Preferred Grain Research Articles

Superior haplotypes towards development of low glycemic index rice with preferred grain and cooking quality

Increasing trends in the occurrence of diabetes underline the need to develop low glycemic index (GI) rice with preferred grain quality. In the current study, a diverse set of 3 K sub-panel of rice consisting of 150 accessions was evaluated for resistant starch and predicted glycemic index, including nine other quality traits under transplanted situation. Significant variations were noticed among the accessions for the traits evaluated. Trait associations had shown that amylose content possess significant positive and negative association with resistant starch and predicted glycemic index. Genome-wide association studies with 500 K SNPs based on MLM model resulted in a total of 41 marker-trait associations (MTAs), which were further confirmed and validated with mrMLM multi-locus model. We have also determined the allelic effect of identified MTAs for 11 targeted traits and found favorable SNPs for 8 traits. A total of 11 genes were selected for haplo-pheno analysis to identify the superior haplotypes for the target traits where haplotypes ranges from 2 (Os10g0469000-GC) to 15 (Os06g18720-AC). Superior haplotypes for RS and PGI, the candidate gene Os06g11100 (H4-3.28% for high RS) and Os08g12590 (H13-62.52 as intermediate PGI). The identified superior donors possessing superior haplotype combinations may be utilized in Haplotype-based breeding to developing next-generation tailor-made high quality healthier rice varieties suiting consumer preference and market demand.

Lattice Strain Relaxation and Grain Homogenization for Efficient Inverted MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells.

The lattice strain of a perovskite film is vital to the controllable growth and charge transport in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, a lead chloride (PbCl2) assisted crystallization (LCAC) protocol is introduced for releasing the strain across the interface of a NiOx/perovskite, which induces a preferred (h00) crystal plane growth and grain homogenization. PSCs with LCAC show a facilitated charge extraction and suppressed nonradiative recombination. Thanks to the controlled film growth and strain-released interface, the inverted MAPbI3 (MA = methylammonium) PSC devices with LCAC deliver a power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 20% with a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 23.60 mA cm-2, which is obviously higher than that of the control device with a PCE of 18.36% and a Jsc of 21.74 mA cm-2. Meanwhile, the LCAC devices maintain 80% of their initial efficiency after being exposed to an ambient atmosphere with a relative humidity of 40% over 1000 h in the dark.

Study on the formation and competitive growth mechanism of stray grains during spiral grain selector of nickel-based single crystal superalloy

Microstructure evolution and competitive grain growth in the spiral part of a single crystal sample whose crystal orientation deviating from the axial direction was analyzed. The results showed that the appearance of stray grains in the spiral part and the elimination of the originally preferred orientation grains by the competitive growth of stray grains are the reasons for the single-crystal orientation deviation defect. It was indicated that stray grains tend to nucleate at the initial stage of crystal selection in the spiral part. The inclined temperature gradient in the spiral part promoted the development of stray grains, whose growth direction was closer to the direction of the heat flow. Stray grains maintained the competitive growth in the spiral part, and a single crystal with the orientation deviated from the expected direction of 〈001〉 is formed.

Characterization of interfacial structure for low-temperature direct bonding of Si substrates sputtered with Ag nanotwinned films

In this study, low-temperature AgAg direct bonding was achieved at 150–250 °C in 10–60 min by using high (111)-preferred orientation films with densely-packed nanotwins fabricated by magnetron sputtering process. The focused ion beam (FIB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed great bonding interfaces with almost no voids. The top-view electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) results indicated that the grains on the surface before bonding were almost 100% (98.4%) (111)-preferred orientation grains, which provided a rapid path for diffusion. High thermal stability was observed, for the twin thickness remained unchanged after bonding at various temperatures. The bonding technique shows great potential for application in MEMS, optoelectronics, transducers, heat-sensitive components and 3D IC interconnections.

