a novel column generation approach is presented that is capable of reducing problem complexity and in turn allowing for significantly larger problems to be solved to global optimality within a reasonable time frame.

ICT usage by farm women: Access and preferences

Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy and women play an important role in it. The trends in global markets greatly influence the agricultural practices and decision making at local level which has transformed agriculture largely into an information driven enterprise. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) holds huge potential in dissemination of agriculture related information to rural masses for their capacity building. ICT has emerged as a major tool for rural development as it may effectively be used to address issues like agriculture, education, entertainment, health, animal health, news and many more. However, timely access to the critical information is a challenge for rural masses in general and rural women specifically due to various constraints. The present study was conducted in Ropar district of Punjab to examine the usage of various media means by rural women, factors affecting the access to information and their preference of ICT means for obtaining agricultural and non agricultural information. The results revealed that socio economic status of rural women has largely influenced their access to information. Further, mobile phone was the most preferred mean for accessing information by farm women irrespective of the land holding. However, television and radio were the two most preferred media means adopted by farm women to obtain agriculture and non agriculture related information. Appropriate training and awareness programmes should be promoted to farm women by using ICT tools.

COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Essential Public Health Services and Online Health Communication-Appalachian Kentucky, March-December 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic posed many challenges for local health departments (LHDs). This study examines how stay-at-home orders impacted the provision of essential public health services and subsequent increased use of online health communication by LHDs for rural populations in Appalachian Kentucky during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey to gather information about provision of essential public health services was administered to five LHDs representing 13 counties between June 2020 and December 2020. Additionally, demographic and health-outcome data from LHD, state health department, and CDC websites were reviewed, alongside health communications posted on LHD social media pages. Using these data, the authors conducted descriptive analyses to assess how essential public health services and health communications were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. In Appalachian Kentucky, limited internet access was identified by all LHDs as the most common barrier for clients of essential public health services. During stay-at-home orders, the use of telehealth increased participation rates for programs that support parents for optimal growth and development of children. Additionally, social media was the most preferred media source by all LHDs to communicate with the local population to promote health education. By using publicly available data and conducting interviews with LHDs, alongside examination of the health information they posted online, the study is able to characterize the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on providing essential public health services-successes and challenges. Expanding use of telehealth for essential public health services and increased access to online health communication improves access to care and information for rural populations in Appalachian Kentucky.

Impact of Social Media on Consumer Buying Behavior of Apparels with Special Reference to Satna (Madhya Pradesh)

Marketers have begun to sell their products using social media platforms as a consequence of the quick advances created by worldwide advertising routes, with Facebook being the most preferred medium of communication among all. The study's goal was to look at the impact of Facebook marketing on consumer clothes purchase intentions utilizing evidence from young individuals. The research primarily focused on determining Facebook's dominance as a social media communication platform and its influence on advertising. The majority of the companies want to expand their reach; however, Facebook users want a clean experience on the platform rather than pop-ups, web banners, and ads. Facebook marketing has been found to have both beneficial and bad effects on businesses and individuals. As a result, the focus was on determining the influence of Facebook marketing on customer purchasing intentions. Companies may assess the success of their advertising and make necessary improvements. To meet the aims of the study, a comprehensive survey was conducted, and the data were analysed using component factor analysis, regression analysis, and correlation coefficient. According to the findings of the analysis, the researchers were successful in achieving the stated goals of the study. In conclusion, it was discovered that, with the exception of E-WOM, there was a substantial link between independent and dependent variables. The most crucial elements in Facebook marketing are likes and shares. According to the findings, E-WOM was not a significant variable; however, researchers recommend focusing on E-WOM in order to convert this variable into a positive way to achieve better results; just as the previous studies have shown that E-WOM can have a significant impact on consumer purchase intent.

