Preference Behavior Research Articles

Behavioral fractal method associated with GPS tracking to spatial activity sequences of grazing cattle

Global positioning and geographic information systems are essential for studying foraging animal behavior. This study aims to implement a fractal self-similarity and chaos game computational efficient methodology to determine the behavior-associated fractal using GPS data of activity sequences in spatial ranges of livestock movement trajectories in interaction with habitat factors. Six cows were randomly selected with an average weight of 480 kg, maintained under the same conditions, and a GPS-equipped collar was installed, programmed at intervals of 1 min and an average of 9 h daylight. Roughly 192810 registries and an average of 32135 signals per cow from trajectory tracking in spatial activity sequencing were used as a variable of interest in the fractal characterization methodology. Spatial patterns were evaluated using the Morán’s spatial autocorrelation indices, cluster, and non-parametric statistics, evaluating deterministic spatial patterns of preferential activities associated to spatial ranges of less than 7.1 m (resting 42 %, grazing 38 %). GPS information was refined through spatial ranges and changes in activities under resting, eating, traveling, and complementary schemes associated to the fractal displacement behavior of grazing cattle. This information was processed and mapped using fractal self-similarity rules in the Sierpinski triangle to determine the typical fractal of spatial activities per animal in the habitat. The particular fractal record of each bovine as a function of trajectory sequences was mapped for binary image matrices, registering a good classification (83 %) of the animals by breed and climatological cycle, using information from the sequencing of spatial activities associated to the preferred behavior in the habitat.

Daily replacement of very high-fat diet stabilizes food intake and improves mouse welfare by ensuring food quality.

Researchers are obligated to ensure food quality and provide laboratory animals with a palatable diet. Factors influencing the quality and palatability of very high-fat diet (VHFD), a widely used rodent diet, however, are understudied. We conducted experiments to establish best practices for ensuring the quality of VHFD and to improve mouse welfare. We found that VHFD in the food hopper was vulnerable first to dehydration and then oxidation within 7-days, leading to dramatic changes in food intake and food preference behavior in mice. Mitigating dehydration and oxidation of VHFD by replacing food daily, rather than weekly, stabilized feeding behavior without effect on overall cardio-metabolic health. Importantly, daily replacement of VHFD also reduced measures of anxiety-like behavior in the open field test. Refining husbandry practices to include daily replacement of VHFD can therefore ensure VHFD quality and improve animal welfare. Standardizing the practice of daily VHFD replacement may also prevent experimental confound and improve experimental reproducibility and replicability.

Intestinal Bile Acids Induce Behavioral and Olfactory Electrophysiological Responses in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

Chemical cues and pheromones mediate fish reproduction, aggregation, risk assessment, and kin recognition. To better understand the chemical communication of conspecific fish, the behavioral responses to bile acids (BAs), their source, and reception investigated in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Behavioral experimental results indicated that juvenile fish were attracted to intestinal contents (ICs) emanating from conspecifics, regardless of whether the fish were feeding. IC BA-targeted metabolomics revealed that cholic acid (CA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) were the top five categories. Tests with and without fasting yielded similar categories and proportions of BAs, indicating that the intestinal BA profiles were generally stable. At the nanomolar level, CA led to significant preference behavior (p < 0.01). The electrophysiological results supported the hypothesis that the top five BAs were potent odorants in L. crocea. Moreover, inhibition of adenylate cyclase–cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AC–cAMP) signaling and phospholipase C (PLC) signaling reduced the electro-olfactogram (EOG) responses to CA and CDCA. Collectively, the findings of this study indicate that conspecific individuals could be attracted by ICs unrelated to feeding. As a key intestinal BA, CA led to fish preference behaviors and olfactory responses relying on cAMP and PLC transduction cascades.

Using Lateral Substitution to Control Conformational Preference and Phase Behaviour of Benzanilide-based Liquid Crystal Dimers.

