Predictive Validity In Relation Research Articles

The relationship between Eysenck’s P-E-N model of personality, the five-factor model of personality, and traits delineating personality dysfunction

Multiple regression and principal components analysis was used to (1) identify the traits of normal personality function represented in personality dysfunction, (2) clarify what aspects of the personality domain are in common and are unique to three and five factor models of personality, and (3) assess the relative predictive validity of the EPQ-R to the NEO-PI-R in the assessment of personality dysfunction. Three hundred and thirty two general population subjects completed the NEO-PI-R, the EPQ-R, and a measure of personality disorder: the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP-BQ). Neuroticism defined a factor describing emotional dysregulation, a central feature in the diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder. Measures of extraversion defined a factor describing levels of inhibition, a core component to the diagnosis of Schizoid and Avoidant Personality Disorder. NEO-PI-R Conscientiousness was found to reflect key concepts in the diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder and NEO-PI-R Agreeableness defined a factor describing psychopathy. EPQ-R Psychoticism loaded on a separate factor describing conduct problems. Multiple regression analyses showed that the EPQ-R accounts for a significant proportion of the variance in each DAPP-BQ scale, ( R 2 Adjusted range=6–43%; median=21%). Addition of the five NEO-PI-R scales was shown to increase the amount of variance accounted for, in most cases significantly (change in R 2 Adjusted range: 2–58%, median change=26%).

The utility of a burn specific measure of pain anxiety to prospectively predict pain and function: a comparative analysis

Patients treated for burn injuries commonly experience high levels of acute pain and anxiety during hospitalization, particularly as it relates to their dressing changes and other medical procedures. A new instrument, the burn specific pain anxiety scale (BSPAS), was designed to characterize patient's anxiety in this setting, but its predictive validity in relation to other measures of anxiety has yet to be demonstrated. In this study, 27 patients with acute burn injuries completed three measures of anxiety upon admission to a major medical burn trauma center. Scores on the anxiety measures were compared with regard to their ability to predict subsequent ratings of procedural and background pain levels, pain medication usage, and physical and emotional functioning upon discharge. In support of criterion-related validity, the BSPAS was the best predictor of procedural pain levels as rated later the same day relative to the other global anxiety measures; moreover, the BSPAS did not predict later-day background pain levels as hypothesized. Both the BSPAS and the global anxiety measures were found to significantly predict total number of pain medications over a 24-h period. Finally, the BSPAS was the only significant predictor of decreased physical role functioning at discharge whereas the other more global measures of anxiety were better predictors of emotional functioning. These results provide preliminary evidence that the BSPAS is a unique and valid indicator of pain-related anxiety surrounding burn care in hospitalized patients and may be useful in identifying those patients at risk for decreased functional capacity at the time of discharge.

Prediction of basic reading skills among young children with diverse linguistic backgrounds.

This study was conducted to assess the relative predictive validity of phonological processing, listening comprehension, general cognitive ability, and visual-motor coordination against early reading skills within a sample of children from diverse linguistic backgrounds. Children (N = 65) were tested in Kindergarten with measures from each of the aforementioned areas, and in Grade 1 with measures of letter and word recognition. Among all predictor variables, phonological processing was the only significant predictor of Grade 1 reading. Language(s) spoken in the home added to the prediction of letter recognition. Results suggest that phonological processing may contribute to the acquisition of basic reading skills for children with varied language experiences in the same way as it does for monolingual children.

