Placement Preferences Research Articles

When She is Gone: Child Care Plans of Mozambican Mothers with Terminal Illnesses

This study explored the child welfare plans of 102 mothers with terminal illnesses (predominantly AIDS) in rural Mozambique. The majority of mothers assumed that after their death the extended family would care for the children, but none offered a clearly identified plan. Many hoped that the government would provide for the children's education, food, and health care, although very little assistance is available currently. The vast majority of the women reported a preference for placement in an orphanage over other options, due to the perception that the children will be better fed and educated there. Ironically, all orphanages in Mozambique are at full capacity. The findings suggest an urgent need for collaboration at community, national, and international levels to meet the needs of orphans. Policy, practice, and research implications are explored.

Guideline Attribute and Implementation Preferences Among Physicians in Multiple Health Systems

Although practice guidelines are effective in assisting providers with clinical decision making, ineffective implementation strategies often prevent their use in practice. This study aimed to understand physician preferences for guideline format, placement, content, evidence, and learning strategies in different clinical environments. Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 500 randomly selected physicians from 4 major US health systems who were involved in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction or pediatric asthma. Paired sample t tests and Tukey's method of comparisons determined the relative ranking of physicians' guideline implementation preferences. Physicians preferred guidelines located on the front of the patient chart, in palm pilots, or in progress notes and presented as flow charts/flow diagrams, algorithms, or preprinted orders that contain strategies to minimize readmits/encourage self-management and immediate treatment flows. Discussions with colleagues and continuing medical education are the most effective strategies for encouraging guideline use, and randomized controlled trials remain the most persuasive medical evidence. Health care organizations must align guideline implementation efforts with physician preferences to encourage utilization. The results of this study reveal systematic physician preferences for guideline implementation that can be applied to clinical settings to encourage guideline use by physicians.

A plantar approach for fixation of subtalar joint arthrodesis

Several authors report that isolated subtalar arthrodesis has high rates of patient satisfaction, low rates of complications, and fusion rates as high as 100% ( 1 Russotti G.M. Cass J.R. Johnson K.A. Isolated talocalcaneal arthrodesis. A technique using moldable bone graft. J Bone Joint Surg. 1988; 70A: 1472-1478 Google Scholar , 2 Mangone P.G. Fleming L.L. Fleming S.S. Hedrick M.R. Seiler J.G. Bailey E. Treatment of acquired adult planovalgus deformities with subalar fusion. Clin Orthop. 1997; 341: 106-112 Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar , 3 Kitaoka H.B. Patzer G.L. Subtalar arthrodesis for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and pes planus. Clin Orthop. 1997; 345: 187-194 Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar , 4 Fellmann J. Zollinger H. Isolated talocalcaneal interposition fusion a prospective follow-up study. Foot Ankle Int. 1997; 18: 616-621 Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar , 5 Mann R.A. Beaman D.N. Horton G.A. Isolated subtalar arthrodesis. Foot Ankle. 1998; 19: 452-461 Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar , 6 Sammarco G.J. Talbane E.B. Subtalar arthrodesis. Clin Orthop. 1998; 349: 73-80 Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar ). Others argue that the complication and nonunion rates have been underreported ( 7 Easley M.E. Trnka H.J. Schon L.C. Myerson M.S. Isolated subtalar arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg. 2000; 82A: 613-624 Google Scholar ). Several studies have shown nonunion rates of 14% to 17% with isolated subtalar arthrodesis ( 7 Easley M.E. Trnka H.J. Schon L.C. Myerson M.S. Isolated subtalar arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg. 2000; 82A: 613-624 Google Scholar , 8 Bednarz P.A. Beals T.C. Manoli A. Subtalar distraction bone block fusion an assessment of outcome. Foot Ankle Int. 1997; 18: 785-791 Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar ). Wulker ( 9 Wulker F.C.N. Hindfoot arthrodesis. Orthopade. 1996; 25: 177-186 PubMed Google Scholar ) reported a union rate of 47% and believed this was caused by inadequate stabilization at the fusion site.

