Prednisolone Tertiary Butyl Acetate Research Articles

Dose dependency of prednisolone tertiary-butylacetate (PTBA) treatment on the establishment and site predilection of Echinococcus multilocularis in an alternative definitive host model using Mongolian gerbil ( Meriones unguiculatus )

Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were orally inoculated with 10,000 protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis per head after being divided into five groups (A E). Each group was dosed with prednisolone tertiary-butylacetate (PTBA) as follows: A, 0 mg; B, 0.5 mg; C, 2 mg; D, 5 mg; and E, 10 mg/head. All animals were injected subcutaneously with control solvent or PTBA every other day from 6 days pre- to 6 days post-infection. Autopsy was performed at 7 days post-infection. Doses of PTBA and the number of worms recovered showed a positive correlation (r = 0.929, P < 0.0001). In groups A, B and C, the predilection site of the worms in the small intestine could not be determined, while in group D the worms were found more in the anterior part. In group E, the predilection site was the anterior part, followed by the middle and the posterior parts of the small intestine (Fisher's test: P < 0.01). The number of worms recovered from the anterior and the middle part of the small intestine also correlated positively with PTBA dose (anterior part: r = 0.930, P < 0.0001, middle part: r = 0.917, P < 0.0001). All groups of the PTBA-treated animals showed significant loss of weight compared to the nontreated animals (P < 0.01).

Complete life cycle of the canid tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis , in laboratory rodents

Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus, when treated at intervals of 2-6 days with prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate, sustained infection with adult Echinococcus multilocularis in the small intestine, with the tapeworm exhibiting normal strobilation and egg production as in the natural canid host. Host age is critical for the survival of the tapeworm in normal gerbils; parasites survive for only 2 days in 20-wk-old animals, 4 days in 4-wk-old animals, but at least 7 days in 3-wk-old animals. The host age dependence in parasite recovery between days 28-37 postinfection was not affected by treatment from around the day of infection. Starting the treatment before infection (on day -17 relative to infection) remarkably improved the tapeworm's survival within the intestine of older animals. Eggs produced in this rodent model system 28 days postinfection were infective to rodents such as Mongolian gerbils and gray red-backed voles, Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae, by oral or intraperitoneal inoculation. The E. multilocularis/Mongolian gerbil system can replace the natural canid hosts as a new way to obtain infective eggs and to analyze host-parasite interactions. The development of an alternative definitive host for zoonotic tapeworms may accelerate experimentation in this field.

Extraintestinal strobilar development of immature Echinococcus multilocularis in laboratory rodents following intratracheal inoculation of the protoscoleces

Intratracheal inoculation of Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces was performed in prednisolone tertiary-butylacetate(PTBA)-treated and untreated golden hamsters and AKR/J mice. Repeated PTBA treatments prior to the day of inoculation prevented the influx of neutrophils against the cestode. More than 1 month after infection, living immature adult forms of E. multilocularis, showing some somatic prolongation, were recovered from the pulmonary alveolar space of PTBA-treated golden hamsters, in the absence of any cystic development.

Survival, strobilation and sexual maturation of Echinococcus multilocularis in the small intestine of golden hamsters

Echinococcus multilocularis survived, strobilated and matured sexually in the small intestine of 6-week-old male golden hamsters that were either non-treated or treated with prednisolone tertiary-butylacetate (PTBA), following oral administration of 20 000 protoscoleces. Non-treated hamsters harboured the adult worms for up to 25 days post-infection (p.i.). Hamsters treated with PTBA from the day of infection (day 0 p.i.) harboured more adults than the non-treated, and their survival periods were extended. Moreover, a remarkable improvement in worm recovery, development and survival periods was observed in hamsters additionally treated with PTBA on days -- 14 and -- 12 p.i., and the worm development including proglottisation, sexual maturation and egg formation was comparable with that in dogs. With the present results it is suggested that Echinococcus/rodent systems represented by the E. multilocularis/golden hamsters may rejuvenate the current stagnant research on host-parasite interactions of the definitive host-stage and egg-stage of Echinococcus.