Natural regeneration in logging gaps of different sizes in Subri River Forest Reserve (Ghana)

Subri River Forest Reserve (SR) is the most extensive forest area in Ghana with an accompanying rich floral species. Over the years, logging from both legally prescribed and illegal operations remain the predominant forest disturbance in SR. Gap creation following logging is crucial in determining tree species composition and diversity. Hence, the study evaluated the composition and diversity of naturally regenerated tree species in logging gaps of different sizes and, again examined the roles of these tree species in fulfilling the economic and ecological agenda of sustainable forest management after logging in SR. Twelve gaps were randomly selected: 4 each were grouped into small size (≤ 200 m2), medium size (201–300 m2), and large size (≥ 300 m2). Data were gathered from 1 m2 circular area at gap centres and repeatedly inside 1 m width strip along 20 m individual N-S-E-W transects. Species diversity differed significantly between gap sizes. Higher diversity indices were measured in large size gaps. Gap sizes shared similar species. There were significant differences among various height groupings of tree species across all three gap sizes. Pioneers preferred medium to large size gaps, while shade-tolerant tree species preferred small size gaps for their abundance. Vulnerable and Lower Risk Near Threatened tree species under Conservation Status and, Premium and Commercial tree species under Utilisation Status preferred small size gaps for their proliferation and conservation. Therefore, we recommend the single tree-based selective logging for ensuring creations of small to medium size (200–300 m2) gaps through adjustments to the logging permit process, revision of Allocation Quota Permit, strict adherence to the 40-year polycyclic selection system, along with more dedicated enforcement and monitoring. Changes along these protocols would tremendously facilitate natural regeneration of different suites of timber species resulting in the improvement of the overall biodiversity conservation associated with the forest, more sustainable forest harvests and more income to those who receive permits.

An Analysis of Social Network Activities of College Students

The present exploratory study was taken up to know about the various social networking sites that students use and the type of information shared by them on them. WhatsApp emerged as the most preferred medium for sharing messages, photos, and videos. There was a significant difference between the use of social media networks and the content shared on them. Content related to music, cooking, and movies were watched on the top three social networking sites namely YouTube, WhatsApp, and Instagram. The study found a significant difference between watched social media networks. There exists a significant difference regarding the different contents watched on social media. A significant difference between watched and shared content in different social media networks was also established. The three most important advantages of social media as perceived by the students were convenience in keeping in touch with friends, ease to learn new technology, knowledge of various academic institutions for higher studies across the country. Three disadvantages indicated by the study group were less physical activity, cybercrime, and privacy issues.

Modified Genetic Algorithm for Feature Selection and Hyper Parameter Optimization: Case of XGBoost in Spam Prediction

Recently, spam on online social networks has attracted attention in the research and business world. Twitter has become the preferred medium to spread spam content. Many research efforts attempted to encounter social networks spam. Twitter brought extra challenges represented by the feature space size, and imbalanced data distributions. Usually, the related research works focus on part of these main challenges or produce black-box models. In this paper, we propose a modified genetic algorithm for simultaneous dimensionality reduction and hyper parameter optimization over imbalanced datasets. The algorithm initialized an eXtreme Gradient Boosting classifier and reduced the features space of tweets dataset; to generate a spam prediction model. The model is validated using a 50 times repeated 10-fold stratified cross-validation, and analyzed using nonparametric statistical tests. The resulted prediction model attains on average 82.32% and 92.67% in terms of geometric mean and accuracy respectively, utilizing less than 10% of the total feature space. The empirical results show that the modified genetic algorithm outperforms <i>Chi</i>² and <i>PCA</i> feature selection methods. In addition, eXtreme Gradient Boosting outperforms many machine learning algorithms, including BERT-based deep learning model, in spam prediction. Furthermore, the proposed approach is applied to SMS spam modeling and compared to related works.

Patterns of Internal Communication in the Implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) at Manufacturing Organisations

Organisations need to perform, productivity needs to be improved and organisations’ activities need to be more effective, especially after the world economic crisis due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the need for quality improvements is crucial in both manufacturing and service sectors. The main purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of internal communication patterns in TQM implementation in Malaysia's manufacturing organisations. This is a multiple case study done using qualitative in-depth interview technique of data collections with 14 informants representing five large manufacturing organisations. Open-ended questions in semi-structured interviews enabled informants to describe their answers based on themes. The study has been carried out in manufacturing organisations originating from three different continents; two Malaysian local organisations, two eastern and one western organizations, and all of them located in Malaysia. In selecting the informants, the study adopts a judgment type of purposive sampling techniques. Results show that the most preferable and reliable communication medium between superiors and subordinates is still face-to-face meetings, although we are in the era of technology and IR4.0. Meanwhile, telephones are popular among the administration staff. The preferable form of communication between internal-operational is formal, without denying that informal form ofl communication is also important. Keywords: Internal communication, organizational communication, multiple case study, systematic process analysis, TQM.