The Self–Concept of Students with Learning Disabilities: A Meta–Analysis of Comparisons Across Different Placements

Although placement in less restrictive settings is generally believed to be associated with more positive social outcomes for students with disabilities, the empirical research has yielded equivocal findings. The purpose of this study was to synthesize the empirical research comparing the self–concept of students with learning disabilities (LD) in different educational placements. Meta–analysis revealed no overall association between self–concept and educational placement for four out of five comparisons: regular class vs. resource room, regular class vs. self–contained class, resource room vs. self–contained class, and regular class vs. special school. Students with LD receiving instruction in self–contained classrooms in regular schools exhibited lower self–concept compared to students with LD attending special schools. Follow–up analyses were conducted to explore whether the variability of effect sizes in regular class–resource room comparisons was associated with any of several potential moderator variables; the only variable for which the association approached significance was whether students in the regular classroom were provided with appropriate special education supports and services. The findings are discussed in light of documented individual variation in students’ placement preferences.

Goniometry of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, part I: A survey of instrumentation and placement preferences

A telephone survey of 231 occupational and physical therapists was conducted to determine goniometric instrumentation and placement preferences for measuring the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the upper extremity. The variables included were academic degree, hand therapy certification, years of therapy experience, years of specialty hand experience, and preferences for goniometric instrumentation and placement. Descriptive statistics revealed a highly experienced population (mean, 11 years) who predominantly preferred the 6″ cut-off clear and metal goniometers. Eight additional instruments were also noted. Dorsal placement of the goniometer was preferred by 73% of the practitioners. Lateral placement was occasionally preferred (by 20%) in difficult clinical situations. Seven percent of the practitioners reported always preferring the lateral method. Chi-square analyses revealed no significant relationships between the variables.

Goniometry of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, part II: Placement preferences, interrater reliability, and concurrent validity

The purposes of this repeated-measures single-case-design study were to describe goniometric placement preferences and their effect on the measurement of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, to determine interrater reliability, and to determine concurrent validity. Thirty-nine therapists measured one patient dorsally and laterally with the DeVore and the 6″ clear goniometers. No significant differences were found between the two goniometers used in the study. Comparison of the means of lateral and dorsal measurements revealed that the only joint associated with a significant difference was the contracted index proximal interphalangeal joint (p = 0.0347). Preferences did affect the standard deviations and ranges but not the means of the measurements. Interrater reliability was high (ICC 2,1: 0.99 and 0.86). Clinical and radiographic measurements were markedly different from each other (paired-difference t-tests), leading to inconclusive concurrent validity.

An evaluation of visual display unit placement by electromyography, posture, discomfort and preference

Due to a dramatic increase in musculoskeletal disorders relating to computer use, a number of ergonomics recommendations have been proposed in order to combat this problem. However, some of these recommendations have been conflicting, for example, visual display unit (VDU) monitor placement. This study aimed to investigate the effects of monitor placement in a group of normal subjects. Ten male and ten female subjects within the working age range volunteered to perform a computing task for 20 min in two different VDU monitor placement conditions; high monitor position (HMP) and a low monitor position (LMP). Postural angles (gaze, head, neck, and trunk), normalised electromyography (upper trapezius and cervical and thoracic erector spinae), discomfort (upper body), and individual preference for monitor placement were determined. The results indicated that the gaze, head, neck, and trunk angles in the LMP were significantly greater (more flexed) than those in the HMP. There was a trend for lower levels of electromyographic (EMG) activity for trapezius in the HMP. There were significantly lower levels of EMG activity for cervical and thoracic erector spinae in HMP. There was no difference between the monitor placement conditions on the basis of discomfort ratings. Twelve subjects preferred the HMP compared to 7 for LMP, whilst 1 had no preference. The results of this study suggested that subjects may use a less flexed head, neck and trunk posture and less cervical and erector spinae muscle activity when working with a HMP. However, the compromise between musculoskeletal and visual criteria over prolonged work periods requires further research before a recommendation for VDU height can be justified. Relevance to industry Visual display units are widely used in all industries. The optimisation of their placement is a critical aspect of the human–machine interaction impacting on worker health, satisfaction and performance.