Evolution of Microstructural Properties in Sheared Iron‐Rich Olivine

AbstractIron‐rich olivine is mechanically weaker than olivine of mantle composition, ca. Fo90, and thus is more amenable to study under a wide range of laboratory conditions. To investigate the effects of iron content on deformation‐produced crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) and grain size, we analyzed the microstructures of olivine samples with compositions of Fo70, Fo50, and Fo0 that were deformed in torsion under either anhydrous or hydrous conditions at 300 MPa. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) observations reveal a transition in CPO from D‐type fabric, induced by dislocation glide on both the (010)[100] and the (001)[100] slip systems, at low strains, to A‐type fabric, caused by dislocation glide on the (010)[100] slip system, at high strains for all of our samples, independent of iron content and hydrous/anhydrous conditions. A similar evolution of fabric with increasing strain is also reported to occur for Fo90. Radial seismic anisotropy increases with increasing strain, reaching a maximum value of ∼1.15 at a shear strain of ∼3.5 for each sample, demonstrating that the seismic anisotropy of naturally deformed olivine‐rich rocks can be well approximated by that of iron‐rich olivine. Based on EBSD observations, we derived a piezometer for which recrystallized grain size decreases inversely with stress to the ∼1.2 power. Also, recrystallized grain size increases with increasing iron content. Our experimental results contribute to understanding the microstructural evolution in the mantle of not only Earth but also Mars, where the iron content in olivine is higher.

Chromite‐bearing quartzite in the southern fringe of Singhbhum Craton around Ghutrigaon, Eastern India: Petrogenetic implication

The chromite mineralization in the southern fringe of the Singhbhum Craton around Ghutrigaon, Dhenkanal district, Odisha, Eastern India shows a unique nature of occurrence. The structural features, mineral assemblage, and spinel composition are different from the two well‐known Sukinda and Boula‐Nuasahi chromite deposits occurring within the mafic/ultramafic complex in Odisha. The chromite‐bearing quartzite from Ghutrigaon shows typical sedimentary features, such as colour banding, cross‐bedding, broomsticks, and slump structures and is closely associated with large volumes of volcanic tuff. The chromite‐bearing quartzite contains major quartz and chromite along with minor accessories such as fuchsite, chromian muscovite, chromphyllite, chromceladonite, chromechalcedony, rutile, and zircon. Detailed mineralogical, textural, and spinel compositional analysis support to its detrital origin having been derived from a volcanic source. The Cr‐spinel composition shows very low Mg‐number (0.01–0.04) and high Cr‐number (0.69–0.79) in contrast to chrome ores from different localities of India. The EPMA results when plotted in various established discrimination diagrams show a distinctly different domain, indicating that these are affected by a pro‐grade metamorphic event. Our study shows that the Ghutrigaon chromite ore owes a mixed origin where chromite detritus from a volcanic provenance (island arc to intra‐plate terrain) got deposited along with terrestrially derived silica‐rich clastics. Paucity in magnesium content in the spinel may be the result of replacement of Mg by Fe2+ due to compositional re‐equilibration during metamorphism. Grain coarsening took place at the onset of metamorphism. The volcaniclastics added to the arenaceous sediment gave rise to different Al‐silicate minerals. The chrome‐content in most of these minerals is attributed to redistribution of Cr through solid‐state diffusion during metamorphism. Rutile and Zircon detritus are considered as continental input. The presence of Zn, Mn, and Ni in the chrome spinel is most likely contributed by the precursor rock. The formation of large idioblastic chromite grains, preferred grain orientation, band development, elevated values of some elements in the spinel, Zn in particular attest to their formation under low‐grade regional metamorphism (greenschist facies).

Laser powder bed fusion of nano-CaB6 decorated 2024 aluminum alloy

The 2024 aluminum alloy (Al-Cu-Mg) is widely used in aerospace; however, due to its solidification-cracking tendency, its processability using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) remains a critical issue. The addition of 2 wt% CaB6 nanoparticles induces a columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET), resulting in an immediate improvement in LPBF processability. High-density (>99.5%) and crack-free specimens, with a homogeneous equiaxed microstructure and without preferred grain orientation, were obtained. The small average α-Al grain size of 0.91 ± 0.32 µm is attributed to the similar lattice constants of Al and CaB6 facilitating Al nucleation on CaB6 nanoparticles, resulting in a highly coherent Al/CaB6 interface. CaB6 nanoparticles act as heterogeneous nucleus and exert a pinning force on the grain boundaries, which reduces grain coarsening. The as-built specimens exhibit both high-yield strength (348 ± 16 MPa) and high-tensile strength (391 ± 22 MPa), combined with a high total elongation at break (12.6 ± 0.6%). The macro hardness amounts to 132 ± 4 HV5.