"Socio-Economic Status of Dairy Farmers in Bundelkhand Region: An Exploratory Study"

"Dairy is one of the prominent livelihoods for smallholder farmers across India. It plays a significant role in sustaining the rural livelihood and provides employment to 18 million people and nearly 70 percent of them are women. It acts as an alternative source of income for the farm family. The study was conducted in Banda district of Uttar Pradesh with the objectives to study the socio-economic status of dairy farmers. The sample size of 160 dairy farmers was randomly selected for the study and data were collected through personal interview method during 2019-20. A multi-stage random sampling technique was adopted for the study. Banda consists of eight blocks, out of which two blocks were selected randomly viz. Badokhar Khurd &amp; Tindwari. Four villages were selected randomly from each selected block to constitute a total of eight villages and 20 Dairy farmers were selected from each selected village. Majority of respondents were from the middle age group within the range of 34-54 years and most of them were less educated. It was observed that most of the respondents had marginal landholding with medium annual income ranging between 1 lakh to 3 lakh rupees. It was reported from the study that the majority of the respondents had a joint and large family with most of them having Kaccha housing patterns. Most of the respondents were involved in dairy &amp; wage-earning with a medium level of herd size (3-5). It is reported from the study that the majority of the respondents preferred medium mass media utilization &amp; don’t had membership of any organization."

A mixed-methods study of the incidental acquisition of foreign language vocabulary and healthcare knowledge through serious game play

While the study of serious games has received due attention, few studies have investigated their potentials of simultaneously offering a route to both content and language acquisition. Understanding the interdisciplinary educational affordance of serious game play is significant, as it might provide game designers and teachers with insight into how to best design and implement serious games. In our study, the serious game Saving Lives was used to teach healthcare knowledge and English vocabulary to Iranian nursing students in an experimental group (N = 80), while control group students were taught healthcare knowledge and English vocabulary using traditional methods (N = 80). Using a mixed-methods approach (pre- and post-tests, an open- and closed-ended questionnaire), intentional content learning, incidental vocabulary acquisition, and learners’ perceptions of digital game play were investigated. Results showed statistically significant improvement in participants’ healthcare knowledge and incidental vocabulary acquisition in the experimental group compared to the control group. Vocabulary and content knowledge gains in the experimental group were the result of students’ positive attitudes toward game play, the multimodal contextual clues provided during game play, and repetitive exposure to target words in the game instructions. Using serious games to integrate content and language teaching for specific purposes, such as nursing, was found to be both a viable option for teachers and a preferable medium for fostering students’ learning and engagement.

Gravitation

Gravitation: Modes of Reading in the Anthropocene In this article, I suggest ‘gravitation’ as a new way of reading in and for the anthropocene, which is characterised by environmentally destructive ‘social acceleration’. This reading practice would imply two things: First, that representations of the natural environment take a primary position in relation to the characters in many genres, including those where nature so far has been read as a highly conventional construction. It also involves acknowledging that ultimately, characters are positioned by the physical environment in these genres, as characters, in one way or the other, can never exist unrelated to the environment that encompass and cut through them. These genres I suggest be called ‘gravitating genres’. Second, and in a similar fashion, I suggest the term ‘gravitating reading’ to denote reading of physical books, which in this context becomes a highly preferred medium. This term partly coincides with that of ‘deep reading’ suggested by Mangen, but in addition, it also recognizes the dependency of both the reader and the medium on the natural environment. Together, these two practices amount to, I suggest, nothing less than a mutually sustainable economy of reading.