Individualism: Collectivism and the handling of disagreement. A 23 country study

The relationship of espoused values and the handling of disagreement in work settings was explored at the cultural level. Managers and supervisors from a variety of organizations within 23 countries completed a questionnaire about the handling of disagreement in their work unit. Responses were compared with value measures derived from Hofstede, 1980[Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture fn1 fn1 Amorim, Sabino Ayestaran, Stephen Bochner, Victor Callan, Valeria Cavalcante, Nam Guk Cho, Pierre-Henri Francois, Margarita Garcia, Karsten Hoffman, Jorge Jesuino, Paul Koopman, Tock Keng Lim, Shahrenaz Mortazavi, John Munene, Mark Radford, Arja Ropo, Grant Savage, Bernadette Setiadi, Ritch Sorenson, Yumiko Taylor and Conrad Viedge for assistance in collecting the data. s consequences: international differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.]. Country means for power distance predicted the frequency of occurrence of disagreement between but not within work groups. In the handling of disagreements, there was stronger reliance on subordinates and co-workers in low power distance nations and on one’s own experience and training in individualist nations, whereas in collectivist nations reliance on formal rules and procedures was stronger. It is concluded that Hofstede scores for collectivism and power distance have continuing predictive validity in relation to this aspect of social behavior. It is suggested that the preference for in-group harmony within collectivist cultures may be less than universal.

Price of Adaptation—Allostatic Load and Its Health Consequences

Exponential growth in the population of older adults presents clinicians with special concerns about factors affecting risks for declines in cognitive and physical functioning. To examine the hypothesis that risks for such declines and for disease outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease, are related to differences in allostatic load, the cumulative physiologic toll exacted on the body over time by efforts to adapt to life experiences. To present an operational definition of allostatic load, along with preliminary evidence of its predictive validity in relation to salient outcomes of aging. Data from a longitudinal, community-based study of successful aging were used to develop a measure of allostatic load based on 10 parameters reflecting levels of physiologic activity across a range of important regulatory systems. Allostatic load is the sum of the number of parameters for which the subject was rated in the highest-risk quartile. Higher allostatic load scores were associated with poorer cognitive and physical functioning and predicted larger decrements in cognitive and physical functioning as well as being associated with an increased risk for the incidence of cardiovascular disease, independent of sociodemographic and health status risk factors. Findings are consistent with the conceptualization of allostatic load as an index of wear and tear on the body, with elevations in allostatic load predicting an increased risk for a decline in cognitive and physical functioning as well as cardiovascular disease in a cohort of older men and women. From a clinical perspective, the concept of allostatic load may provide the basis for a more comprehensive assessment of major risks in the aging process.

Comorbid illness is associated with survival and length of hospital stay in patients with chronic disability. A prospective comparison of three comorbidity indices.

This study was designed to determine if comorbidity added more information than knowing only the patient's age in predicting survival and length of hospital stay. The authors compared the relative predictive validity of three comorbidity indices: the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, the Charlson Index, and a count of International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification medical diagnoses in relation to survival and length of hospital stays in patients with spinal cord injury. The sample consisted of 330 longitudinally followed spinal-cord injured patients admitted between January 1989 and December 1990 who were followed for an additional 18 months. During the follow-up, 25 (7.5%) patients died and 249 (75.5%) were readmitted to hospital with a median of one admission (range, 1-8). The corresponding lengths of hospital stay ranged from 0 to 548 days, with a median of 7 days. Patients who died were not significantly older but had higher comorbidity scores. Using patients alive at the end of the follow-up period, linear regression models were fit to the data to determine if comorbidity added more information regarding length of hospital stay than knowing only the patient's age. In the model that included only age as an independent variable, there was a significant relation between age and length of stay (F(1,303) = 5.2; P = 0.012). The R2 value for this model was 0.017. In further models that included age and each of the three comorbidity scores (separately) as the independent variables, the model that included age and the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale yielded the highest R2 value (R2 = 0.062). This study is among the first to compare three different measures of comorbidity and documents that comorbidity provides more information than knowing only the patient's age in relation to survival and length of hospital stay.