Effect of Water Environment on Fatigue Behavior in X80 High Strength Steel CO2 Arc Welding Welded Joint

Fatigue life tests and fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) tests in the air and water environment were conducted on X80 pipeline steel welded joints (welded by CO2 arc welding). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were utilized to investigate the internal influential mechanisms of the water environment during fatigue crack initiation and propagation stages, respectively. Results show that a great many oxide particles induced by the water environment gradually formed the fatigue crack initiation site and decreased fatigue life of welded joints. Meanwhile, the preferred grain orientation of <001>//ND and CSL boundaries of Σ3, Σ11, Σ13c, Σ17b, Σ25a, and Σ25b are both prone to fatigue propagation when loading in the water environment. In addition, a coalescence of the stress intensity factor (SIF) range and water environment accelerated FCGR by motivating secondary slip systems of {112}<111> and {123}<111> in bcc crystalline structures.

Lipopolysaccharide does not alter behavioral response to successive negative contrast in mice.

Reduced motivation is one of the main symptomatic features of inflammation-induced depression. However, the exact nature of inflammation-induced alterations in motivation remains to be fully defined. As inflammation has been shown to increase sensitivity to negative stimuli, the present series of experiments was initiated to determine whether systemic inflammation induced by infra-septic doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice influences consummatory and instrumental responding to successive negative contrast. Successive negative contrast was operationally defined by a shift to a lower value reward than the one mice were trained with. Mice were trained to drink a high sucrose concentration solution and exposed to an acute shift to a lower concentration of sucrose. In another series of experiments, mice were trained to nose poke for chocolate pellets according to a fixed reinforcement schedule 10 (10 nose pokes for the food reinforcement) and exposed to a shift to a lower reward value (decreased number of chocolate pellets or replacement of chocolate pellets by less preferred grain pellets). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered at the dose of 0.33 1 mg/kg 24 h before the shift. Mice trained to drink a high sucrose concentration responded to the shift in reward value by a reduction in the volume of sucrose consumed and a decrease in lick numbers and bout durations. Mice trained to nose poke for chocolate pellets responded to the shift by alterations in their total number of nose pokes. In both conditions, LPS had no consistent effect on the response to the shift in reward value. These findings indicate a high variability in the effects of LPS on successive negative contrast and fail to provide evidence in favor of the hypothesis that LPS increases sensitivity to decreases in expected rewards.

Preference of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults to grain patches under constant and rising temperatures

Heat treatment, an environmental friendly insect control method, has been applied to disinfest grain storage and food processing facilities. Movement of Tribolium confusum adults into grain piles (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 kg oat groats) was investigated at constant temperatures (30, 35, 37.5, 40, 45, or 50 °C) or rising temperatures (at a rate of 0.05 °C/min from 24 to 54 °C in laboratory, or from approximately 30 to 60 °C in a mill during a heat treatment). Adults moved among locations, paper surface, surface of grain pile and inside grain pile. There was preference for the grain at ≤37.5 °C. No single adult always stayed inside grain piles at 30 °C. At rising temperatures, adults preferred grain piles (on the surface of or inside grain piles) and moved into cold grain regardless of adult introduction methods (introduced on surface of groats piles, on paper, or premixed with groats). Rising temperatures did not drive adults out of grain piles during heat treatment.