The local anti-inflammatory activity of rimexolone (Org 6216) in fibrin-induced monoarticular arthritis and adjuvant-induced arthritis.

The effects of a number of steroids administered intra-articularly in a chronic model of fibrin-induced monoarticular arthritis in the rabbit have been investigated. Org 6216 hydrocortisone acetate, prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate and triamcinolone hexacetonide each suppressed the joint swelling produced 14 days after antigen challenge. These anti-inflammatory effects lasted for at least 7 days. Hydrocortisone semisuccinate was inactive in this model. In addition, the effects of the same compounds and several other anti-inflammatory steroids and indomethacin administered locally with adjuvant was assessed on the resultant paw oedema produced in the rat. The local anti-inflammatory activity, the duration of action and the systemic effects of these drugs varied considerably and only Org 6216, hydrocortisone acetate, prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate and indomethacin produced anti-inflammatory effects throughout the 4 days of the experiments and were devoid of significant adrenolytic and thymolytic activity.

Renal polycystosis in the rat induced by prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate.

A single i.m. injection of 66 mg/kg prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate given on the 1st day of life produced glomerular degeneration and collecting duct and proximal tubule cysts in rat kidneys. There was evidence of delayed nephrogenesis leading to persistance of the neogenic zone.

The effect of single and of multiple doses of prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate on cell population kinetics in the small bowel mucosa of the rat.

The effect of single and of multiple doses of prednisolone upon cell population kinetics in the rat jejunal crypt was investigated, using autoradiography and stathmokinetic techniques with vincristine. Single injections of prednisolone (2.5 mg/kg body weight) induced a depression both flash thymidine labelling and mitotic indices; this change was shown to be due to a decreased cell production rate. Recovery of these proliferative indices occurred over seven days after injection; measurement of crypt size parameters showed a transient decrease in crypt population. Multiple daily injections of prednisolone (1 mg/kg body weight) produced a more sustained decrease in labelling and mitotic indices, which lasted as long as injections were continued (7 days); stathmokinetic techniques showed decreases in cell production rates, and the crypt population was also depressed throughout this period. It is concluded that prednisolone depresses cell proliferative rates in rat jejunal mucosa.

Plasma Protein Shedding by the Canine Oxyntic Glandular Mucosa Induced by Topical Application of Snake Venoms and Ethanol

A single irrigation of the mucosa of a pouch of the oxyntic glandular mucosa of a dog’s stomach with a dilute (0.5 mg per ml) solution of lyophilized venom of the hooded cobra (Naja rtaja) breaks the gastric mucosal barrier, but shedding of plasma does not occur. Twenty to 40 days later a similar irrigation with cobra venom solution causes a very large (sometimes more than 30 ml in 30 min) shedding of plasma through the mucosa. This plasma shedding builds up after the initial irrigation with or without frequently repeated irrigation of the mucosa with cobra venom solution, and it declines from its peak in about 30 days, leaving various degrees of residual plasma shedding. When the response has declined essentially to zero, irrigation with cobra venom solution still breaks the gastric mucosal barrier. Treatment of the dog with prednisolone tertiary butylacetate (1 mg per kg intramuscularly a day for 7 to 14 days) attenuates but does not abolish plasma shedding during irrigation with cobra venom solution. Irrigation of the mucosa with ethanol (30% v/v) also causes plasma shedding whether the mucosa has previously shed plasma in response to irrigation with cobra venom solution. Irrigation of a pouch with a dilute solution (0.5 mg per ml) of lyophilized venom of a viper (Vipera russellt) does not in itself induce plasma shedding, but if the mucosa is irrigated with a solution of viper venom immediately after it has been irrigated with ethanol, a plasma shedding response may be induced. Induction of plasma shedding by irrigation of the mucosa with numerous other foreign proteins combined with various barrier breakers has not been achieved.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome During Pregnancy