The inclusion of secondary and tertiary benzanilide-based mesogenic groups into liquid crystal dimers is reported as a means to develop new materials. Furthermore, substitution at the nitrogen atom is shown to introduce an additional synthetic 'handle' to modify the molecular structure of the tertiary materials. The design of these materials has proved challenging due to the strong preferences of 3° benzanilides for the E amide conformation. In this work, lateral substitution is used to modify the conformational preferences of the amide linkage and promote liquid crystallinity for a series of N-methyl benzanilide dimers. As the proportion of the E conformer decreases, the nematic-isotropic transition temperatures increase, and enantiotropic nematic behaviour is observed. We also report the synthesis and characterisation of the analogous 2° benzanilide-based materials, which show nematic and twist-bend nematic behaviour. This approach highlights the effects that seemingly small structural modifications, such as the inclusion and position of a methyl group, can have on molecular shape and hence, liquid crystalline behaviour.

Effect of Different Types of Floors on Beetal Goats’ Preference, Lying, Standing, and Elimination Behavior

Production and performance of small ruminants is affected by the fluctuation of the housing system. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the behavior of Beetal goats on different types of floors including soil, sand, sawdust, and concrete. Twenty-eight (n=28) female Beetal goats having age of 3±0.5 years and weight 40±5kg were selected randomly and behavioral observations were recorded from 20 March to 3 May 2019 (spring season). All animals were individually weighed and randomly divided into 4 groups (G1, G2, G3, and G4) have seven animals each. Each group was restricted (remain on the one floor) for 10 days to each of the four treatments i.e., T1 (soil), T2 (sand), T3 (sawdust), and T4 (concrete). After the restriction phase, free access was given to all four groups for all the four treatments i.e., T1 (soil), T2 (sand), T3 (sawdust), and T4 (concrete) for 2 days, so that animal can spend time at any floor willingly and no of animals spending time between treatments was recorded. The data for the selected parameters (Lying time, lying bouts, standing time & other, Preference lying time, Preference Standing time & other, Defecation frequency, Urination frequency) were collected for one hour at 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00, 04:00, and 08:00 hours in the last two days of each treatment period. The method of behavioral observation was based on the method of “Time sampling and “Point sampling. The maximum average lying time observed on soil was 37.00min/hr, urination frequency was observed more on sand (1.10/hr) and defecation frequency was found more on soil (1.33/hr.) Average lying time during the free access period was also higher on soil 30.53min/hr as compared to other flooring types. Finally, it is found that lying time was higher on the soil floor, although the result was not significantly more urination frequency was noticed on the sand floor. Multiple floors in the far may provide the preferred area for goats lying and elimination and consequently help in managing the animal health security. The purpose of this study is to provide awareness about the effect of floor on the production and performance of Beetal goats.

Feed preference and feeding behavior of different mouse species in laboratory housing

The feed preference of two species of wild mice, the house mouse (Mus musculus), and the mound-building mouse (Mus spicilegus) was investigated (kept in our laboratory for 25 generations). Our interest focused on the feed preference (i.e. if the mice choose the type of feed closest to their natural food). The proximate composition of the two granulated feeds offered to mice differed minimally; the crude fat and crude fibre content of the natural feed mixture was higher, and only this feed contained insect protein. Based on the obtained results, both wild mice species approached the natural feed mixture more frequently than the two other granulated feeds. The same tendency was observed for feed consumption where the animals mostly consumed the natural feed mixture. During the 5-day long study, the consumption of the natural feed mixture increased continuously, while the consumption of the granulated laboratory feed decreased significantly. The average feed consumption was also influenced by room temperature. Our studies can help to develop the optimized indoor keeping and breeding of small domesticated mammals.

