Orientation Inventory Research Articles

A task-dependent analysis of closed vs. open and fine vs. gross motor skills in handedness

ABSTRACT The traditional classifications of motor skills nature (open vs closed; fine vs gross) have not been considered in handedness investigations. Instead, previous research focused on comparing complex vs less complex motor behaviour, leaving a gap in the literature. We compared manual preference between different motor skill characteristics, namely: fine and closed (FC), gross and closed (GC) and gross and open (GO) tasks. The hand preference was assessed with the Global Lateral Preference Inventory in four hundred and forty participants (244 women) aged from 18 to 59 years old. By assessing the degree and direction of handedness in different motor skills, our results showed a stronger lateralization pattern for FC motor skills as compared to GC and GO, with GO also being less lateralized than GC. Our results expand those of previous investigations that used the motor skill complexity definitions by showing how handedness can also be modulated by the interaction between classic motor skills classifications. Future research should consider fine vs. gross and open vs. closed classifications when selecting tasks for analysis of asymmetries of preference.

Musical mood induction: The relative influences of music type and the importance of music preference

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of music type on mood and the influence of music preference for predicting mood induction. Ninety undergraduate participants ( Mage = 22.19 years, SD = 6) completed a music preference inventory prior to listening to heavy metal and classical music stimuli, presented in counterbalanced order. Participants completed the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale inventory to measure baseline mood and then re-completed the inventory after each music stimulus presentation. Multivariate analysis of variance on repeated measures evaluated the effects of music type on mood, whereas multiple regression analysis tested the influence of preference on mood following music exposure. Heavy metal music induced a state of high arousal/negative mood via increases in hostility, whereas classical music induced a state of low arousal/positive mood via increases in serenity. Preferences for heavy metal music predicted significant reductions in negative affect and hostility following heavy metal music, coupled with increases in serenity, joviality, and positive affect. Likewise, classical music preference predicted significant increases in joviality and PA following classical music listening. The results of the current study demonstrate how differential music exposures influence mood and reveal the importance of listener preferences for predicting mood change.

Education Research: Evaluating Medical Student Learning Preference and Its Relationship to Clerkship Satisfaction.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the Association of American Medical Colleges' commitment to competency-based medical education (CBME) has shifted the medical education landscape. Education methods conducive to CBME are learner-centered and give educators the opportunity to develop a more personalized approach to curricular development and delivery. By understanding learning preferences, educators are better positioned to respond to the changing needs of students. The Learning Preference Inventory (LPI) is a validated tool that assesses preferences across 3 domains: (1) content delivery (concrete vs abstract), (2) instruction (teacher-centered vs student-centered), and (3) learning structure (individual vs interpersonal). Using the LPI, our objective was to describe the learning preferences of medical students in the Neurology clerkship and to evaluate how preferences correlate with satisfaction with curricular elements. A cohort of second-year through fourth-year medical students rotating through the required Neurology clerkship at a single institution was identified. All students completed the LPI and a survey to assess satisfaction with curricular elements, including an in-person localization session, virtual simulation, and a summative case study. Five hundred thirty medical students were included. Preference for concrete content delivery was much more common than abstract (83% vs 17%); otherwise students were evenly divided in their preferences for teacher-centered vs learner-centered instruction and interpersonal vs individual learning structure. There was a significant difference in LPI responses across medical school years: More third-year and fourth-year students preferred individual learning structure compared with second-year students (p = 0.040). Learning preferences also correlated with course satisfaction survey responses. Student satisfaction with the course activities was overall positive, with 69% of students agreeing that the course enhanced their learning. Abstract learners were significantly more likely to report that the virtual simulation enhanced their learning than concrete learners (p = 0.018). Neurology clerkship students demonstrated clear learning preferences that were associated with satisfaction with specific curricular content. There were significant differences in learning preferences across medical school years, suggesting that learning preferences may shift throughout training and may be influenced by clinical exposure. In an educational environment that cultivates the success of all learners, the LPI provides important data to inform curricular development and achieve personalized medical education.

The Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences: Measurement invariance across international datasets and languages

ABSTRACT Objective The Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) is a brief, multidimensional measure of clients’ therapy preferences. This study aimed to examine the factor structure and measurement invariance of the C-NIP. Method Fifteen datasets (N = 10,088 observations) representing the C-NIP in nine language versions were obtained from authors of psychometric studies. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. Results None of the proposed models adequately fit the data. Therefore, a new model was developed that sufficiently fit most of the C-NIP version 1.1 datasets. The new model was invariant up to the strict and means levels across genders, ages, and psychotherapy experience but only up to the metric level across translations. Conclusions The C-NIP can be used to compare men and women, people of diverse ages, and people with some vs. no experience with psychotherapy. Lower reliabilities of the C-NIP scales are a limitation.

Validation of the Cooper–Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) in Chinese lay clients and mental health professionals: Factor structure, measurement invariance, and scale differences.

The Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) is one of the most widely used measures of psychotherapy preferences. However, its psychometric properties have not been examined in non-Western samples. Research on disparities between the preferences of mental health professionals and their clients is also limited. We evaluated the C-NIP's psychometric properties and measurement invariance in Chinese lay clients and mental health professionals and evaluated the latent mean differences between clients' and professionals' scores on the C-NIP's four scales (preference for therapist vs. client directiveness, emotional intensity vs. emotional reserve, past vs. present orientation, and warm support vs. focused challenge). This cross-sectional investigation involved 301 lay clients and 856 mental health professionals who completed the Chinese version of the C-NIP. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used to examine the factor structure of the C-NIP. ESEM provided stronger evidence than CFA for the four-factor model in both samples. The four scales had adequate internal consistency in both the lay clients (αs = .68-.89) and the mental health professionals (αs = .70-.80). Partial scalar invariance was established across these two populations. Chinese mental health professionals preferred less therapist directiveness, past orientation, and warm support-but more emotional intensity-than Chinese lay clients (ds = 0.25-0.90). Culture-specific cutoff values (norms) to identify strong therapy preferences were established. This study supports the application of the C-NIP to non-Western populations and suggests that discrepancies between the preferences of lay clients and mental health professionals are a cross-cultural phenomenon. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Stress exposure, hand preference, and hand skill: A deep phenotyping approach

ABSTRACT Stress exposure and reactivity may show differential associations with handedness, but shallow phenotyping may influence the current knowledge. Importantly, different handedness measures do not necessarily show high correlations with each other and should not be used interchangeably as they may reflect different dimensions of laterality. Here, data on handedness from 599 participants in the population-based, longitudinal Dortmund Vital Study was used to determine various asymmetry indices. Hand preference was assessed with the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) and the lateral preference inventory (LPI) measuring handedness, footedness, earedness, and eyedness. Hand performance was determined using the pegboard test. In addition, data on several dimensions of stress exposure and reactivity, including hair cortisol, and mental well-being was analysed to determine associations with handedness. All handedness measures correlated significantly with each other, with the strongest correlation between the EHI and the LPI handedness score. The EHI and LPI hand measures resulted in the highest effect sizes and most consistent correlations with stress or mental well-being. In contrast, the pegboard test only showed very little association with the stress and mental well-being measures. This highlights the importance of handedness phenotyping. Including preference measures is recommended to disentangle the link between handedness and mental health.

Evaluating Medical Student Learning Preference and its Relationship to Clerkship Satisfaction (S10.004)

Evaluating Medical Student Learning Preference and its Relationship to Clerkship Satisfaction (S10.004)

Supplemental Material for Validation of the Cooper–Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) in Chinese Lay Clients and Mental Health Professionals: Factor Structure, Measurement Invariance, and Scale Differences

Supplemental Material for Validation of the Cooper–Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) in Chinese Lay Clients and Mental Health Professionals: Factor Structure, Measurement Invariance, and Scale Differences

What type of psychotherapy do clients prefer? An investigation of the factor structure reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences

What type of psychotherapy do clients prefer? An investigation of the factor structure reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences

The development of hand, foot, trunk, hearing, and visual lateral preference throughout the lifespan