To the Editor:— The pregnant patients with upper extremity paresthesias described in the Aug 17 Questions and Answers section have the typical symptom complex now recognized as the result of median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel. Pain and numbness, often nocturnal, sometimes spreading proximally to the elbow and shoulder, precede thenar muscle weakness, which may rarely progress to severe atrophy. Phalen's sign (exacerbation of symptoms produced by hyperflexing the wrist for two or three minutes with the elbow extended) is helpful in differentiating carpal tunnel syndrome from other entrapment neuropathies. Most patients benefit from injection of 1 or 2 cc of corticosteroid suspension (hydrocortisone acetate or prednisolone tertiary-butylacetate) into the carpal tunnel, just medial to the palmaris longus at the level of the proximal wrist crease. In more severe or stubborn cases, surgical division of the deep transverse carpal ligament produces uniformly gratifying results. The pathological cause is still

Some influences of thyroid on the pituitary-adrenal axis.

The influence of thyroid hormones on the pituitary-adrenal axis in rats was investigated using the following parameters: 1) plasma corticosteroid levels; 2) production of A4-3-ketosteroids by adrenal fragments in vitro; 3) pituitary ACTH content; 4) volume of distribution of injected corticosterone; 5) adrenal weight. Mild hyper thy roidism was induced by adding thyroglobulin to the diet. Hypothyroidism was induced by goitrogen administration, by thyroidectomy, or by hypophysectomy to permit segregation of extrahypophysial and extrathyroidal effects. Hyperthyroidism induced an increase in adrenal weight, which could be prevented by injection of prednisolone tertiarybutylacetate or by hypophysectomy. Plasma corticosteroid levels were significantly higher in thyroid-treated animals (intact or thyroidectomized) than in controls, following ACTH injection. However, this increase was attributable to a 50% reduction in the volume of distribution of corticosterone in thyroidtreated animals. Adrenals of hyperthyro...

The intralesional use of triamcinolone acetonide in psoriasis. A double blind study.

The effectiveness of the treatment of psoriatic lesions by the intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide has been demonstrated by many investigators. 1-3 In a double blind study of psoriatic patients triamcinolone acetonide by intralesional injection was indeed found to be effective in clearing the lesion of psoriasis. Its efficacy was markedly greater than hydrocortisone or prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate. Material and Method All patients in this study were hospitalized and had no other form of systemic or topical therapy. In order to avoid the possibility of systemic effect the amount of triamcinolone acetonide injected was limited to 0.2 ml. of 1% suspension. The control material was the vehicle alone to which hydrocortisone acetate was added to make a 0.4% suspension to simulate the cloudy appearance of the triamcinolone acetonide suspension. Hydrocortisone acetate in this concentration was found to be totally ineffective in the treatment of psoriatic plaques. The suspensions were

Intra-articular steroid therapy. Comparative efficiency of 6-methylprednisolone acetate in cases of rheumatoid arthritis.

A study was made of the effectiveness of intra-articular administration of 6-methylprednisolone acetate, hydrocortisone tertiary-butylacetate and prednisolone tertiary-butylacetate.The 6-methylprednisolone acetate was more effective than prednisolone tertiary-butylacetate or hydrocortisone tertiary-butylacetate in five cases; it was less effective than these two steroids in three cases, and equally effective in 30 cases.In almost all instances the three steroids had a pronounced local anti-inflammatory effect on the rheumatoid process, with little difference in the degree of relief produced by each of the steroids.

Technique for extra-articular injection.

This exhibit processes the application of extra-articular injections of prednisolone tertiary butylacetate with or without hexylcaine hydrochloride for tendon, ligament, muscle, and bursal pathology of an acute or chronic nature which has been resistant to traditional therapy. It has been found that these injections tended to (1) alleviate muscle spasm, (2) reduce the inflammatory process, (3) decrease the pain, and (4) shorten the course of the disease and the duration of its disability. The only contraindications are acute infections, blood dyscrasias, and malignancies. The rational use of muscle relaxants, analgesics, and various modalities of physical therapy in conjunction with these extra-articular injections have made it possible to institute earlier muscle reeducation and motion. Hence, modality has been decreased and the period of rehabilitation substantially shortened. Dosage The dosage of prednisolone tertiary butylacetate (Hydeltra T. B. A., Merck, Sharpe & Dohme) is shown in the accompanying key. The dose of hexylcaine