244 Algae taste preference of Chlorella sp. from dairy wastewater by weaned dairy calves

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the taste preference of calves fed Chlorella sp. microalgae produced from dairy lagoon wastewater. The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, MN, dairy during May 2019. Six Holstein and crossbred dairy heifer calves were fed 0 (control), 30, and 60 g of Chlorella sp. daily in a sequential elimination study. For the 7-d experiment, day 1 to 2 were for diet adaptation and day 3 to 4 were for data collection. During the final 3 days, the primarily consumed treatment was removed to determine the second preferred treatment. The microalgae used in this study was isolated from the dairy wastewater lagoon. The microalgae biomass was produced using outdoor hanging bag bioreactors with Chlorella sp. to recycle the dairy wastewater. The biomass was sterilized and kept frozen at -4°C until fed to calves. Calves were housed individually in hutches with outdoor access under solar panels, with free-choice water. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was calculated to rank the consumption of the treatments from most to least preferred using JMP 14.3 statistical software. Pairwise comparisons and Tukey adjustment were applied to evaluate the difference between the treatments for total intake. Calves consumed more (P < 0.05) dry matter from control grain (3.4 kg/d) compared to 30 g microalgae grain (2.42 kg/d) and 60 g microalgae grain (1.56 kg/d) during the first 2-d period. During the second 2-d (d 3 and 4) segment, dry matter intake was reduced (P < 0.05) for the 60 g microalgae treatment compared to the control and 30 g microalgae treatment. Five of six calves in this study always ranked the control treatment first (P < 0.05) when given a choice, and ranked the 30 g microalgae second choice. Results indicated that microalgae maybe added to calf starter grains without any adverse effects; however, calves preferred calf starter grains without microalgae.

The synergistic effects of ultrafine grains and nano-size Cu-rich precipitates on the mechanical properties of DP steels

Simultaneous improvement in strength and ductility has always been a major concern for ferrite/martensite dual-phase (DP) steels. To this end, the synergistic effects of ultrafine grains and nano-size Cu-rich precipitates on the mechanical properties of DP steels were studied using an experimental method combined with first-principles calculations and crystal plasticity (CP) simulations. Ultrafine-grained DP steels consisting of soft ferrite, with an approximately 10% volume fraction of martensite and dispersed nano-sized Cu-rich precipitates, were obtained through warm rolling and subsequent aging heat treatment. Compared to warm deformation with a 50% reduction, that with a 75% reduction leads to finer grains and a higher tensile strength of 976 ± 15 MPa, accompanied by a small loss in elongation due to the aligned connection of the martensite phase, preferred grain orientation distribution, and relatively higher dislocation density. The optimal mechanical properties are a yield strength of 876 ± 13 MPa, tensile strength of 976 ± 15 MPa and total elongation of 15.2%. The CP simulation results indicate that the heterogeneous distribution of martensite leads to strong strain and stress partitioning, thus facilitating early damage nucleation. Additionally, the strengthening effect of precipitation was evaluated based on shearing mechanisms, and the results suggest that the precipitation of nano Cu-rich precipitates contributes to a strengthening of approximately 300 MPa in the steels.

Atomic structure and grain shape evolution of nanodiamond during annealing in oxidizing atmosphere from neutron diffraction and MD simulations

Real space pair-distribution function (PDF) analysis in conjunction with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations was applied to characterize crystal structure, shape and surface structure of diamond nanoparticles annealed in air up to 880 °C. MD simulated models of individual nanodiamond particles of various shapes and sizes were used to calculate theoretical radial distribution functions G(r) for powders with different grain size distributions. The calculated curves, showing distinct differences for the explored parameter space, were compared to the experimental G(r) functions obtained from neutron scattering for annealed detonated nanodiamond samples in a search for a model best describing the actual powders. It was found that as-synthesized nanodiamond grains are terminated by equally abundant (100), (110) and (111) crystallographic faces and their structure does not change upon annealing in air up to 280 °C. The shape and size of grains annealed above 480 °C changes due to surface etching. The etching rate differs between crystals faces and depends on temperature, resulting in the observed differences in grain shape. Below 680 °C the share of the (110) facets gradually increases and at 680 °C the grains become rhombic dodecahedra terminated solely by (110) surfaces. Further increase of the annealing temperature promotes formation of (111) surfaces and at 880 °C the preferred grain shape becomes an octahedron terminated by a variant of (111) surfaces possessing three dangling sp3 bonds per atom. At lower temperatures all grains become smaller and the size distribution moves towards the lower values. As the annealing temperature increases, the smallest grains disappear entirely and the average grain size grows back.

Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application on Growth, Yield, and Grain Quality of Rice

Nutrient management and fertilizer application are influential elements for high yield and preferred grain quality. Negligible information is available regarding fertilizer application in the paddy fields in Afghanistan. This research elucidates the efficacy of different fertilizers’ application on growth attributes, yield potential, and grain quality of rice. The treatments included the traditional application rate of nitrogen and phosphorus (RD), animal manure (AM), animal manure with 50% nitrogen and phosphorus of the traditional application rate (AMRD), sawdust (SD), and sawdust with 50% nitrogen and phosphorus of the traditional application rate (SDRD). Growth parameters, grain yield and its components, physicochemical properties, and morphological observation using scanning electron microscopy were recorded. The results revealed that the greatest panicle number, spikelet number, and grain yield were recorded in AMRD and SDRD treatments. Both AMRD and SDRD treatments increased the percentage of protein, amylose, and lipid contents, as well as the percentage of perfect grain compared to the RD treatment. Rice grain in RD treatment had very few protein bodies and their traces (pits), as well as the formation of amyloplasts and starch granules, were normal. However, AMRD and SDRD increased the number of protein bodies and their pits in the rice endosperm. The shapes of the amyloplasts were round and polyhedral with diverse sizes. Starch granules were polygonal with sharply defined edges. This research encourages farmers to adopt the combined application of manures and fertilizers to decrease the dependence on inorganic fertilizers.

Effects of deformation parameters on microstructure and texture of Mg–Zn–Ce alloy

Abstract Compression tests were performed on the Mg–6Zn–0.5Ce (wt.%) alloy using a Gleeble–1500 thermo- mechanical simulator testing system at temperatures of 250, 300, 350 °C and strain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 s−1. The microstructure and texture evolution of the Mg–6Zn–0.5Ce alloy during hot compression were investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The results showed that Zener–Hollomon parameters obtained from the deformation processes had a significant effect on the dynamic recrystallization and texture of the Mg–6Zn–0.5Ce alloy. The fraction of undynamically recrystallized (unDRXed) regions increased, and the dynamically recrystallized (DRXed) grain size decreased with increasing the Zener–Hollomon parameters. The texture intensity of the DRXed regions was weaker compared with that in the unDRXed regions, which resulted in a sharper texture intensity in the samples deformed with higher Zener–Hollomon parameters. The increase in recrystallized texture intensity was related to preferred grain growth.

Marker-assisted identification of potential fertility restorers for the development of three-line hybrids in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice being a staple food crop of Kashmir valley, the focus is on enhancement of yield in order to meet the needs of ever-growing population.Identification of new parental lines is crucial for developing ecology-specific hybrids with ideal agronomic performance. Exploitation of heterosis in the form of hybrid rice technology can be one of the approaches to increase productivity in this crop, especially exploiting diversity among japonica lines can serve as an excellent route.A number of CMS lines suitable formountainous areas of Kashmir have been developed, however, the availability of promising restorer lines remains to be the major limitation for utilization of these lines.Identification of potential restorers acts as the main limiting factor for hybrid development in the Kashmir valley. Marker based screening for Rf3 and Rf4 fertility restorer genes can be helpful in rapid selection of restorer lines while dealing with the large quantity of genetic materials. In the present study, 100 rice germplasm were screened with the help of SSR markers, RM3148 and RM6100linked to Rf3 and Rf4 genes on chromosome 1 and 10, respectively. In total, 19 lines revealed the presence of both Rf3 and Rf4 genes. These lines amplified fertility restorer specific alleles for both the genes and may serve as potential restorers for obtaining heterotic rice hybrids. Further the germplasm lines were also evaluated for yield and quality traits.The present results would help in selection of suitable restorers along with preferred grain shape/size.

Optimizing for IC10 single crystal Ni3Al-based alloy joint by electron beam welding with chemical composition controlling