This research investigated the developmental process of five lateral preference dimensions (hand, foot, trunk, hearing, and visual preference). A total of 1236 volunteers participated in this study, divided into five age groups: 07–12 (n = 247); 13–17 (n = 234); 18–30 (n = 227); 31–60 (n = 225); and 61–90 years old (n = 303). Lateral preference was assessed via questionnaire with the Global Lateral Preference Inventory. By assessing the degree and direction of lateral preference in different ages, our results revealed a pattern of lateralization strengthening with aging in all the analyzed dimensions. We also verified significant correlation between hand preference and the other dimensions for all age groups, but correlation was stronger in the 7–12 group for all correlation pairs. Our results lead to the suggestion of an underlying general lateralization process in early ages (7–12 years old) followed by specific developmental trajectories of each preference dimension (13 years forward), likely startled by hemisphere and functional specialization related to innate developmental patterns of neural structures and social/environmental influences.

Learning styles and achievement in geometry

This study aimed to compare the achievement in Geometry of the Grade 9 students of Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology when grouped according to learning styles. A preference inventory was utilized to determine the learning style of the respondents while their achievement in Geometry was gauged using an achievement test. The quantitative-descriptive method of research was used in analysing and interpreting the data of the study. Majority of the respondents are visual learners. The kinesthetic learners performed best in all the three learning areas namely; Ratio and Proportion, Similar Triangles, and Pythagorean Theorem. The level of performance of the respondents in Geometry when grouped according to learning styles did not significantly differ. Whatever the learning style a student has, it does not affect his/her performance in school specifically in Geometry. Mathematics teachers may be encouraged to look and apply strategies that could enhance more the abilities of the learners which could also attract other learners with different learning styles to participate more actively the teaching-learning process.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences-Therapist Version.

The Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) is a commonly used and psychometrically validated measure of client preferences in therapy. However, the C-NIP version for therapists (C-NIP-T) has not yet been validated. This study aimed to develop a Chinese version of the C-NIP-T and test its factor structure, reliability, and concurrent validity. A national sample of 1,054 Chinese mental health professionals completed the C-NIP-T and provided relevant demographic information. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used to examine the factor structure of the C-NIP-T. ESEM provided stronger evidence than CFA for the hypothesized four-factor model. Internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach's α) of the four subscales ranged between .60 and .76. Full or partial scalar invariance was established across therapists' therapeutic orientations, gender, personal therapy, and clinical experience. There were significant differences in subscale scores among therapists who identified as cognitive/cognitive-behavioral, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, and humanistic/client-centered, supporting the concurrent validity of the C-NIP-T. The C-NIP-T is a psychometrically sound measure that can be used to assess therapists' preferences about therapy.

Differences in psychotherapy preferences between psychotherapy trainees and laypeople

Objective: Despite increasing research on psychotherapy preferences, the preferences of psychotherapy trainees are largely unknown. Moreover, differences in preferences between trainees and their patients could (a) hinder symptom improvement and therapy success for patients and (b) represent significant obstacles in the early career and development of future therapists. Method: We compared the preferences of n = 466 psychotherapy trainees to those of n = 969 laypersons using the Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences. Moreover, we compared preferences between trainees in cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic trainees. Results: We found significant differences between both samples in 13 of 18 items, and three of four subscales. Psychotherapy trainees preferred less therapist directiveness (d = 0.58), more emotional intensity (d = 0.74), as well as more focused challenge (d = 0.35) than laypeople. CBT trainees preferred more therapist directiveness (d = 2.00), less emotional intensity (d = 0.51), more present orientation (d = 0.76) and more focused challenge (d = 0.33) than trainees in psychodynamic/psychoanalytic therapy. Conclusion: Overall, the results underline the importance of implementing preference assessment and discussion during psychotherapy training. Moreover, therapists of different orientations seem to cover a large range of preferences for patients, in order to choose the right fit.