Praxis: An Adult Education Practicum

Praxis is a term quite frequently associated with field of education, particularly teacher education. According to Merriam-Webster, means doing, action and the exercise or practice of an art, skill or science. However, for purposes and desired outcomes of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Adult Education program, speaks specifically to self-creative activity through which men and women ... change (shape) historical human world and themselves (Sholle & Denski, 1993, 300). Thus, in my first year of teaching, following question struck me as paradoxical: Why is a practicum required for adults who are already professionals? This verbalized resistance to application and demonstration of ones' knowledge was unexpected. Even though they were professionals with undergraduate degrees, they represented a myriad of backgrounds including business, sociology, psychology, technology and special education. In addition, with required adult education core courses and electives completed, learners were also armed with content knowledge of field. However, content knowledge alone was not enough. As Jarvis (1999) explains, there is content knowledge and process knowledge. The former concept indicates why and latter how. Therefore, at this particular juncture of program, learners needed to understand that theory into praxis was supposed to occur. In other words, each individual had to practice in a setting of choice that which she or he had learned. Central to process was creation of practice situations in which learning, thinking, reflecting and acting occurred. Exposure to planning of educational activities and gathering of materials to enhance teacher-learner transaction was new for some members of class. Adults were expected to find their own practicum sites. Therefore, adult learners decided that collaborative efforts should be made. The coexistence of structure (academic) and function (performance) was next stage of development, leading to final outcomes gained from hands-on experience. The Practicum Mission Today, adult education practicum strives to provide adult learners an opportunity to use and apply what they have learned. It encourages learners to think critically and to constantly redefine content and process of learning experience. The practicum also is expected to heighten individual awareness of community issues, motivate learners to create opportunities, embrace new ideas and give direction to positive change. Collaboration Our adult learners bring varied academic backgrounds and an assorted array of practical interests to program. The first step is to secure a complementary site for each adult learner and identify nature and extent of special interests of each, then match this interest to a site. The second step is to initiate a survey of participants' preferences for placement, identify matching hosts (facilities), and initiate contacts and queries on availability of on-site mentoring and supervision. Special considerations are usually extended to those adult learners living more than 50 miles beyond main campus. They are given flexibility to contact agencies on their own and to choose sites in close proximity to their communities. However, university faculty supervisors advise and assist distance-commuters that fail to secure placement on their own. In order for us to monitor effectiveness of program, cooperating agencies are asked to follow these guidelines: * Accept adult learners for placement without regard to race, ethnic origin, sex, age, religion, disability, marital status and political persuasion. Moreover, agency retains right to reject or dismiss any adult learner who fails to function in on-site program in a satisfactory manner. * Provide adult learner with opportunities to observe and participate in each and every phase of program. …

Correlates of social worker decisions to seek treatment-oriented out-of-home care

This paper reports the results of a study of decisions by child welfare workers regarding the ideal placement type for 348 children placed in out-of-home care in California. The study examines factors associated with the preference to place a child in treatment foster care or group care as opposed to foster family or kinship care. Child age, behavior problems, and placement history were found to be strong predictors of social worker placement preferences.

Aging parents' residential plans for adult children with mental retardation.

Future residential plans and placement preferences of 340 mothers of adult children with mental retardation living at home were examined and findings from a 3-year follow-up discussed. Four subgroups of families were compared based upon residential plans and preferences for continued home residence for the next 2 years. Significant group differences were found for background characteristics, maternal psychological well-being, and support systems. Less than 50% had made residential plans, and the majority believed their child would still be at home in 2 years. At 3-year follow-up, 22% of the families with short-term residential plans had achieved a placement compared to 14% among families without a plan who wanted a placement.