Due to severe cracking tendency in IC10 single crystal Ni3Al-base alloy jointed by electron beam welding, the solidification crack in the IC10 alloy weldment is detrimental for crucial applications in industry. In this paper, the cracking mechanism in the IC10 alloy joint was investigated, and a perfect joint without any crack is obtained by controlling chemical composition in weld, which microhardness is equivalent to the IC10 alloy and tensile strength is up to 900 MPa reaching 1.5 times of the IC10 alloy. The cracking initiation is derived from the liquid film of low melting point precipitated phase-Ta2C along grain boundary under welding stress during solidification. With chemical composition controlling that a 0.4 mm Inconel718 alloy layer is deposited by electron beam freeform fabrication on the welding path before welding, the finer high melting point NbC phases replacing Ta2C phases is precipitated along grain boundary, and the preferred orientation slender columnar grain containing with a multitude of deformation twins is formed in weld, which can reduce the number and proportion of high angle grain boundary, attributing to the elimination of solidification cracks and the enhancement of tensile strength.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a TiB2-modified Al–Cu alloy processed by laser powder-bed fusion

In this work, crack-free samples with a relative density of 99.5 ± 0.1% were produced from a gas-atomized Al–Cu–Ag–Mg–Ti–TiB2 powder via laser powder-bed fusion. The homogeneous equiaxed microstructure without preferred grain orientation shows the α-Al grains’ mean size to be 0.64 μm ± 0.26 μm TiB2 particles with sizes of several tens of nm up to 1.5 μm were observed in the as-built component. Small TiB2 particles of up to approx. 200 nm are located within the α-Al grains, which show a semi-coherent interface to the α-Al phase. Larger TiB2 particles of up to 1.5 μm accumulate in the liquid between the growing α-Al grains during solidification and inhibit grain growth. Al2Cu phase is precipitated at the α-Al grain boundaries. Coarse Al2Cu precipitates, which are slightly enriched with silver and magnesium, are also observed within the grains preferentially precipitated on small pores and TiB2 particles. The novel fine-grained microstructure results in the as-built state in a tensile strength of 401 ± 2 MPa and total elongation at fracture of 17.7 ± 0.8%.

Multifunctional Self-Combustion Additives Strategy to Fabricate Highly Responsive Hybrid Perovskite Photodetectors.

To resolve the inherent trade-off issue between responsivity and detectivity in FA0.9Cs0.1PbI3 perovskite photodetectors, this paper proposes a novel strategy using multifunctional self-combustion additives (urea and ammonium nitrate). During the early stages of crystallization, urea allows for the formation of a strong Lewis complex-derived low-dimensional intermediate phase; this suppresses the formation of perovskite nuclei, while ammonium ions assist the preferred grain growth along the [110] direction. During the high-temperature annealing steps, a self-combusting exothermic reaction occurs between urea as a fuel and NH4NO3 as an oxidizer, through which a locally supplied heat facilitates the removal of residual urea and byproducts. These multifunctional roles of self-combustible additives facilitate the production of high-quality, enlarged grain-structured perovskite films with improved optoelectronic properties, as confirmed by various analyses, including impedance spectroscopy and intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy. The resulting FA0.9Cs0.1PbI3-based photodiode-type photodetectors exhibit outstanding performance, such as a high responsivity (0.762 A W-1) and specific detectivity (over 5.08 × 1013 Jones) at a very low external reverse bias (-0.5 V). Our findings clearly suggest that the multifunctional self-combustion additives strategy could help realize the full potential of FA1-xCsxPbI3 as a photodiode-type photodetector.

Electrochemical aspects of zinc oxide electrodeposition on Ti6Al4V alloy

Zinc oxide has become one of the most popular metal oxides in biological applications, however, the development of an efficient coating process remains a challenge since control of deposition parameters plays a significant role. In this study, electrodeposition of zinc oxide from zinc nitrate bath on Ti6Al4V substrate has been studied. The effect of substrate surface preparation, applied potential, and bath temperature on surface morphology and grain orientation of deposits were evaluated. Various morphologies including spherical, worm-like, nanoflakes, and flower-like were obtained by changing the potential and temperature. Unlike the surface preparation of the substrate, the temperature and potential had a significant effect on the grain orientation of the coatings; grain orientation of deposits changed from polygonal to basal by increasing temperature and potential. According to electrochemical analysis, at lower temperatures, the initial nucleation and growth of zinc oxide occur through the formation of zinc hydroxide precursor. In contrast, the zinc oxide directly nucleates at higher temperatures without formation of intermediate zinc hydroxide. Because of this different electrodeposition mechanism, a preferred (10.0) grain orientation was obtained at lower temperatures, while (00.2) grain orientation was intensified at high temperatures.