Seed Priming of Rice Varieties with Decoyinine Improve Their Resistance against the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is one of the most destructive rice pests in Asia. The microbial metabolite decoyinine (DCY) has been extracted from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Recent studies have suggested that treating rice seeds with DCY could improve the growth and yield of rice. To further assess the effects of priming the seeds of different rice varieties with DCY on rice seedling resistance against BPH, an age-stage, two-sex life table and choice test were applied to investigate the individual fitness, population parameters, and preference behavior of BPHs in this study. The results indicated that feeding on rice seedlings grown from seeds primed with DCY significantly affected BPHs’ adult longevity, oviposition period, fecundity, as well as the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ), doubling time (DT), and population size in terms of BPH. The honeydew excretions and the weights of BPHs fed on DCY-pretreated rice plants were remarkably lowered. The two-way ANOVA results also showed that there were significant differences in the biological parameters, honeydew excretions, and of BPH weights owing to DCY treatment, rice variety, and the interactions between DCY treatment and rice variety. Additionally, the feeding and oviposition preferences of BPHs for the pretreated rice plants were reduced. Our results imply that the priming of seeds with DCY can improve rice resistance against BPH, which could facilitate the utilization of seed priming as a new avenue for effective crop protection.

The brain stimulation of DLPFC regulates choice preference in intertemporal choice self-other differences

Intertemporal choice requires to make decision by evaluating the value of two options consisting of different times and benefits. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a key brain region for modulating intertemporal choice. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of non-invasive brain stimulation over DLPFC on intertemporal choice behavior for self and others. We used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to stimulate bilateral DLPFC in two experiments respectively. After stimulation, subjects made a choice between a Smaller-Sooner (SS) reward and a Larger-Later (LL) reward in intertemporal choice task. The results showed that cTBS stimulation on the left DLPFC reduced the choice preference for SS reward when individuals made choices for themselves. The cTBS stimulation caused preference difference between choosing for self and parents. But tDCS stimulation had no effect on regulating choice preference. In addition, subjects preferred SS reward for self than strangers. Time-types and monetary difference of rewards affected the choice preference. The presence of immediate time increased the choice preference of SS reward. As the monetary difference increased, the choice proportion of SS reward decreased. Our study demonstrates that brain stimulation on the left DLPFC can regulate choice preference behavior in intertemporal choice.

Embryonic exposure to fentanyl induces behavioral changes and neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae.

The use of fentanyl during pregnancy, whether by prescription or illicit use, may result in high blood levels that pose an early risk to fetal development. However, little is known regarding the neurotoxicity that might arise from excessive fentanyl exposure in growing organisms, particularly drug-related withdrawal symptoms. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to fentanyl solutions (0.1, 1, and 5 mg/L) for 5 days post fertilization (dpf), followed by a 5-day recovery period, and then the larvae were evaluated for photomotor response, anxiety behavior, shoaling behavior, aggression, social preference, and sensitization behavior. Fentanyl solutions at 1 and 5mg/L induced elevated anxiety, decreased social preference and aggressiveness, and behavioral sensitization in zebrafish larvae. The expression of genes revealed that embryonic exposure to fentanyl caused substantial alterations in neural activity (bdnf, c-fos) and neuronal development and plasticity (npas4a, egr1, btg2, ier2a, vgf). These results suggest that fentanyl exposure during embryonic development is neurotoxic, highlighting the importance of zebrafish as an aquatic species in research on the neurobehavioral effects of opioids in vertebrates.

Manipulation of Whitefly Behavior by Plant Viruses.

Whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex transmit hundreds of plant viruses belonging to the genera Begomovirus and Crinivirus, among others. Tripartite interactions of whitefly-virus-plant frequently occur during virus infection and transmission. Specifically, virus transmission-related behavior of whitefly, such as preference and feeding, may be altered by viruses and thus exert significant impacts on the outcome of virus spread and epidemics. Here, we provide an overview on the current understanding of the manipulation of whitefly behavior by plant viruses. Plant viruses can significantly modulate whitefly preference and feeding behavior, either directly or in a plant-mediated manner. In general, non-viruliferous whiteflies tend to prefer virus-infected plants, and viruliferous whiteflies are more likely to prefer uninfected plants. In most cases, virus infection of plants and/or whitefly seems to exhibit positive or no effects on whitefly feeding on plants. The significance and evolution of these patterns are then discussed. Finally, we suggest several future directions of research, such as the exploration of temporal dynamics and the dissection of underlying mechanisms of virus-induced changes in whitefly behavior.

Preferring self-management behavior of patients with chronic kidney disease.

