Preference Research Articles

La tutela del derecho a la no discriminación de los trabajadores de edad avanzada en el contexto español y de la Unión Europea

La edad constituye un factor de discriminación respecto del que, en ocasiones, el afectado no es ni tan siquiera consciente, probablemente como consecuencia de “valores” asumidos socialmente, que hay que combatir. El hecho de que, en el caso español, la Constitución no mencione expresamente a la edad como causa de discriminación, y de que, en el ámbito de la Unión Europea, no fuese hasta el año 2000 cuando apareció la Directiva 2000/78/CE sobre igualdad de trato en el empleo y la ocupación, prohibiendo la discriminación por motivos entre otros, de edad, pueden haber contribuido a generar esa percepción social.La discriminación por razón de edad en el ámbito laboral se ha venido manifestando fundamentalmente en los momentos de inicio y fin del contrato de trabajo. En el primer caso, exigiendo una edad máxima para el acceso al empleo. En el segundo, estableciendo criterios o preferencias fundados en la edad para determinar la extinción del contrato de trabajo o, incluso, la salida del mercado laboral. Ambos aspectos constituyen el objeto de este estudio que incidirá no solamente en la presentación y estudio de las conductas discriminatorias, sino también en los mecanismos su reparación.

Factors driving self-medication with antimicrobials in Karaikal, Puducherry, India

Aims: To determine factors driving individuals to self medicate with antimicrobials and to ascertain the prevalence and practice of consumption of nonprescribed antimicrobials in Karaikal district of union territory of Puducherry, India. Materials and Methods: A structured, validated questionnaire was used to collect data from 504 patients and their relatives visiting the General Hospital, Karaikal. A picture containing a collage of various commonly purchased antimicrobials were shown to the participants to help them recall their SMA in the past 6 months. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions revealed factors affecting SMA. Results: One-third of the participants (33.9%) reported SMA in past 6 months with prevalence significantly affected by male gender (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–2.79), a preference for SMA during minor illnesses (adjusted OR = 3.05; 95% CI: 1.77–5.25) and a history of SMA among family members (adjusted OR = 3.43; 95% CI: 2.16–5.43). The most commonly self-prescribed drug was amoxicillin (55.2%) and the antimicrobials were mostly obtained from pharmacies (91.8%). Self-prescribed antimicrobials were commonly used to treat cold, cough, and fever. Our participants had self-medicated with antimicrobials because they found it easier to do so (32.2%) and as it saved them time (35.7%) and money (32.2%). Conclusions: The prevalence of SMA was found to be high in Karaikal. This misuse of antimicrobials can be lowered by approaching societal-cultural practices through community education, the supply-demand chain through stricter regulations of pharmacies, and enforcing health policies for rational use of antimicrobials.

自我建构对口碑两极分化产品偏好的影响及作用机制

自我建构对口碑两极分化产品偏好的影响及作用机制

Onde podemos encontrar a impressão digital da legendista? Um estudo sobre o emprego da colocação pronominal e de marcadores discursivos em legendas de Star Trek: Enterprise

Este artigo apresenta alguns resultados de uma pesquisa de mestrado que objetivou caracterizar o estilo de uma legendista. O foco deu-se na forma que ela empregou a colocação pronominal e marcadores discursivos (MDs) em legendas em Português Brasileiro, feitas para episódios da série de TV Star Trek: Enterprise. A investigação afiliou-se metodologicamente aos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus, principalmente por meio do auxílio de dois programas do WordSmith Tools©, 7, o WordList e o Concord. O corpus de estudo se constitui por arquivos de legendas disponíveis na Netflix, em português brasileiro, dos episódios 10 e 11 (temporada 1) e 16 e 24 (temporada 2), enquanto o corpus de referência consiste em outros arquivos de legendas das mesmas temporadas da série feitos por outros legendistas. Os resultados mostram que a impressão digital da legendista em estudo pode ser encontrada por sua preferência pela ênclise e por MDs mais facilmente aceitos nos guias normativos de legendagem da Netflix. Sendo assim, nota-se seu uso variado de registros linguísticos, especialmente do registro formal da língua portuguesa.Palavras-chave: Impressão digital da legendista. Registros linguísticos. Colocação pronominal. Marcadores discursivos.

