Preference-based Model Research Articles

“Guess Why I didn't rate it”: A New Preference-based Model for Enhanced TopK Recommendation

“Guess Why I didn't rate it”: A New Preference-based Model for Enhanced TopK Recommendation

An intuitionistic fuzzy entropy-based gained and lost dominance score decision-making method to select and assess sustainable supplier selection

<abstract> <p>Sustainable supplier selection (SSS) is recognized as a prime aim in supply chain because of its impression on profitability, adorability, and agility of the organization. This work introduces a multi-phase intuitionistic fuzzy preference-based model with which decision experts are authorized to choose the suitable supplier using the sustainability "triple bottom line (TBL)" attributes. To solve this issue, an intuitionistic fuzzy gained and lost dominance score (IF-GLDS) approach is proposed using the developed IF-entropy. To make better use of experts' knowledge and fully represent the uncertain information, the evaluations of SSS are characterized in the form of intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS). To better distinguish fuzziness of IFSs, new entropy for assessing criteria weights is proposed with the help of an improved score function. By considering the developed entropy and improved score function, a weight-determining process for considered criterion is presented. A case study concerning the iron and steel industry in India for assessing and ranking the SSS is taken to demonstrate the practicability of the developed model. The efficacy of the developed model is certified with the comparison by diverse extant models.</p> </abstract>

A Preference-Based Model of Care: An Integrative Theoretical Model of the Role of Preferences in Person-Centered Care.

Knowledge of individuals' everyday preferences is a cornerstone of person-centered care (PCC). Initial evidence demonstrates the positive impact of honoring preferences in care for older adults receiving long-term services and supports (LTSS). Yet, the mechanisms through which preference-based care affects individual well-being remain poorly understood. This article proposes a theoretical model of PCC entitled the Preference-Based Model of Care that integrates the Theory of Human Motivation, Self-determination Theory, the Competence-Press Model of person and environment fit, the Living Systems Framework, and the Broaden-and-Build theory of positive emotions to deepen our understanding of the processes through which preference-based care affects well-being among older adults receiving LTSS. The Preference-Based Model of Care illustrates how goal-directed behaviors facilitate need fulfillment through the expression of individual preferences and how these behaviors mediate the relationship between person-environment fit and affect balance within a particular social, cultural, and political context. The Preference-Based Model of Care can advance research on PCC in LTSS and can inform LTSS clinical practice guidelines for older adults, regardless of functional or cognitive capacity.

Pricing sin stocks: Ethical preference vs. risk aversion

We develop an ethical preference-based model that reproduces the average return and volatility spread between sin and non-sin stocks. Our investors do not necessarily boycott sin companies. Rather, they are open to invest in any company while trading off dividends against ethicalness. When dividends and ethicalness are complementary goods and investors are sufficiently risk averse, the model predicts that the dividend share of sin companies exhibits a positive relation with the future return and volatility spreads. An empirical analysis supports the model’s predictions. Taken together, our results point to the importance of ethical preferences for investors’ portfolio choices and asset prices.

Preference and strategy in proposer's prosocial giving in the ultimatum game.

The accumulation of findings that most responders in the ultimatum game reject unfair offers provides evidence that humans are driven by social preferences such as preferences for fairness and prosociality. On the other hand, if and how the proposer’s behavior is affected by social preferences remains unelucidated. We addressed this question for the first time by manipulating the knowledge that the proposer had about the responder’s belief concerning the intentionality of the proposer. In a new game called the “ultimatum game with ambiguous intentions of the proposer (UGAMB),” we made the intentionality of the proposer ambiguous to the recipient. We expected and found that the proposer would make more unfair offers in this new game than in the standard ultimatum game. This expectation can be derived from either the preference-based model or the strategy model of the proposer’s giving decision. The additional finding that more unfair giving in the UGAMB was not mediated by the proposer’s expectation that the recipient would be more willing to accept unfair offers provided support for the preference-based model. Using a psychological measure of cognitive control, the preference-based model received additional support through a conceptual replication of the previous finding that cognitive control of intuitive drive for prosociality in the dictator game, rather than mind reading in the ultimatum game, is responsible for the difference in giving between the two games.

