Preferred Type Research Articles

Ecologically preferred types of drive systems for city buses—the context of the Polish energy mix

Abstract The energy mix determines the external costs of transport and the benefits from investments in the drive systems perceived as more environmentally friendly, such as electric vehicles. The aim of this article was to present a methodology to determine the environmentally preferable urban bus drive systems (electric, hydrogen, CNG, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and diesel) depending on CO2 emission factors related to the production of electricity in a given country. The developed methodology was exemplified by the Polish energy system. The results indicate the environmentally preferable types of urban bus drive systems, taking into account vehicle exploitation. The results obtained can inform the decision-making process and, in particular, enable state administrations in EU countries to define a support mechanism for public transport (e.g., through subsidies) that is appropriate to the environmental benefits of operating particular types of vehicles under country-specific energy mix conditions.

Recycling of construction waste as an innovative direction of the program of post‐war reconstruction of destroyed cities

AbstractThere are officially more than 5.5 thousand dumps in Ukraine, landfills with a total area of more than 9,000 hectares, and there are more than 2000 illegal dumps. The issue of waste disposal (garbage) has always been very acute, not only during the war, a significant part of this waste is construction waste. During the hostilities, many Ukrainian cities and settlements suffered various types of destruction, and some suffered almost the greatest destruction of various objects of urban infrastructure. All this contributed to the emergence of a large amount of demolition waste. The article analyzes the current state of management of demolition waste in Ukraine. The goals and objectives of recycling construction waste in the conditions of post‐war reconstruction of destroyed urban areas are formulated. The results of theoretical studies of methods of utilization of demolition waste by their reuse in construction are given. The preferred types of construction waste in case of destruction of buildings include clogged soil, asphalt, stone materials, brick, concrete and reinforced concrete, wood, ceramic tiles, etc. Each of these types of demolition waste needs a separate recycling. The article gives the classification and structure of demolition waste and defines, what operations to handle it are required. The requirements for the arrangement of temporary storage of construction waste are formulated. Prospects for the development of recycling of demolition waste in Ukraine are considered. The ways of reuse in construction of demolition waste components are proposed. Recommendations of measures of step‐by‐step management of construction waste in Ukraine were provided.

Closing the Gap: Automated Distractor Generation in Japanese Language Testing

Recent advances in natural language processing have increased interest in automatic question generation, particularly in education (e.g., math, biology, law, medicine, and languages) due to its efficiency in assessing comprehension. Specifically, multiple-choice questions have become popular, especially in standardized language proficiency tests. However, manually creating high-quality tests is time-consuming and challenging. Distractor generation, a critical aspect of multiple-choice question creation, is often overlooked, yet it plays a crucial role in test quality. Generating appropriate distractors requires ensuring they are incorrect but related to the correct answer (semantically or contextually), are grammatically correct, and of similar length to the target word. While various languages have seen research in automatic distractor generation, Japanese has received limited attention. This paper addresses this gap by automatically generating cloze tests, including distractors, for Japanese language proficiency tests, evaluating the generated questions’ quality, difficulty, and preferred distractor types, and comparing them to human-made questions through automatic and manual evaluations.

Assessment of Intramuros Restaurant Services : Basis for Food Tourism as an Attraction of a Heritage Destination

The tourists’ desire to experience local culture and heritage makes heritage sites an important attraction in destinations. Being considered an inseparable part of cultural and heritage tourism, food is an important aspect that is beneficial for the community’s economic sustainability and the social life of tourists, visitors, and usual diners. This research aimed to determine the assessments of diners on Intramuros restaurants, on the three components of guest experience with the intent of exploring food tourism as a destination attraction to promote this heritage site. It was descriptive-exploratory research using a researcher-made questionnaire to survey the assessment of 75 diner respondents in Intramuros restaurants who were selected through a purposive sampling technique. The findings of the study suggested that the respondents were satisfied with the three components of the guest experience namely: service product, service environment, and service delivery system. The respondents’ satisfaction with restaurant services offered in the destination played a significant role in their revisit and recommendation intentions where the result related a high level of likelihood of revisit and recommendation intentions among diners. Further, it determined that the top three types of food service preferences are casual dining, fine dining, and banchetto (feast). The top recommendation among five indicators in terms of food tourism activities in Intramuros, a cultural heritage site, was to associate cultural shows with the dining experience.