Regulation of Leverage Ratio, Credit Expansion and Credit Risk of Commercial Banks

“Basel III” and “Measures for the Administration of Capital of Commercial Banks” propose to use leverage ratio as a supplement to capital adequacy ratio. Leverage ratio supervision and capital adequacy ratio supervision jointly supervise and manage commercial banks. Theoretically, leverage ratio regulation can inhibit the credit expansion of commercial banks and improve bank stability. However, it is also possible to increase the risk preference of commercial banks, and increase the proportion of high-risk assets. It can generate adverse selection problems, and increase the credit risk of commercial banks. This paper selects the data of 16 listed commercial banks in China from 2013 to 2018. The empirical results show that leverage ratio regulation will inhibit the credit expansion of commercial banks, but it will increase the credit risk of commercial banks. It has different impacts on different types of commercial banks.

분리대두단백을 첨가한 고단백 바에 대한 소비자 기호도와 구매의도 연구

분리대두단백을 첨가한 고단백 바에 대한 소비자 기호도와 구매의도 연구

KETERHUBUNGAN SENSOR INDRA ANAK DENGAN ELEMEN ARSITEKTURAL TAMAN LALU LINTAS ADE IRMA SURYANI NASUTION

Abstrak- Ruang publik memegang peranan penting bagi suatu wilayah. Sebagai wadah aktivitas komunal, ruang publik perlu diintegrasikan pada perancangan kota secara menyeluruh. Sayangnya, para arsitek dan perancang kota sering melupakan bahwa subjek pengguna ruang publik tidak hanya orang dewasa. Anak-anak juga memerlukan adanya ruang publik sebagai tempat mereka untuk tumbuh dan berkembang. Proses perkembangan awal manusia atau lebih dikenal sebagai fase kanak-kanak perlu diakomodasi oleh wadah yang memadai, salah satu caranya adalah dengan perancangan area publik yang ramah anak. Area publik anak perlu menumbuhkan minat anak dalam mengenal lingkungan tanpa melupakan pengalaman yang menyenangkan selama berkegiatan di dalamnya. Area bermain dianggap sebagai bentuk ruang publik yang baik untuk anak-anak, terutama dalam tahapan pengenalan interaksi sosial serta stimulasi sensor indra. Tumbuh kembang anak sangat dipengaruhi oleh peran sensor indra, terutama indra peraba dan penglihatan. Dua hal ini menjadi titik fokus penelitian penyesuaian anak dengan elemen arsitektural ruang publik ramah anak.Pada lingkup Bandung, Taman Lalu Lintas Ade Irma Suryani Nasution merupakan salah satu ruang publik ramah anak yang terletak di tengah kota dan kerap kali ramai dikunjungi keluarga serta anak-anak. Pada tahun 2017 silam, taman ini mengalami revitalisasi besar oleh Labo+ Architecture and Design yang menajamkan kembali visi Yayasan Taman Lalu Lintas mengenai edukasi pejalan kaki dan pengendara. Ruang publik ramah anak ini menjadi elemen kota yang penting untuk dibahas dan diteliti lebih lanjut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mendata karakteristik material area bermain anak, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan analisis perilaku dan preferensi anak-anak. Teknik observasi dipilih dalam proses penelitian, dengan jumlah sampel 30 balita dan atau anak-anak.Proses pembelajaran anak berlangsung pada area bermain. Pengalaman anak dalam mempelajari lingkungannya sangat dipengaruhi oleh penampilan visual serta bentuk dan tekstur material sarana bermain yang tersedia. Stimulus lingkungan fisik baik alami maupun buatan rupanya sangat berpengaruh pada respon anak-anak yang terlihat dari ekspresi wajah. Rupanya, pengalaman bermain pada Taman Lalu Lintas Ade Irma Suryani Nasution meninggalkan kesan yang positif pada anak-anak yang datang.