Dynamic Process Simulation of a Molten-Salt Energy Storage System

The main objective of this work was the construction of a numerical model using Advanced Process Simulation Software to represent the dynamic behaviour of a thermal storage system (TSS). The storage model was validated by comparing the results with the measured data of the storage process of the Andasol 2 solar power plant. Subsequently, a system analysis and system optimisation were carried out, and the stand-alone concept of the thermal storage system is presented. Stand-alone refers to an isolated use of the storage system without a solar power plant. During power peaks, this storage medium is heated with excess electrical power and later returned to the electrical grid through a steam cycle. Then, the system was optimised by modelling four models based on the type of storage medium and the temperature difference of the storage system. The four models, Andasol 2, SSalt max, Hitec, and Carbonate, were evaluated and compared in terms of the improvement in capacity and efficiency that can be achieved. The comparison shows that the preferred storage medium is carbonate salt due to the increases in both efficiency and capacity. The greatest increase in efficiency in terms of power generation can also be achieved with the Carbonate model (18.2%), whereas the amount of increase was 9.5% and 7.4% for each of SSalt max and Hitec, respectively. The goal of this analysis and system optimisation of a thermal salt storage system is to stabilise and relieve the local power grid.

Deep-Water Circulation over the Last Two Glacial Cycles Reconstructed from Authigenic Neodymium Isotopes in the Equatorial Indian Ocean (Core HI1808-GPC04)

We reconstructed the past deep-water character of the equatorial Indian Ocean using the isotope ratio of neodymium (εNd) in the Fe–Mn coating of mixed-species foraminifera. When compared with previous εNd records at the same site (ODP 758) and at another site to the west (SK 129), the three datasets were consistent and showed glacial-interglacial variations, even though the other two records were extracted from different media (cleaned foraminifera and bulk sediment leach). This confirms that while the foraminiferal coating is the preferred medium for reconstructing past bottom water εNd records, for carbonate-dominated lithologies, weak acid extraction of bulk sediment is also a viable option offering high-resolution capabilities. When the lithology includes volcanic particles or high organics, the extraction protocol may need to be adjusted to guard against detrital contamination or a slight correction may need to be applied. During glacials, the deep waters bathing the equatorial Indian Ocean had a larger AABW component and during interglacials a larger NADW component. Our HI1808-GPC04 record supplements the ODP 758 record in the interval with prominent AABW signal (MIS 6/5 transition and MIS 7) and reveals regional effects in some non-radiogenic intervals. The smaller differences between the HI1808-GPC04/ODP 758 and SK 129 records seem to reflect regional Nd input from river systems and non-radiogenic Nd from the boundaries.

The Profession of YouTuber: Ethics in the Islamic Economics’ Perspective

One of the phenomenal businesses and professions in the world in the millennial digital world is as a YouTuber who can provide very promising benefits. Therefore, as a neutral, strategic, and preferred media, YouTuber videos have their important points that apart from being land for business. The objective of this research is to provide an understanding of the ethics of the YouTuber profession from the Islamic economics perspective. This research applies library research. The result shows that YouTube can be used as a means of conveying messages while remaining committed to the following Islamic ethics business, are: First, the video content is legal, lawful, and does not contain contradictory content in Islamic values, such as non-educational and other unsuitable content. The criteria for services being “traded” is lawful and valuable. Second, the products and advertising content in the video are halal and legal. These contents do not market products non-halal ads, conventional financial institutions, liquor, illegal goods, products that damage health, and products that destroy children's morals. Third, clarity of rights and obligations between the parties, including a YouTuber as a service seller and a company as a buyer of services carried out according to the agreement. Besides, there are other Islamic business ethics, namely: 1) principle of monotheism teaches that everything must reflect faith in Allah SWT and is responsible for all human actions including economic and business activities. 2) principle of justice teaches humans in every activity must be fair, both to themselves and others. Third, the principle of responsibility teaches that in every human activity, there is accountability to Allah SWT. Fourth, the principle of freedom teaches that every human has the freedom to choose and determine everything. Humans are given free will to control their lives alone, but must not ignore the fact that he is completely required by the law of God. Fifth, honesty and truth. Every activity, no matter how small, the activities carried out can be seen properly and feel good for others.