This study explores the preferred behavior of self-management among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and offers suggestions for different patients from personalized medicine. According to some related references, a questionnaire was designed in 2020 to collect data from 131 patients with CKD in a general hospital. The Sampling patients showed no difference in their disease progress. The questionnaire covered two aspects of demographic and behavior with 29 items on six dimensions. Statistical methods such as a descriptive analysis of the F test in behavior dimensions on demographic characteristics and Principal component analysis from items have been applied to classify some kinds of self-management behavior into different groups. In the demographic insight, employment status closely relates to self-management behavior, and income is insignificant. In the behavior aspects, according to some key items, we found four types of self-management behavior preferred in the sorting: cognitive-knowledge, Diet-exercise-medical, emotion management, and exercise-medical, which were defined by behavior dimensions. Although patients had the same disease progress, their self-management behavior mainly existed in four types based on critical factors. According to their favorite behavior and personality group, healthcare stakeholders can offer lean support for improving patients' self-management of CKD in China.

Malaria vector feeding, peak biting time and resting place preference behaviors in line with Indoor based intervention tools and its implication: scenario from selected sentinel sites of Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, malaria incidence has significantly reduced in the past decade through the combined use of conventional vector control approaches and treatment using antimalarial drugs. However, the sustainability of this achievement is threatened by the shift in biting and resting behaviors and emergence of insecticide resistance by the primary malaria vector. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the behaviour of malaria mosquitoes in different sentinel sites is crucial to design effective prevention and control methods in the local context. Entomological investigations were conducted in three sentinel sites for five consecutive months during the major malaria transmission season. The species composition, population dynamics, biting and resting behaviours of malaria vectors were determined using center for disease control and prevention (CDC) light trap, human landing catch (HLC), pyrethrum spray catch (PSC) and Pitfall shelter collection (PFS). Accordingly, 10 households for CDC, 10 households for PSC, 10 households for PFS and 5 households for HLC from each site were randomly enrolled for mosquito collection. A total of 8,297 anopheline mosquitoes were collected from the three sites, out of which 4,525 (54.5 %) were An. gambiae, s.l. 2,028 (24.4 %) were An. pharoensis, 160 (1.9 %) were An. funestus and the rest 1,584 (19 %) were other anophelines (An. coustani, An. cinerus and An. tenebrosus). No significant variation (P = 0.476) was observed between indoor (25.2/trap-night and outdoor collections (20.1/trap-night). Six hundred seventy six (43.3%) of An. gambiae s.l. (primary vector) were collected between 18:00 and 22:00 h. Biting activity declined between 00:00 and 02:00 h. The national malaria control program should pay close attention to the shifting behavior of vector mosquitoes as the observed outdoor feeding tendency of the vector population could pose challenges to the indoor intervention tools IRS and LLINs.

Popularity, social preference, and social behaviors: the moderation of social status goals

This study investigated the associations between attained status and adolescents’ social behaviors, as well as the moderating effects of social status goals, culture, and gender. Participants were 1,267 adolescents (Mage = 13.36; 49% girls overall) from China (n = 667) and the United Sates (n = 600). Social status goals, relational and overt aggression, and prosocial behaviors were self-reported, whereas popularity and social preference were peer reported. The findings suggest that the relationships between popularity and relational aggression and overt aggression were stronger when adolescents endorsed high popularity goals, whereas this relationship was weaker when these adolescents endorsed high social preference goals. For prosocial behaviors, these associations were stronger when adolescents endorsed high social preference goals, but lower when they endorsed high popularity goals. The patterns for social preference were stronger for Chinese adolescents, while the relationships for popularity were stronger for American adolescents. No moderation effects were found for gender. These findings indicate the need to consider the cultural context when examining adolescents’ social status and the associated social behaviors.

Attraction of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to Volatiles Emitted From the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana.