OP07 Towards Better Outcomes: New Standard For Placing A Value On Health

INTRODUCTION:Cost-effectiveness analysis is probably the most often applied analysis in the field of Health Technology Assessment. Yet, there are major issues related to this analytical approach. Apart from the discussions about discounting, and which type of costs should be included in the analysis, there is discussion about the measurement of the health effects. The dominant economic and decision-making research paradigm that underpins present protocols to value health show flaws and limitations.METHODS:All existing generic health instruments (for example,. EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire, EQ-5D; Health Utilities Index, HUI; Short Form, SF-6D) used to collect values for health states use a small, fixed set of health domains. Descriptions of health states are created based on these domains and their levels. Subsequently, these descriptions are valued with special preference-based methods (measuring the quality or importance of something). When developing those instruments, patients’ opinions were not actively incorporated in the choice of domains, nor have patients’ preferences been considered in assessing weights to the domains and their levels.RESULTS:We developed a novel preference-based health measurement methodology that combines the strength of two existing measurement models for subjective phenomena: the discrete choice model and Rasch item response theory (1-3). This new approach is referred to as the multi-attribute preference response (MAPR) model. This is the first generic health preference-based model that is fully based on the perception and reporting from patients (experienced based) and is insensitive to adaptation mechanisms. Apart from being grounded on measurement theory, the valuation tasks are easy and attractive to perform in a self-completion setting. A first application based on this novel model has been worked out in a mobile app to measure the overall health condition of infants (reported by mothers).CONCLUSIONS:Our recently introduced and informative health measurement model overcomes many problems associated with the conventional methods.

Emergent Segregation through Homophilic Imitation: The Case of School Choice

Segregation by ethnicity, income and other factors still continues in many areas of life. Its prevalence is usually explained by some variation of Schelling's preference-based segregation model. Here we suggest and test a different individual-level mechanism that potentially generates emergent segregation: homophilic imitation. We assume that people tend to mimic choices of those similar to them. We study this mechanism in the context of school choice. To test our hypothesis we use a model of social decision making that describes how individuals estimate the quality of potential choices from the observed actions of others, and how these estimates can be used to predict further actions. Using methods of Bayesian inference, along with individual-level school choices extracted from Norwegian government register data, we establish how homophily influences choice imitation behaviour, particularly in the context of free school choice policy, which then contributes to segregation.

The Term Structure of CDS Spreads and Sovereign Credit Risk

I study the term structure of credit default swap spreads to understand the dynamics of global and country-specific risk factors in explaining the time-variation in sovereign credit risk. The analysis suggests that the shape of the term structure conveys significant information on the relative importance of global and domestic risk. When the spread curve is upward sloping, global shocks are the dominant force underlying changes in the price of sovereign credit risk. Nonetheless, domestic shocks become relatively more important when the term structure is inverted. To draw these conclusions, I develop a recursive preference-based model with long-run risk for credit default swaps. The underlying default process, which modulates expectations about future default probabilities, is modeled to depend both on global macroeconomic uncertainty and country-specific risk. Time-variation in the slope can be explained through the joint dynamics of aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks in connection with investor preferences. Additional supporting evidence of the model-implied results is provided by empirical analysis using a panel of 44 geographically dispersed countries. First, the variation in spreads explained by their first common component decreases during the sovereign debt crisis. Second, country-specific fundamentals explain relatively more spread variation of distressed countries, which are characterized through a downward sloping spread curve. Third, the explanatory power of domestic factors is monotonically increasing with the number of months the term structure was inverted. Overall, these findings support the view that both sources of risk are important, they simply matter at different points in time.

Preferences, Parties, and Legislative Productivity

Chiou and Rothenberg (2003) utilized models of legislative productivity, synthesizing parties and preferences by deriving and measuring different equilibrium gridlock intervals, finding that such models outperformed alternatives depending on preferences alone. However, their temporal scope is limited to post-World War II. Generalizing theoretical models—notably recognizing the 1917 enactment of Rule 22 creating the Senate filibuster rule—and expanding historical scope empirically will produce results, inspiring greater confidence and better ability to distinguish whether partisan features matter. Hence, the authors generalize and test models using data extending to the late 19th century. Results indicate that a model combining preferences with party unity better explains outcomes than does a preference-based model, a model where parties control the agenda but cannot discipline members, or a model where the president rules his legislative party. In addition, findings are consistent with the inference that Rule 22 did not change the filibuster rule guiding the Senate substantially.

An Economic Assessment of Parents' Self-Composure: The Case of Physical Child Abuse

Abstract This paper uses a maximum likelihood procedure that accounts for unobserved heterogeneity in the sample to implement a preference-based model to assess factors that influence parents' likelihood of losing their composure and physically abusing their children. A basic supposition of the model is that parents prefer to deal with parent-child conflict by choosing tactics and behaviors that do not exceed a specified level of violence; however, endogenous parent and child behaviors and exogenous circumstances may arouse parents' emotions that cause this level to be exceeded. Our results suggest policy interventions that influence such circumstances and associated behaviors may strongly influence the incidence of physical child abuse. We estimate the ex ante annual value parents attach to risk reductions of self-composure losses associated with excessive parent-child violence. This value is shown to be greater than currently estimated annual savings in ex post costs associated with a comparable decrease in U.S. physical child abuse incidence.