Match Date-to-Start Date: Engaging Fellows Pre-Training

Background: The accelerating pace of progress in hematology and medical oncology is stressing an already packed curriculum. Finding time for innovative curriculum-design or to improve current curricula is challenging. We found no data in the literature about using the pre-training Match Date-to-Start Date period effectively for any educational activities of fellowship training in any discipline in the USA. Our aim was to target fellows matched to our program and see if the six months from Match Date-to-Start Date could be meaningfully utilized without interfering with their pre-training workload and activities. Method: Within four weeks following their match date, the four incoming fellows received a questionnaire. The questionnaire targeted six key research variables, encompassing their field of interest, preferred type of research, desired mentorship, self-assessment of current skills, and the amount of time they were willing to dedicate per week to any fellowship program-related recommended reading until the official start date of July 1. We sent each fellow one email each week with one or two PDFs as educational material. Each fellow received a list of potential mentors with mentor-CVs and information about each mentor's area of focus. Each fellow could choose up to two mentors to interview with. Using their responses as a guide, we arranged 30-minute video meetings between the fellows and their choice of potential mentors. Prior to the start-date, we administered a questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of this process. Results: A total of 4 fellows were given a questionnaire post-match to gather their interests, skill set and time willing to dedicate to research. The responses were received in less than 24 hours (table 1). 2/4 chose to focus their research and scholarly activities in medical oncology/solid tumors and the other two chose to focus on malignant hematology. ¾ did not have a chosen mentor already. For their self-reported skills, 75% felt confident in abstract writing and poster presentation while only 50% felt confident in manuscript and grant writing skills. All 4 of them were willing to Commit 1-3 hours match date to start date on items related to research and scholarly activity. By April, each of the four fellows had been successfully paired with a mentor of their choice. At the end of the study period, the pre-start-date questionnaire demonstrated that all 4 fellows strongly agreed that that this Match Date-to-Start Date program was helpful, was not disruptive, and liked the process of choosing their mentor prior to starting their training. Conclusion: This program was designed as a pioneering initiative to optimize the time between the match date and the start date of fellowship training for incoming hematology oncology fellows. Its primary objectives were met: to facilitate a seamless transition for fellows, providing them with valuable opportunities to connect with mentors who share their research interests, enabling them to make informed choices. Additionally, we have implemented a semi-annual follow-up system to document the progress, challenges faced, and gather feedback on how to enhance and refine the program.

Experimental investigation on the deformation and damage of steel ribbon wound vessel for hydrogen storage under external impact and blast loading

Steel ribbon wound vessel is a preferred type for stationary storage of high-pressure hydrogen in refueling stations. However, it is under the threat of fragment impact and blast loads caused by accidental explosions of hydrogen or other vessels. For the first time, the fragment-simulating projectile (FSP) impact tests with impact kinetic energy range from 1.8 × 103 J–4.9 × 103 J and external blast loading tests with TNT equivalent range from 157 g–4 kg of industrial-grade 50 MPa steel ribbon wound vessel were carried out. The damage of vessel under FSP impact loading was studied. The effect of concentrated and distributed blast loads on the deformation and damage of gas-filled vessel was analyzed, and the explosion resistance of vessel under near-field blast loading was explored. It is revealed that: 1) the steel ribbon wound vessels generally have good resistances to external blast and impact loads, 2) the primary damage characteristics of vessel under contact/near-field blast loading was localized depression deformation, accompanied by steel ribbons warping as the shock wave impulse increases, 3) the saddle fails earlier than the vessel under the near-field blast loading. Further, the failure modes of vessel under extreme blast loads were revealed. Results can provide reference for the safe design and validation of dynamic damage/failure analysis models of steel ribbon wound vessels.

Association of diet and lifestyle factors with semen quality in male partners of Chinese couples preparing for pregnancy