A survey of comorbidity and health behaviors of diabetic patients in an area of Beijing

Objective By investigating the prevalence of comorbidity and health behaviors among diabetes patients in Beijing, to provide reference for effective health management of diabetic patients. Methods Based on a cross-sectional survey of 10 334 diabetic patients managed by a community health information center in Beijing from 2012 to 2014, the data of 10 334 diabetic patients were analyzed systematically. The common diseases investigated included cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, orthopedic diseases, chronic respiratory/pulmonary diseases, tumors, chronic kidney diseases and other chronic diseases disease. At the same time, the health behaviors of diabetic patients were investigated, including diet behavior, exercise, work intensity, traffic mode, smoking and sleeping. Results ⑴ There were 521 patients with simple diabetes and 9 813 patients with comorbidity. The prevalence of comorbidity was 94.96%. ⑵ There were 6 279 patients with one kind of comorbidity, accounting for 63.99%; 2 726 patients with two kinds of comorbidity, accounting for 27.78%; 808 patients with two or more kinds of comorbidity, accounting for 8.23%; among them, there were 6 153 patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidi-ty, accounting for 62.70%. ⑶ There were significant differences in diet taste preference, whether they often eat unhealthy food, whether the dietary structure is reasonable, intake of tofu and bean products, average daily vegetable, average daily fruit, average daily egg, average daily fish and meat, reduced food intake, regular exercise, exercise mode, duration of each exercise, comprehensive classification of physical activity, other physical exercise, comprehensive score of exercise, working hours per week, walking time to work or shopping, cycling time to work or shopping, transportation for going to work or shopping, walking out in good weather, smoking, sleep difficulties between simple diabetes and comorbidity patients (P<0.05). Conclusions The incidence of diabetic comorbidity is high, among which cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the most common. There are some differences in diet behavior, exercise, work, transportation and sleep between simple diabetes and comorbidity patients, which may be the cause of comorbidity. Key words: Diabetes mellitus; Comorbidity; Prevalence; Health behavior

The Effect of Self-Hair Method and pursuit Benefits on Self-Hair Preference

The Effect of Self-Hair Method and pursuit Benefits on Self-Hair Preference

Interspecific Mating Behavior Between Introduced Zacco platypus and Native Opsariichthys evolans in Taiwan.

Introduced freshwater fishes considerably influence the ecology and populations of native species. Previous research has revealed that introduced Zacco platypus may hybridize with chubs that are sister but distinct genera. However, we have little knowledge of Z. platypus' mate choice or its impact on Taiwanese chubs. Therefore, this study identified the interspecific mating behavior between introduced Z. platypus and native Opsariichthys evolans and evaluated the former's invasive impact on cohabitants. Our observations showed that interspecific mating pairs do occur between Z. platypus male(s) and O. evolans female(s). Fifty-three percent of spawning events were interspecific mating and only 43% were between native O. evolans mating pairs. This study showed that Z. platypus male satellites might prefer to engage with Z. platypus, while O. evolans might engage by chance. However, introduced males of Z. platypus may be unable to recognize conspecific females. Meanwhile, introduced females of Z. platypus also have a mate choice preference for males of Z. platypus. Therefore, Z. platypus male hybridization might significantly reduce the successful mating ratio of O. evolans, leading to a dramatic reduction in native O. evolans offspring in the future.

¿Qué tipos de actividades diseñan e implementan en el aula futuros docentes de Educación Infantil cuando enseñan ciencia mediante rincones de trabajo?

Se analizan los tipos de actividades libres y dirigidas que diseñan los futuros docentes de Infantil (FDI) para rincones de trabajo sobre ciencia, así como sus preferencias al implementarlas en el aula. Se presenta el proceso instructivo llevado a cabo con los FDI, el instrumento de recogida de datos y la categorización de las actividades diseñadas. Los FDI encontraron algo más de dificultad en diseñar actividades libres que dirigidas, y, tras su implementación en el aula, la preferencia de los FDI por cada tipo se dio en proporciones equilibradas. Por otro lado, es destacable la amplia variedad de tipos de actividades dirigidas diseñadas, eludiendo las tradicionales en las que el escolar solo memoriza o no tiene una participación activa.