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin infects a wide variety of insects, including the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Volatiles emitted from B. bassiana can act as semiochemical attractants or repellents, with most responses reported to date resulting in insects avoiding B. bassiana. Since insects can detect 'enemy-specific volatile compounds', we hypothesized the preference behavior of M. persicae would be influenced by volatile emissions from B. bassiana. We conducted Petri dish and Y-tube olfactometer bioassays to characterize the preference of M. persicae to B. bassiana strain GHA. During Petri dish bioassays, more apterous and alate M. persicae were recorded in the vicinity of agar colonized by B. bassiana compared to agar, or Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg and Ambrosiella grosmanniae Mayers, McNew, & Harrington as representatives of nonentomopathogenic fungi. Petri dish bioassays also determined that apterous and alate M. persicae preferred filter paper saturated with 1 × 107, 1 × 106, and 1 × 105B. bassiana conidia/ml compared to Tween 80. Y-tube bioassays documented that more apterous and alate M. persicae oriented upwind to volatiles from B. bassiana mycelia compared to agar. Apterous and alate Myzus persicae were also preferentially attracted to 1 × 107 and 1 × 106B. bassiana conidia/ml compared to Tween-80 during Y-tube bioassays. These results complement a previous finding that the mosquito Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) Liston is attracted to volatiles from B. bassiana. Future studies aimed at characterizing the olfactory mechanism leading to the attraction of M. persicae to B. bassiana could aid in optimizing lure-and-kill strategies.

Pricing decisions of the “Internet +” recycling platform considering consumer behaviour

Online recycling platforms that allow consumers to recycle their obsolete products through the internet have flourished in recent years. Recycling pricing for obsolete products is usually a difficult task for an online recycling platform because there is always uncertainty in consumers’ valuation of obsolete products in a web-based estimation system. The discrepancy between the final recycling price and the initial estimated price of obsolete products in online recycling could deter consumers from participating in such recycling. Moreover, the situation is even more complicated by the fact that consumers' recycling decisions are strongly influenced by their behaviour. In this paper, by considering the channel preference and price prediction behaviour of consumers in the online recycling process, we propose a game-theoretic analytical model to determine the optimal price of the obsolete products in the “Internet +” recycling platform. The optimal pricing strategy for the “Internet +” recycling platform with and without brick-and-mortar recycling competition is obtained. Through numerical studies, we find that the recycling platform can obtain a higher profit when there are no brick-and-mortar recyclers competing. Then, the loss of the value of returned obsolete products benefits the “Internet +” recycling platform but harms the brick-and-mortar recycler, and this benefit to the recycling platform disappears when consumers engage in price prediction behaviour. Last, when the “Internet +” recycling platform has the leader advantage, adopting the price decision to conclude partial online recycling transactions can alleviate the negative impact of consumer price prediction behaviour on the recycling platform, and the same is true for increasing the proportion of grades-matched obsolete products.

Behavioral economics and finance: a selective review of models, methods and tools

Purpose This paper aims to survey literature on behavioral economics and finance, with particular emphasis on a selection of models, methods and tools that this strand of thought uses to approach and explain observable phenomena. Design/methodology/approach After a brief discussion on the meaning and context of behavioral economics, the manuscript identifies five topics of special interest: time preference, heuristics, emotions, finance and macro behavior. For each of these topics, relevant models, methods and tools are identified and scrutinized. Findings Behavioral economics and finance establish an effective bridge between orthodox economic thinking and new and revolutionary methods of analysis. Exploring the intricacies of human behavior can frequently be done by adapting the trivial and conventional intertemporal utility maximization models that economists insistently resort to, but to fully grasp such intricacies, a step forward is required. Agent-based models and other tools from complexity sciences constitute the analytical arsenal that is needed to improve our understanding of how behavioral issues attach to heterogeneity, local interaction, path-dependence, out-of-equilibrium dynamics and emergence. Originality/value Although surveys on behavioral economics and finance abound in the specialized literature, this study has the peculiarity of emphasizing five relevant topics that are particularly illustrative of the pivotal role of behavioral science in promoting the transition from the strict neoclassical perspective to a less mechanic and more organic view of economics and finance.