BackgroundSemen quality significantly influences conception, and its preservation is crucial for couples seeking pregnancy. We investigated dietary and lifestyle risk factors impacting semen quality.MethodsA total of 466 males from the Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center’s pre-pregnancy consultation clinic were recruited between January 2021 and March 2023 for inclusion. Semen analysis was performed, and diet and lifestyle data were gathered via questionnaire. Logistic regression was utilized to examine the link between diet, lifestyle variables, and semen quality.ResultsSmoking worsened progressive sperm motility (38.0% vs. 36.0%, t = 2.262; P = 0.049). Alcohol consumption impaired progressive motility (40.5 ± 17.8% vs. 34.7 ± 16.1%, t = 3.396; P < 0.001) and total motility (56.0% vs. 64.0%; P = 0.001). Using plastic beverage bottles for oil or seasonings lowered sperm concentrations (40.4% vs. 59.0% vs. 65.5%; P = 0.032). A sweet diet correlated with higher total sperm motility (55.0% vs. 60.0%, 62.0% vs. 63.2%; P = 0.017). Higher milk product intake improved sperm concentration (41.6106vs. 63.7106 vs. 66.1*106; P = 0.021) and motility (54.5% vs. 56.0% vs. 63.0%; P = 0.033). More frequent egg consumption increased semen volume (3.1 mL vs. 3.8 mL vs. 4.0 mL; P = 0.038). Roughage intake enhanced sperm concentration (160.8106 vs. 224.6106; P = 0.027), and adequate sleep improved progressive sperm motility rate (35.4% ± 18.2% vs. 40.2 ± 16.3%, F = 3.747; P = 0.024) and total motility (52.7% vs. 61.5%; P = 0.013). The regression model showed that using plastic containers for condiments was a protective factor for semen volume (OR: 0.12; CI 0.03–0.55; P = 0.006), sperm concentration (OR: 0.001, CI 0.00–0.30; P = 0.012), and count (OR: 0.12, CI 0.03–0.48; P = 0.003). Milk and egg consumption were also protective for semen volume (OR: 0.18, CI 0.06–0.51; P = 0.001 and OR: 0.11, CI 0.03–0.55; P = 0.006, respectively), while sufficient sleep benefitted total sperm motility (OR: 0.47, CI 0.24–0.95; P = 0.034).ConclusionsSmoking and drinking, type of condiment container, diet preference, sleep duration, and milk, roughage, and egg consumption may reduce semen quality.

Accessible autonomous transportation and services: voice of the consumer – understanding end-user priorities

Purpose This study aimed to explore the requirements for accessible Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and AV services from a consumer perspective, focusing on people with disabilities (PwDs) and older adults. Methods Two national surveys were conducted, capturing current transportation trends and AV priorities. Participants (n = 922) with disabilities and older adults were included in the analysis. Results Transportation choices exhibited significant divergence based on the underlying causes of disabilities, showcasing distinct inclinations and impediments within each category. AV services, encompassing family conveyance and package delivery, proved integral, but their specific desirability fluctuated in accordance with the nature of disabilities. Notably, medical appointments emerged as the foremost AV utilisation requirement, particularly pronounced among individuals with hearing impairments. Preferences for orchestrating AV rides and the preferred vehicle types displayed disparities linked to the various disability classifications. The employment of mobile applications, websites, and text messages were preferred mediums for arranging rides. Features such as automated route guidance and collision prevention garnered unanimous precedence among AV attributes. Key priorities, spanning wheelchair accessibility, user profiles, and seamless communication with AVs, were universally emphasised across all participant clusters. The study indicated a moderate comfort level with AV deployment, implying the potential for favourable reception within the population of PwDs and older adults. Conclusion The study highlights the significance of considering diverse needs in accessible AV development of vehicle and infrastructure and policies.

A new ELECTRE-based decision-making framework with spherical fuzzy information for the implementation of autonomous vehicles project in Istanbul

This research study keenly employs the ground-breaking theory of ELECTRE method in order to advance the literature with a more competent technique for the frequently implemented and incredibly practical model of spherical fuzzy sets. The eminent characteristics, broader approach and adaptable model of spherical fuzzy set empowers the proposed strategy to captivate each type of the imprecise human judgement (whether in favor, against, neutral or hesitant) using a dependent and three independent membership grades. The remarkable novelty of the proposed approach is its successful application even with no criteria weights knowledge. Furthermore, the proposed technique processes the spherical fuzzy data and examines different types of preferences among alternatives using three threshold values. These preferences contribute to classify the outranking relations among the alternatives within five different levels of dominance. Later on, the iterative approach of distillation is deployed to figure out the final ranking. The proposed strategy is applied to meet the challenges in the implementation of autonomous vehicles in Turkey. After a through evaluation of five corridors via proposed technique in reference to fifteen criteria, metrobus corridor appears as the most appropriate for the autonomous vehicle operation. In the last, the consistency of the proposed approach is delineated via comparative analysis with existing spherical fuzzy CODAS and spherical fuzzy PROMETHEE approaches and other convincing evidences.