User Preference for the Personification of Public Service Robot

User Preference for the Personification of Public Service Robot

BROWNIES BEBAS GLUTEN DARI TEPUNG KORO PEDANG (Canavalia ensiformis L) DENGAN SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG MOCAF DAN VARIASI LAMA PEMANGGANGAN

Brownies merupakan cake yang terbuat dari empat bahan dasar yaitu tepung, lemak, gula dan telur. Brownies yang dibuat pada penelitian ini berbeda dari brownies pada umumnya, yaitu penggunaan bahan baku tepung koro pedang dan tepung mocaf. Tepung koro pedang merupakan tepung yang kaya akan proteinya dan tepung mocaf yang mempunyai karaktaristik seperti terigu. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri 2 faktor. Faktor pertama yaitu perbandingan tepung koro pedang dan tepung mocaf dan fakto kedua lama pemanganggan, masing-masing faktor ada 3 perlakuan sehingga menghasilkan 9 perlakuan yang berbeda. Kombinasi perlakuan perbandingan konsentrasi tepung koro dan tepung mocaf 30:70 dan lama pemanggangan 60 menit adalah hasil terbaik karena memiliki protein yang lebih tinggi. Kombinasi perlakuan ini menghasilkan kadar air 19,01%, kadar abu 0,18%, kadar lemak 22,34%, kadar gula total 18,04%, kadar protein 8,73%. Serta uji sensoris terhadap warna coklat 2,95, rasa koro pedang 3,13, rasa mocaf 3,21, tektur lembut 2.80 dan kesukaan keseluruhan 3,11 disukai.

Sınıf Öğretmenlerinin Yapılandırmacılığı Uygulama Öz Yeterliklerinin Öğretim Stili Tercihlerini Yordama Düzeyi

Bu araştırmada, sınıf öğretmenlerinin yapılandırmacı yaklaşımın uygulanmasına dair geliştirdikleri öz yeterlik inançlarının öğrenme-öğretme sürecinde tercih ettikleri öğretim stillerini ne ölçüde yordadığını incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada nicel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Tekirdağ ili Süleymanpaşa, Çorlu ve Çerkezköy ilçelerinde çalışan 303 sınıf öğretmenine Üredi (2006) tarafından Türk dili ve kültürüne uyarlanan “Öğretim Stili Ölçeği” ve Eskici (2013) tarafından uyarlanan “Öğretmenlerin Yapılandırmacı Yaklaşıma Yönelik Öz Yeterlik İnanç Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda ulaşılan veriler SPSS 20 programıyla analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler normal dağılıma sahip olduğundan parametrik testler kullanılarak verilere ilişkin betimsel istatistikler hesaplanmıştır. Sınıf öğretmenlerinin en çok Kolaylaştırıcı/Kişisel Model/Uzman öğretim stili grubunu tercih ettiği görülürken öz yeterlik inançlarının da yüksek olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Öğretmenlerin tercih ettikleri öğretim stilleri ile yapılandırmacı öz yeterlik inançları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla Pearson Korelasyon katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Daha sonra, sınıf öğretmenlerinin yapılandırmacı öz yeterlik inançlarının tercih ettikleri öğretim stillerini ne ölçüde yordadığını belirlemek amacıyla verilere regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Sınıf öğretmenlerinin yapılandırmacı öz yeterlik inançları ile öğretim stili tercihleri arasında orta seviyede anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu ve öz yeterlik inançlarının yordayıcılığının Temsilci/Kolaylaştırıcı/Uzman öğretim stili grubunda daha yüksek bulunduğu görülmüştür.

A Study on Medical Students Perceptions and Opinions of Faculty Power Point Presentations Used During Lecture

Background: As the time advances, many faculty members are using different varieties of power point presentations or other methods of teaching to the students. The main aim of the study to collect the perceptions and opinions of the students to further improvement plans execution in the institute. Objectives: 1. To find the perceptions and opinions of medical students about faculty power point presentations during lecture. Materials and Methods: The present institutional based cross sectional study was conducted at Alluri Sita Ramaraju Academy of Medical Sciences, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, during the period from June 2016 to July A total of 125 students were selected by simple random method. Study importance, observation of power point contents of clinical, pre and paramedical teaching departments faculty presentations observed by the students for the last one month. Results were analysed and necessary statistical tests like proportions and chi square tests were applied. Results: In pre and para clinical Departments, out of 125 respondents, 96/125 (76.8%) were given response as audio visual aids (A/V) were clear as agreed. About 14/125 (11.2%) were given response as A/V aids were clear as disagreed and 12% were given response as average in pre and para clinical teaching department presentations. In clinical departments, 12.8% (16/125) were given response as average and remaining 20% (25/125) were given response as disagree for the content of A/V aids were clear. Only 42.4% of faculty used combination T/L method in addition to power point presentations. Conclusions: The preference of students for these teaching aids may vary from subject to subject and also influenced by the commonest mode of teaching aid used in the department. very less proportion of the students opined that lecture delivered as interesting as strongly agree. In addition, there may be need of training of teachers pertaining to use of these A-V aids and newer technologies for better understanding .