Psychopathology among children placed in family foster care

The literature on psychopathology among children in family foster care published in the last 20 years was reviewed to estimate prevalence and types of psychopathology in this population. A comprehensive computerized database was searched for the period 1974 through 1994, with emphasis on recent literature. Available evidence suggests that the prevalence of psychopathology among children in family foster care is higher than would be expected from normative data, even when this population is compared with children who have backgrounds of similar deprivation. As for the types of psychopathology in this population, the only apparent trend is the predominance of externalizing disorders, such as disruptive behavior disorders. A combination of social, psychological, and biological factors may render children in family foster care highly vulnerable to psychopathology.

A comparative electromyographic and kinesiographic study of deliberate and habitual mastication in man

Twelve healthy, fully-dentate subjects participated in experiments which included the continuous recording of surface electromyography and jaw movement during habitual and deliberate right-sided or left-sided chewing of a coherent bolus. Analogue data streams were converted to digital values. Root-mean-square (r.m.s.) muscle-activity traces were computed from raw electromyographic data. The working side was defined as the side from which the mandible approached the position of occlusal stoppage when in the most cranially directed part of the chewing cycle. In any given muscle, greater mean peak r.m.s. activities were found with ipsilateral than contralateral bolus replacement ( p < 0.01, s); such differences were more pronounced for the masseter than the anterior temporal muscles. During habitual chewing, mean peak r.m.s. activities exceeded the value established by deliberate mastication with ipsilateral bolus placement in 27 of 48 muscles; this may be because of more vigorous chewing during habitual performance. No subject was strictly unilateral in their preference for bolus placement and in 6 of the 12 subjects, there was a timed side-switching of the bolus within the masticatory sequence. The results also indicated that any averaging of data based upon time-amplitude alone would be inappropriate for habitual chewing because of the call for different working sides within a particular masticatory sequence. Thus a new data format based upon numerical representation of the electromyographic activity against time was introduced.

Some limitations of the interview form in careers counselling for the mildly mentally handicapped

Abstract An examination is offered of the structure of talk in interviews in which careers officers ask mildly mentally handicapped teenagers about their preferences for post-school placement. Careers interviews in the special school represent a particularly asymmetrical version of professional/client interaction, in which the direction and scope of talk is determined almost wholly by the professional. The difficult task of getting mentally handicapped leavers to ‘take the floor’ in the formal interview situation is one that careers officers typically approach by moving towards certain highly directive elicitation practices. It is argued that information gathered via traditional interviews amounts to an extremely problematic basis for placement. Possible directions for changes in the focus of careers work with such leavers are suggested.

Developments with seed drill coulters for direct drilling

Abstract When overdrilling into established pasture, the application of paraquat plus dicamba, or glyphosate, sprayed simultaneously in bands on the drilled rows, was both a feasible and an effective way of suppressing competition from resident plant species. Pilot experiments highlighted the need for precise control of nozzle height and suggested preferences for placement of the nozzles in relation to both chisel and triple disc coulter assemblies. Experiments in the Bay of Plenty, Waikato, and Manawatu on paspalum-, browntop-, and clover-dominant swards suggested that in all these pastures, paraquat + dicamba produced a more rapid and complete suppression of resident vegetation within the bands than did glyphosate. Both herbicides applied in bands were better than not spraying, but suffered in the longer term in comparison with blanket spraying. In the Waikato there was an advantage with paraquat using a chisel coulter assembly in comparison with a triple disc coulter assembly but no logical explanation can be advanced to explain this effect.

Employer Attitudes Toward the Employment and Placement of the Handicapped

Seven vocational rehabilitation counselors individually administered a 37 item Employer Attitude Survey Questionnaire to 34 employers from large and 23 employers from small business establishments. The questionnaire covered: (a) attitudes of employers toward the employment of the handicapped, vocational rehabilitation, and vocational rehabilitation's efforts to secure employment for the handicapped; (b) employer expectations and preferences for vocational rehabilitation counselor placement and follow-up techniques; and, (c) types of information desired by employers when they consider a handicapped person for employment. Implications for pre-service and inservice education and training, placement, job development, client advocacy, and future research are discussed.

Radial buckling in the repair of retinal detachment.