Probabilistic consistency of stochastic multiplicative comparison matrices based on Monte Carlo simulation

Stochastic multiplicative comparison matrices (SMCMs) are widely accepted due to their flexibility in measuring various types of decision-makers' uncertain preferences by treating the judgment as a random variable. However, few existing consistency indices for SMCMs account for the influence of uncertainty of SMCMs on consistency. This may lead to some contradictions in consistency measurement for SMCMs. This paper proposes a probabilistic consistency index (PCI) considering the uncertainty of SMCMs from a statistical perspective. The index satisfies the property of invariance under the permutation of the labels of objects. The influence of uncertainty on the PCI is discussed in detail by numerical simulation. In addition, the perfect consistency and acceptable consistency of SMCMs based on the PCI are introduced, and a general threshold determination algorithm for acceptable consistency of SMCMs based on Monte Carlo simulation is designed considering the uncertainty, the distribution and the order of an SMCM. Subsequently, a consistency improvement method for SMCMs based on stochastic programming is proposed, which preserves the original preference of decision-makers to the greatest extent. Finally, examples are given to illustrate the significance of the consistency verification by using the PCI, and the most likely preference structure is used as the ranking for SMCMs.

Farklı oranlardaki bazalt fiber takviyesinin kaolinin serbest basınç dayanımına etkisi

There are many materials used to stabilize or reinforcement low strength soils. While additives such as fly ash, lime, tuff, silica fume are preferred in stabilization works, fibers are used in reinforcement works. The use of fiber, which has emerged as an alternative to traditional methods, has become widespread. The most preferred fiber types in soil reinforcement are glass, polypropylene and basalt fibers. Basalt fiber, which is produced from basalt rock and widely distributed in nature, was chosen as a reinforcement material in this study, which is increasingly used due to its high strength, economic, environmentally friendly, natural and many other superior properties. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of basalt fiber ratio on strength in low plasticity kaolin clay reinforced with basalt fiber. For this purpose, unconfined pressure tests were carried out on cylindrical samples prepared by adding 6 mm long basalt fiber at different rates to clay and compressing it at optimum water content. In the samples reinforced with basalt fiber, the maximum strength was obtained in the sample with 2% basalt fiber ratio. It was determined that the strength decreased in samples with higher basalt fiber content.

High-sensitivity neonatal urine drug testing has similar positivity rates to meconium fordetecting in utero exposure to methamphetamine andcocaine.

Current guidelines recommend universal screening for substance use disorders in obstetric patients, and neonatal drug testing is also frequently performed. Meconium is often the preferred specimen type to detect neonatal drug exposure due to a longer window of detection compared to urine, but most laboratories send out meconium testing to specialized reference laboratories, which can delay results for several days or more. Here, we evaluate a rapid and definitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for neonatal urine drug testing and compare results obtained using this method to paired meconium drug testing in 1,424 neonates for amphetamines, cocaine, cannabinoids, opiates, oxycodone and phencyclidine. Urine testing showed equivalent sensitivity to current meconium methods for detecting in utero exposure to amphetamines and cocaine.

FONTS AND WRITING STYLES OF GRAPHIC ELEMENTS OF JAPANESE IDOGRAPHIC WRITING, SELECTED BY STUDENTS AND SCHOOLCHILDREN

The article presents the results of a scientific study using a questionnaire in the Google form system, in order to identify selected (preferred) types of fonts and writing styles of graphic forms of the Japanese language, used in the process of teaching Japanese ideographic writing. The online survey “The influence of styles, types and forms of the ideographic sign of the Japanese language on cognitive perception” was conducted in two groups of interviewees: 1 group of schoolchildren aged 14 - 17 years old in a general education institution, 26 people; Group 2 university students 18 – 23 years old, 74 people. The results of the study showed the preferred attitude of students to the kyokashotai font in 82.8% of the respondents for writing hieroglyphs in the statutory style, 78.6% of the surveyed students chose the kyokashotai font for writing Hiragana and Katakana alphabet characters. When comparing the signs of the Hiragana alphabet and the signs of the Katakana alphabet written in different styles and fonts, schoolchildren chose kyokashotai as the most preferred font for calligraphic writing (68.6%). The calligraphy style chosen for teaching ideographic writing of the Japanese language in two groups of respondents is the authorized kaishotai style (80%). When developing and publishing textbooks and textbooks using Japanese fonts and writing styles of ideographic signs, it is nec-essary to take into account the preferred cognitive perception of Russian-speaking students, their choice mainly of the kyokashotai font in the statutory style, on average 76.6%.