Redesigning the Interiors of Public Buses in Dhaka City: Exploring the Gender based Perceptions and Preferences

Redesigning the Interiors of Public Buses in Dhaka City: Exploring the Gender based Perceptions and Preferences

Energy-Efficient Office Renovation

Energy-Efficient Office Renovation

Personalized Recommendation Model Based on Quantifier Induced by Preference

Personalized Recommendation Model Based on Quantifier Induced by Preference

Quantitative analysis, cost comparison, physician, and patient perceptions on generic versus branded clopidogrel bisulfate tablets marketed in Kerala, India

Background: Clopidogrel bisulfate is sold in more than 60 advertised brand names (trade names) in the Indian market. Government health sector in India emphasizes on prescribing clopidogrel in its generic form, which refers to the chemical makeup of the drug, rather than to the advertised brand name, to reduce the economic burden. Preference for branded drugs and cost difference with generics are already well established, however physicians are apprehensive regarding the quality of generic drugs and have concerns about their reliability. Objective: We studied perspective of physicians and patients regarding generic versus branded medicines among hospitals in our locality. Cost difference incurred while prescribing various brands and generic clopidogrel tablets were calculated. Percentage purity of generic and branded clopidogrel tablets were analyzed to find if any difference really exists between them. Methodology: Perspective of 150 physicians and patients were studied using questionnaire method. Using ultraviolet spectrophotometer, generic and most commonly prescribed brands of clopidogrel were analyzed for percentage purity. Once analyzed, their costs were compared. Results: Eighty- six percent (n = 129) of physicians and 81% (n = 122) of patients surveyed, preferred branded medicines over generic ones. Among 10 branded clopidogrel tablets, only three complied with the Indian Pharmacopoeia standards of drug percentage purity. Pricing pattern of various brands of clopidogrel ranged from $1.4 to $3.13 per month. Generic clopidogrel tablets are available free of cost for patients from government-run hospitals but did not meet recommended percentage purity standards. Conclusion: Both branded and generic versions of clopidogrel have their merits and demerits. The general notion and doubt regarding difference in quality of generic versus branded version of medicines as evidenced by our perspective evaluation of physician and patients is appropriate in the present scenario. More large scale studies of different cardiovascular drugs are required to ensure their quality. Improved quality of generic medicines has to be ensured prior to marketing in India.

Current Status of Diagnosis and Management for Functioning Pituitary Tumors: Part I.

Pituitary adenomas (PA) account for approximately 15% of all intracranial neoplasms. Pituitary adenomas can be of different subtypes based on the cell of origin or associated hormone hypersecretion (non-functioning pituitary adenoma, prolactinoma, somatotropinoma, corticotropinoma, thyrotropinoma, and gonadotropinoma). Functioning PAs are associated with relatively higher morbidity and mortality because of associated hormone hypersecretion syndromes. Diagnosis of functioning PA is established by biochemical confirmation of hormone hypersecretion and demonstration of a pituitary lesion on imaging. Trans-sphenoidal surgical resection of tumor represents the first-line treatment for most tumor types, except for prolactinomas where medical therapy with dopamine agonists is preferred. Radiotherapy (RT) and medical therapy are the other options for the management of PA. It is important to individualize treatment options based on tumor type, patient's clinical condition, expertise of surgeon, affordability and patient preferences. In the first part of this series, we review the presentation and management of adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting, gonadotropin secreting and aggressive PA. Despite several recent advances, the diagnosis and management of Cushing's disease is still a challenge. Modifications in magnetic resonance imaging techniques like volume interpolated 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence have improved the sensitivity to detect microcorticotropinomas. Pituitary RT, preferably conventional RT, is a useful second-line therapy for the management of CD. Besides the conventional drugs, few drugs such as pasireotide and osilodrostat have been approved by US FDA recently, whereas several others are in pipeline which provide hope for a better outcome in CD patients. Temozolomide is a useful drug for the management of aggressive PA.