Holiday Preferences and Travel Behavior of German Motorcyclists. A Cluster Analysis

Abstract Motorcycle tourism offers tourist destinations the opportunity to diversify their offer and pursue competitive advantage and economic success. However, motorcyclists’ holidaymaking practices remain underexplored so far and there is an assumption of homogeneity within the riders’ community. This paper argues that, despite common features, differences might stand out in riders’ motivations and local practices. To investigate these differences, cluster analysis is used to segment German motorcycle tourists, with the aim to identify sub-groups of travellers. Using a convenience sample of n=441 bikers, the paper discriminates three types of motorcycling tourists: the pleasure-seekers, the drifters and the focused bikers. The two-step clustering procedure is based on behavioral patterns (i. e. type of accommodation, group type and length of stay) and the results are later enriched using additional descriptors related to the attractiveness of local offers and the probability of undertaking non-riding activities. Theoretical and managerial implications are ultimately derived, acknowledging the exploratory nature of the research design.

Interactive Impacts of Overconfidence and Competitive Preference on Closed-Loop Supply Chain Performance

As sustainable development becomes an important goal for all industries, the study of closed-loop supply chains has gradually become a priority. Most of the previous studies on closed-loop supply chains are based on simple and single market conditions, which cannot analyze the real situation well. In this paper, two common behavioral preferences in the market, overconfidence and competitive preference, are incorporated into the study of closed-loop supply chains to investigate how the overconfidence of retailers and the competitive preference of manufacturers jointly affect the decisions and interests of both parties in closed-loop supply chains under different dominant models. It is concluded that in terms of pricing, while the wholesale price increases in the competitive preference, the reselling price in fact decreases when the retailer’s overconfidence level is of a middle level; in terms of recycling, the pursuit of high profits by monopolistic manufacturers is not conducive to recycling quantity in the secondary supply chain with recycling; in terms of profits, in a manufacturer-led model, the profits of all sides in the closed-loop supply chain, including the manufacturer itself, sometimes diminish as the manufacturer’s competitive preference behavior becomes more intense.

In Search of Habitat

Abstract We perform portfolio-level analyses to understand insurance firms’ preferred habitat behavior in the government bond market. Based on portfolio durations and portfolio weights across maturities, we find that interest rate risk exposures of insurers’ portfolios are related to their operating liabilities and financing constraints. We show that this habitat behavior significantly affects bond pricing. During the “quantitative easing” era, bond purchases by the Federal Reserve have a larger impact on the yields of Treasury bonds with a higher habitat demand. (JEL E43, E52, G11, G12, G23) Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.

O062 Sleep behaviour modification in shift workers: Applying models of arousal dynamics tailored to individual shift schedules and personal commitments

Abstract Introduction Circadian-based biomathematical models of sleep-wake and alertness regulation can improve sleep health in shift workers by providing physiologically optimal times for sleep. It is unclear whether they can be successfully implemented in real-world contexts. This study, for the first time examined associations between model-based sleep-wake recommendations and modification of sleep behaviours in shift workers. Methods Nurses (n=28; 37.2±9.6yrs) with matching-rotating shift schedules received personalised sleep recommendations from either the Phillips-Robinson Model or Model of Arousal Dynamics. Nurses used sleep diaries to record sleep-wake behaviours: (i) pre-exposure to recommendations (baseline, 1-week), (ii) upon exposure (1-week) and completed PROMIS-sleep disturbance, sleep-related impairments pre and post. Results During baseline, participants usual bedtimes and waketimes were at least 180mins away from recommended times from both models. Upon exposure to recommendations, sleep behaviours were aligned within: (i) 62±11mins for bedtime, 71±9mins for waketime (Model of Arousal Dynamics), (ii) 104±16mins for bedtime, 89±12mins for waketime (Phillips-Robinson model) with large effect sizes (p<.00001 for both models). Participants sleep windows had better compliance with recommended sleep windows for the CRC Alertness model (79% overlap) compared to the Phillips-Robinson model (69% overlap). Sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairments improved significantly upon study conclusion (small-effect sizes both groups). Participants reported that automated recommendation delivery, and use of diurnal preference and real-time sleep behaviours to further personalise recommendations will facilitate greater uptake. Conclusion The study provides positive proof-of-concept for the implementation of biomathematical models of sleep-wake dynamics in shift work contexts. Accounting for individual differences may improve applicability of recommendations.