Tackling the hospitality industry’s contentious issue of employee retention: A close look into the influence of staff training

Generally, hospitality industry experiences incessant wave of high turnover than all other industries. Due to alarming levels of competition in staff training and growth opportunities in different industries, organizations in hospitality sector face challenges in retaining their employees. Employees quit hospitality organizations in pursuit of world-class training and the opportunity for professional development offered in competing organizations, both within and outside the hospitality industry. However, prior research has largely ignored the role of staff training on employee retention in hospitality organizations. There is growing debate about the relationship between staff training and employee retention. Hence, behooves the researcher to accentuate the impact of staff training on employee retention with specific attention given to five subsidiaries of the leading hospitality organization in Zimbabwe. For this study, the data was collected from a sample size of 120 employees. The sample was selected using systematic sampling technique under the ambit of probability sampling method. The data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics. The results unearthed that staff training has a significant impact on employee retention. The study produced compelling evidence that staff training was insufficient and was not coping with constant changes in the surrounding. In addition, strong evidence in this study indicated that coaching and mentoring were the most preferred types of training. Therefore, the top management should increase the amount of investment on staff training to retain employees. The managers should ensure that all the equipment and tools used for staff training are aligned with prevailing technology to wane turnover rates. Considering huge turnover rates in hospitality industry, comprehending the influence of staff training on employee retention is boon to improve the management policies within the organization. By shedding light on the influence of staff training on employee retention, this study lends preeminent credence to previous claims regarding the importance of the staff training at the workplace.

Sediment organic carbon and heavy metals: A bibliometric analysis

AbstractBibliometric analysis is an important tool for the assessment of research trends on a topic of interest. With the rising demand for research on sediments, the current work is aimed to evaluate the number of publications, major countries involved, and major thrust areas of research using the search keywords “sediment organic carbon” and “sediment heavy metals.” The bibliometric recovery of 1367 publications was done from the Scopus database during the study period of 23 years, that is, from 2000 to 2022 (till August) and the analyses were performed using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny software. The result showed a greater number of publications on sediment organic carbon than the heavy metals. Research articles were the most preferred publication type as compared to book chapters, conference proceedings, review articles, and so on. No particular journal was found to have a significant impact on the topic of research, but Chemosphere and Marine Pollution Bulletin showcased the highest impact on publication with an H‐index score of 36 each. While, China dominated the research on the concerned topic followed by India and the United States, a low level of inter‐country collaboration was however detected in the analysis suggesting a regional influence on sediment‐related topics. “Risk assessment,” “Geo‐accumulation index,” and “Potential ecological risk” were the major focal areas that were associated with the assessment of sediment quality and heavy metal accumulation. It can be concluded that sediment related research has been regionally focused. More inter‐country collaborations can aid in trans‐disciplinary research related to sediments in the future.

Public and Patients' Perspectives Towards Data and Sample Sharing for Research: An Overview of Empirical Findings.

We aimed to review the attitudes and perspectives of the public and patients towards the sharing of data and biospecimens for research and to identify common dimensions, regardless of setting. Our review included systematic, scoping or thematic reviews of empirical studies retrieved from Medline (PubMed interface), Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest and Cochrane Reviews. The main themes identified and synthesised across the 14 reviews were readiness and motivations; potential risks and safeguards; trust, transparency and accountability; autonomy and preferred type of consent; and factors influencing data and biospecimen sharing and consent. Sociodemographic factors and research and individual context remain relevant influencing factors in all settings, while preferences for types of consent are highly heterogeneous. Trusted environments and adapted consent options with participant engagement are relevant to improve research participation.

Understanding adolescent girls’ experiences with accessing and using contraceptives in Zambia

BackgroundGlobally, the unmet need for contraception among adolescent girls is high and is driven by barriers to access and utilisation of contraceptives. Understanding adolescent girls’ experiences with accessing and using contraceptives is crucial because it influences their decision to use and willingness to continue using health products and services. While determinants of contraceptive use have been extensively researched globally, few studies explore how adolescent girls experience contraceptive use in Zambia using qualitative methods. Therefore, this study aimed to understand Zambian adolescent girls’ experiences using contraceptives.MethodsThematic analysis was used to analyse data generated from 7 focus group discussions and three in-depth interviews with adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 years in 4 districts in Zambia. NVivo version 12 pro (QSR International) software was used to manage and organise the data.ResultsResults revealed that adolescents’ experiences concerning contraceptives across the continuum of care are shaped by various factors, including knowledge of contraceptives which comprises sources of information and contraceptives; experience with using contraceptives, challenges with access to contraceptives, and misconceptions about contraceptives; perspectives about existing contraceptives; and preferred types of contraceptives.ConclusionThe multifactorial interaction relating to adolescents’ personal experience, their community and the environment in which they access contraceptive services all contribute to their overall experience and influence their contraceptive decisions. Therefore, qualitative studies exploring adolescents’ experiences with accessing and using contraceptives are vital for tailoring interventions responsive to the contraceptive needs of this age group.