Three Models of Democratic Deliberation

This paper comes out of my experience working at the of three models of deliberative democracy: (1) the preference-based model held by many deliberative theorists in the social sciences; (2) the rational proceduralist model suggested by John Rawls's political philosophy and Jurgen Habermas's discourse ethics; and (3) what I will call an integrative model that has been overlooked in the literature but can be seen at work in most actual deliberative forums com- posed of members of a polity deliberating on that polity's direction. The latter includes the National Issues Forums (NIF), a network of civic organizations that run deliberative forums consonant with a quasi-Deweyan approach to pub- lic deliberation. My aim in this paper is to see the extent to which any or all of these models can be mapped onto actual deliberative forums, including delib- erative polls, the method developed by James Fishkin (1991; 1995). These three models are not mutually exclusive. A deliberator might see herself engaged in more than one sort at a time (perhaps testing out, as in the second sort, whether a justification for a policy is acceptable to all, while at the same time hoping to find some integration even where participants cannot reach accord, as in model three). Any combination could work, in practice, even though some of the meth- ods may, again in practice, work at cross purposes. For example, focusing largely on the normative aims of the second model might lead one to minimize the empirical facts of people's actual, strategic aims, of which the third model is highly aware. I want to draw out the theoretical differences between these ap- proaches and show how these differences matter in practice. My own intersection among these three approaches is rather makeshift: I happened to begin working with Fishkin on a deliberative poll we called the National Issues Convention (NIC) while I was a graduate student at the Univer- sity of Texas (writing a dissertation, in part, on Jurgen Habermas). I was never Fishkin's student, rather our collaboration began because of my association with the Kettering Foundation, which is a major force behind the NIF. 2 Fishkin be- came allied with NIF and the Kettering Foundation because of their shared in-

The significance of hotspots to lekking topi antelopes (Damaliscus lunatus)

Controversy has surrounded the question of why lek-breeding has evolved in certain ungulate species. Can the behavior be explained simply by males mapping onto a female distribution that is determined by factors unrelated to mating? Or are leks created because estrous females distinguish between males and favor males who cluster? Here I address these questions by looking at spatial distribution in lekking topi antelopes (Damaliscus lunatus). Contrary to the predictions of a model assuming male clustering in the zone of maximum female range overlap, territories were highly clustered also within this zone, and lek size correlated positively with population density. In support of models derived from the ideal free distribution of males onto female dispersion, leks were in areas with high female density during the rut. However, models not taking into account both individual variation in male quality and female mate preferences failed to explain the extreme male clumping also within high density areas, which was revealed by a strongly male-biased sex-ratio on leks. Additional support for the female preference-based model came from the finding that estrous females concentrated onto leks. Female preference for clustered males may develop if males initially follow an ideal free distribution of unequal competitors with high quality males slightly clustered at density hotspots; positive feedback between female benefits of preference for clustered males and male benefits of clustering could lead to contraction of the territorial network and lek behavior. Thus only the female preference-based model correctly predicted a negative correlation between male mating rate and resource density.

Modeling Consumer Perception of Public Space in Shopping Centers

This article presents a study of the effects of various shopping center design and management attributes on consumer evaluations of the public space appearance (or atmosphere) in shopping centers. Examples of such attributes are level of maintenance, area for pedestrians, window displays, street layout, and street activities. A model is estimated from responses to experimentally controlled descriptions of hypothetical shopping centers. This conjoint analysis or stated preference-based model is compared with a similar regression model estimated from a cross section of perceptions of existing shopping centers. The conjoint and cross-sectional models are tested for their external validity on a holdout sample of respondents. It is concluded that both models perform equally well, but that the approach using hypothetical alternatives allows more detailed insight in the effects of the various shopping center attributes.

The exercise and valuation of executive stock options

In theory, hedging restrictions faced by managers make executive stock options more difficult to value than ordinary options, because they imply that exercise policies of managers depend on their preferences and endowments. Using data on option exercises from 40 firms, this paper shows that a simple extension of the ordinary American option model which introduces random, exogenous exercise and forfeiture predicts actual exercise times and payoffs just as well as an elaborate utility-maximizing model that explicitly accounts for the nontransferability of options. The simpler model could therefore be more useful than the preference-based model for valuing executive options in practice.

Rational model selection in large engineering knowledge bases

It is generally admitted that several models differing along various dimensions are needed for executing complex engineering tasks such as diagnosis and monitoring. A key problem is thus to decide what model to use in a particular situation in front of a specified problem-solving task and reasoning objectives. We address this problem within the Multimodeling framework for reasoning about physical systems that we proposed in a previous work. After having characterized the space of possible models in the Multimodeling approach, we formulate the selection problem using the conceptual tools offered by the economic theory of rationality. In this frame we illustrate a preference-based model selection method that is used to navigate in the universe of available models of a system searching for the model that best matches a given task and reasoning objectives. The method exploits the use of a model map that is a metalevel concept representing the ontology and teleology of each model and the transformational relations (abstractions and approximations) connecting each model to other models. The model map is used to compare models on the basis of their content and to understand what can be gained or lost when switching from one model to another. Finally, some implications of the foregoing selection method in developing action-based diagnostic systems are discussed.