교사 직업진로에 관한 명리학적 연구

Recently a variety of aptitude tests are being used such as MBTI or a Holland test. Seeking a practical purpose beyond a literature level, therefore, this study aims to identify the possibility of Myeongli science as useful resources for a career-and- vocational choice and education. The participants were adopted from teachers because this job has been in the first place from 2007 to 2018 at the career preference inventory of Korean high-school students. Instead, Saju was collected from the 999 unspecified teachers who wanted free Saju consultation with this researcher, Thus, the Saju sample was finally selected from 313 teachers. Concerning the research analysis, Then this was charted and analyzed in terms of teaching subjects or factors, utilizing the main central theory from the new-law Myeongli science called Zipíng Mingli. Additionally, the following case analysis was carried out. The findings of sample analysis are as follows. Taking all of these into consideration, characteristics regarding the teacher Saju(四柱) present that Ilgan(日干) is passed across, Deuglyeong(得令) at Wolji(月支), meaning that win-win relationship is harmoniously achieved. Also, in the Saju analysis of teacher participants, Gwaninsangsaeng(官印相生) is dominant, and Jeongin(正 印) as well as Siksin(食神) is commonly predominant in Gyeokguk(格局) and Yongshin(用神). It is revealed that numerical superiority cannot give sufficiently meaningful grounds for identifying professional traits; that is, inspecting Gyeokguk(格局) and Yongsin(用神) is solely connected to the consideration of job choice. This result means that Gyeokguk(格局) and Yongsin(用神) can be correctly analyzed only when the aspects can be synthetically and tridimensionally investigated as follows. This study aims to serve as a cornerstone for the job analysis based on Myeongli science(命理學) to be a rational available alternative towards career guidance in school, in the hope of the follow-up studies.

Cultural and environmental aspects influence lateral preferences.

Transcultural approaches comparing the distribution of lateral preference between countries focused primarily on handedness. However, other laterality dimensions may also be susceptible to cultural variations. The present study compared lateral preference in five dimensions (hand, foot, trunk, hearing, and visual) of young adults from Brazil and Mozambique. Two hundred and two undergraduate students participated in the study, of which 101 were Brazilian (21.7 ± 1.66 years old) and 101 Mozambican (25.6 ± 6.2 years old). The participants' lateral preference direction and degree were assessed using the global lateral preference inventory. Most Brazilians were classified in the moderate preference category, while Mozambicans had a higher frequency of individuals with strong preferences. Hence, Mozambicans presented a higher lateralization degree for all dimensions. A subsequent analysis considering only preference direction (right, left or indifferent), and not degree, did not show the same outcomes, revealing similarities in preference distribution between the two groups. This finding highlights the necessity to incorporate preference degrees in future analysis to not overlook potential differences. We also conclude lateral preference investigations with transcultural approaches should analyse beyond handedness, as other dimensions can also be modulated by cultural characteristics.

Lateralization Direction, Strength, and Consistency in Juvenile and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Case Control Pilot Study

The aim of this study was to assess the hypothesis that functional laterality features are associated with scoliosis incidence. The study included 59 patients with radiologically confirmed idiopathic scoliosis (mean age 13 years, 41 girls and 18 boys) and 55 controls (mean age 10.5 years, 38 girls and 17 boys). Side dominance was determined by the Lateral Preference Inventory. Direction, strength, and consistency of lateral dominance was obtained. Continuous data were compared by Student’s t-test or U Mann-Whitney test where appropriate. Categorical data were compared by chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test. Groups were significantly different in terms of age (p < 0.001) and dependent variables: height (p < 0.001) and weight (p < 0.001). Lateralization analysis showed some trends, but the results obtained were not statistically significant. Statistical significance of lateralization direction are respectively: for hand (p = 0.364); leg (p = 0.277); eye (p = 0.804); ear (p = 0.938); number of right/left sided participants p = 0.492; p = 0.274; p = 0.387; p = 0.839, and right/mixed/left sided participants p = 0.930; p = 0.233; p = 0.691; p = 0.804. For laterality consistency depending on definition used, p = 0.105; p = 0.108; p = 0.380. The relationship between scoliosis and laterality is not a simple causal relationship and needs further investigation.

Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP): Psychometric characteristics of the Czech version

Objective. The Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) is a new and promising tool for measuring clients’ preferences regarding psychotherapy. However, the psychometric evaluation of this measure is scarce in general and completely missing for the Czech adaptation of the measure. This study aimed to test the Czech version of the C-NIP factor structure, test its measurement invariance, and establish cut points.Methods. N = 772 adults answered the C-NIP in an online survey. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were used to test the factor structure and assess the C-NIP measurement invariance between men and women and across several levels of psychotherapy experience.Results. The original four-factor model was not supported. Instead, a five-factor model was suggested that fit the data adequately and was strictly invariant with respect to gender and levels of experience with psychotherapy.Conclusions. The Czech C-NIP can be considered a valid and reliable measure of clients’ preferences regarding psychotherapy. The replication of the new factor model is needed.

Effects of media multitasking frequency on a novel volitional multitasking paradigm.

The effect of media multitasking (e.g., listening to podcasts while studying) on cognitive processes has seen mixed results thus far. To date, the tasks used in the literature to study this phenomenon have been classical paradigms primarily used to examine processes such as working memory. While perfectly valid on their own, these paradigms do not approximate a real-world volitional multitasking environment. To remedy this, as well as attempt to further validate previously found effects in the literature, we designed a novel experimental framework that mimics a desktop computer environment where a “popup” associated with a secondary task would occasionally appear. Participants could choose to attend to the popup, or to ignore it. Attending to the popup would prompt a word stem completion task, while ignoring it would continue the primary math problem verification task. We predicted that individuals who are more impulsive, more frequent media multitaskers, and individuals who prefer to multitask (quantified with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, a modified version of the Media Use Questionnaire, and the Multitasking Preference Inventory) would be more distracted by popups, choose to switch tasks more often and more quickly, and be slower to return to the primary task compared to those who media multitask to a lesser degree. We found that as individuals media multitask to a greater extent, they are slower to return to the previous (primary) task set and are slower to complete the primary task overall whether a popup was present or not, among other task performance measures. We found a similar pattern of effects within individuals who prefer to multitask. Our findings suggest that overall, more frequent media multitaskers show a marginal decrease in task performance, as do preferential multitaskers. Attentional impulsivity was not found to influence any task performance measures, but was positively related to a preference for multitasking. While our findings may lack generalizability due to the modifications to the Media Use Questionnaire, and this initial study is statically underpowered, this paradigm is a crucial first step in establishing a more ecologically valid method to study real-world multitasking.

Assessing Patient Preferences: Examination of the German Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences.

Despite the positive effects of including patients’ preferences into therapy on psychotherapy outcomes, there are still few thoroughly validated assessment tools at hand. We translated the 18-item Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences (C-NIP) into German and aimed at replicating its factor structure. Further, we investigated the reliability of the questionnaire and its convergence with trait measures. A heterogeneous sample of N = 969 participants took part in our online survey. Performing ESEM models, we found acceptable model fit for a four-factor structure similar to the original factor structure. Furthermore, we propose an alternative model following the adjustment of single items. The German C-NIP showed acceptable to good reliability, as well as small correlations with Big-Five personality traits, trait and attachment anxiety, locus of control, and temporal focus. However, we recommend further replication of the factor structure and further validation of the C-NIP.

Moderating role of motivational preference in the relationship between attachment quality and emotional empathy among autistic caregivers

ABSTRACT The study investigated the moderating role of motivational preference in the relationship between attachment quality and emotional empathy among sixty-five autistic caregivers (42 males and 23 females). Participants were drawn from Therapeutic Inclusive Nursery, Primary, and Secondary School in Abakpa Nike, Enugu State, Nigeria. Attachment Quality Scale, Work Preference Inventory Scale, and Emotional Empathy Scale were used in the study. Hayes PROCESS macro regression-based, path-analytical framework was employed to analyse the data. Motivational preference and the four dimensions of attachment quality predicted emotional empathy. Motivational preference did not moderate the relationship between security, avoidance and ambivalent worry dimensions of attachment quality and emotional empathy. Motivational preference moderated the relationship between ambivalent merger and emotional empathy (β = −.14, t = −3.15, p = <.05). Ambivalent merger predicted emotional empathy for those with low motivational preference (β = 7.22, p = <.05), moderate motivational preference (β = 3.07, p = < .05), and for those with high motivational preference (β = 1.01, p = <.05). Implications and limitations of the findings were discussed and suggestions for further studies were made.