Development of self-heating tack coat for bonding prefabricated rollable asphalt materials to existing pavement structure

Prefabricated rollable asphalt materials (PRAM) can be bonded to the existing pavement structure (EPS) using either the cold bonding method or the thermal bonding method. However, the cold bonding method is susceptible to environmental factors, and the thermal bonding method has poor construction safety and convenience. The above problems limit the application of the PRAM. The objective of this study is to develop a self-heating tack coat (SHTC) consisting of an exothermic compound (EC) and a binder as an alternative to the cold bonding method and the thermal bonding method. To obtain greater bonding performance between the PRAM and EPS, the thermal characteristics of the EC and the binder as well as the interlaminar shear strength (ISS) between the PRAM and the EPS were investigated for determination of the optimal material composition of the SHTC. First, three types of EC were selected with four dosages, and their exothermic characteristics were investigated. Second, the endothermic characteristics of selected binders were studied during the heat release of the EC. Then, the ISS between the PRAM and the EPS was measured using the direct shear test when the material composition of SHTC was different. According to the results of these tests, the exothermic compound III (EC-III) was found to be the preferred EC type with an optimum dosage of 0.2 kg/m2, and #70 neat asphalt was found to be the preferred binder type. Under these conditions, the ISS between the PRAM and the EPS reached a maximum of 0.7 MPa. Finally, a comprehensive comparison was made between the proposed method and the traditional bonding method in terms of the ISS, the construction cost, the CO2 emission, and the construction time. The results showed that the SHTC developed in this study can be used as an alternative to traditional bonding methods.

A Novel Consumer Preference Model Based on Blockchain and Topic Similarity Clustering in Cross-Border E-Commerce

Nowadays, countries in the world have frequent economic exchanges, and the scale of cross-border E-Commerce (CBEC) is getting larger and larger. CBEC refers to trading, payment, logistics, customs clearance, and other transactions. It also refers to the services between countries or regions through Internet technology and e-commerce platforms. In this article, the authors proposed a consumer preference model by blockchain and topic similarity clustering to obtain more consumer preference information. First, this article builds a blockchain-based consumer information collection system for CBEC to extract various features of consumers in CBEC. Secondly, by improving the performance of multiple characteristics of consumers, the accuracy of consumer preference prediction is improved. Finally, a method of consumer preference prediction based on topic similarity clustering is proposed to obtain consumers' purchase preference types. Experimental results show that the method can reach 84.3% of the H-mean, getting the best predictive performance and assisting CBEC by predicting consumer preferences.

Heterogeneous Differential-Private Federated Learning: Trading Privacy for Utility Truthfully

Differential-private federated learning (DP-FL) has emerged to prevent privacy leakage when disclosing encoded sensitive information in model parameters. However, the existing DP-FL frameworks usually preserve privacy homogeneously across clients, while ignoring the different privacy attitudes and expectations. Meanwhile, DP-FL is hard to guarantee that uncontrollable clients (i.e., stragglers) have truthfully added the expected DP noise. To tackle these challenges, we propose a heterogeneous differential-private federated learning framework, named HDP-FL, which captures the variation of privacy attitudes with truthful incentives. First, we investigate the impact of the HDP noise on the theoretical convergence of FL, showing a tradeoff between privacy loss and learning performance. Then, based on the privacy-utility tradeoff, we design a contract-based incentive mechanism, which encourages clients to truthfully reveal private attitudes and contribute to learning as desired. In particular, clients are classified into different privacy preference types and the optimal privacy-price contracts in the discrete-privacy-type model and continuous-privacy-type model are derived. Our extensive experiments with real datasets demonstrate that HDP-FL can maintain satisfactory learning performance while considering different privacy attitudes, which also validate the truthfulness, individual rationality, and effectiveness of our incentives.