Experience with external sponge buckles for the treatment of retinal detachment has led to a preference for radial placement of the sponge. More retinal holes, particularly large horseshoe breaks, can be closed effectively with radially oriented buckles than with limbus parallel ones; limbus parallel buckles often were complicated by "fish-mouthing" of the breaks and leaking radial folds. A radial orientation of the buckle averts this complication. The geometry of retinal detachment and scleral buckling reveals the origin of "fish-mouthing" and radial folds and why radially oriented buckles prevent this complication.

An electron spin resonance study of the structure and reactivity of aminophosphoranyl radicals in solution

The structure and reactivity of a series of aminophosphoranyl radicals, generated by addition of photochemically produced alkoxyl radicals to aminophosphines, have been investigated by e.s.r. spectroscopy in solution. These phosphoranyl radicals possess a trigonal bipyramidal structure and some are stereochemically non-rigid, showing temperature-dependent line-shape effects in their spectra. In many cases, two isomers may be detected differing in the apical or equatorial placement of a dialkylamino-group.The apicophilicities of alkoxy- and dialkylamino-groups in phosphoranyl radicals are very similar, although the latter generally have a greater preference for equatorial placement. In monocyclic aminophosphoranyl radicals in which two ligands form part of a five-membered ring, the two acyclic ligands appear to exchange position more rapidly than the endocyclic ligands, precluding pseudoratation, with the unpaired electron as pivot, as the mechanism of ligand permutation in such species. Both five- and six-membered ring systems incorporating two P–N bonds preferentially bridge apical and equatorial positions in aminophosphoranyl radicals.Alkoxy(dialkylamino)phosphoranyl radicals fragment by α- or β-scission, depending upon the structure of the radical, but preliminary kinetic studies indicate that interconversion of isomers differing in the apical or equatorial placement of a dimethylamino-group is rapid in comparison with α-scission with P–N bond cleavage.

An Application of Cost-Benefit Analysis to Management Education

Previous articleNext article No AccessAn Application of Cost-Benefit Analysis to Management EducationSamuel PaulSamuel Paul Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 80, Number 2Mar. - Apr., 1972 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/259885 Views: 9Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1972 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Jandhyala B. G. Tilak Economics of Human Capital in India, (Sep 2018): 3–32.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0250-3_1Abhoy K. Ojha Management Education in India: Avoiding the Simulacra Effect, (Aug 2016): 55–77.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1696-7_4S. Maheswaran, R. K. Jena Recruiters’ Preferences for B-School Campus Placement, International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 3, no.11 (Jan 2012): 21–28.https://doi.org/10.4018/jabim.2012010103Jayalakshmi Indiresan, Rita Ghatak Society and the educational system in India, Applied Psychology 32, no.44 (Oct 1983): 381–405.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1983.tb00905.x

Polymer NMR spectroscopy. VII. The stereochemical configuration of polytrifluorochloroethylene

AbstractThe NMR spectrum of polytrifluorochloroethylene in 3,3′‐bistrifluoromethylbiphenyl solution at 150°C. consists of two doublets having unequal components. Those at lower field correspond to CF2 chain units, while those at higher field correspond to CFCL units. In the CF2 doublet, the weaker component (at lower field) is found to have half the area of the stronger (at higher field), for polymers prepared over a 120°C. range of polymerization temperatures. By comparison to the spectra of the model compounds meso‐ and dl‐CF2ClCFClCF2CFClCF2Cl, the peaks of which closely coincide with those of the polymer when both are compared at 150°C., it is concluded that of the two CF2 peaks in the polymer spectrum, the weaker one represents CF2 groups which are between monomer units in isotactic dyads whereas the stronger one represents CF2 groups which are between monomer units in syndiotactic dyads. It follows that in trifluorochloroethylene propagation, syndiotactic dyad formation is twice as probable as isotactic dyad formation. This preference for syndiotactic placement corresponds to an activation entropy for isotactic propagation 1.38 e.u. more negative than that for syndiotactic propagation; there is no difference in the activation enthalpies. This behavior is in contrast to that previously found for methyl methacrylate propagation; here, preference for syndiotactic placement is entirely dictated by a greater activation enthalpy for isotactic placement.