The use of multiple-item scales for pain intensity measurement in chronic pain patients

This study examined the relative predictive validities of several measures of pain intensity. Forty chronic pain patients completed 6–14 days worth of hourly pain ratings, which were averaged to obtain a measure of actual average pain intensity. These patients then made ratings, on 101-point numerical rating scales, of worst, least, and usual pain during the previous 2 wks, and of their current pain. A series of correlation coefficients were computed and regression analyses were performed to determine the individual or composite measures that best predicted actual average pain intensity. Consistent with previous research, the best single predictor of actual average pain intensity was patient rating of least pain in the previous 2 wks. Of all possible composites of usual, least, worst, and current pain ratings, the arithmetic mean of least and usual pain had the strongest relationship to actual average pain. The inclusion of ratings of most pain or current pain in any composite score actually weakened the relationship between the composite score and actual average pain intensity. These results suggest that, when clinicians or researchers wish to assess average pain among chronic pain patients, but cannot obtain multiple measures of pain over time, the most valid measure would be the arithmetic mean of patient-recalled least and usual pain.

Reminder-induced attenuation of the effect of relative stimulus validity

The roles of deficient acquisition and deficient expression of learned information in the effect of relative stimulus validity were examined using rats in a conditioned lick suppression paradigm. Recovery from the effect without further pairings of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) would favor an interpretation of the relative validity effect based on a latent CS-US association as distinct from a failure to acquire the CS-US association. As a potential recovery manipulation, “reminder” treatments, consisting of the US alone (Experiment 1) or the CS alone (Experiment 2), were administered following relative validity training. In both cases, subjects for which the CS target was of low relative predictive validity exhibited enhanced responding relative to appropriate controls. Additionally, Experiment 2 showed that the amelioration of the relative validity deficit was stimulus specific. Thus, the results of these experiments support previous suggestions that the performance deficit resulting from low relative stimulus validity is due, at least in part, to a failure to express acquired information (Cole, Barnet, & Miller, 1995a).

European Management Selection Methods: A Comparison of Five Countries

There is some disagreement in the recent literature on how similar or different are the methods used to select employees in different European countries. The confusion comes about in part because different samples and questions have been used in different countries to investigate this issue, making comparison between countries very difficult. This study investigates managerial selection methods in three members of the European Community, Belgium, Germany and Italy, using the same questionnaire and sample characteristics previously used in Britain and France. This allows a direct comparison between the five countries. The samples comprised 250 companies randomly drawn from the top 1,000 in each country. Questionnaires sent to the companies asked a range of questions concerning the frequency of use of selection methods and attitudes towards their use. Results show major differences in frequency of use of different methods. Some of these differences are: British and German companies tend to use assessment centres much more often than other countries, while Germany and Italy are relatively infrequent users of psychological tests. Companies in the Flemish (Dutch speaking) part of Belgium are the most likely to use biodata, while their French speaking compatriots are similar to the French in their liking for graphology. Both Belgium and France make much less use of references than do Britain, Germany and Italy. Results suggest that harmonization of selection practice in Europe is a long way off. Habit, tradition and culture determine the choice of selection method much more than do the relative predictive validities of the techniques.

Attitudes toward computers: Construct validation and relations to computer use

AbstractAttitudes toward computers are generally thought to be composed of two factors: (1) beliefs that the computer is a beneficial tool, and (2) beliefs that computers are autonomous entities. We employed confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to examine (1) the convergent and discriminant validity of scales assessing two attitudes toward computers, (2) the relative predictive validity of the two attitude dimensions with computer use, and (3) a theoretical model of attitudes toward computers and computer use. Results supported the hypothesis that attitudes toward computers are composed of two distinct constructs and the hypothesis concerning the ordering of the two computer attitudes and computer use. We found partial support for the hypothesis that the two attitude factors differ in their prediction of computer use. Overall, the results supported the idea that two distinct beliefs about computers are present and that these two beliefs are significantly related to computer use.

The relative predictive validity of two therapeutic alliance measures in cognitive therapy.

The current study investigated the relative predictive validity of 2 self-report measures of the therapeutic alliance for patients receiving a version of short-term cognitive therapy that places particular emphasis on the importance of the therapeutic relationship. The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) and the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scale (CALPAS) were administered at the third session to a sample of 22 patients receiving short-term cognitive therapy, and their relationship with outcome on a variety of measures was calculated

The relative predictive validity of two therapeutic alliance measures in cognitive therapy.

The relative predictive validity of two therapeutic alliance measures in cognitive therapy.

Prediction of Response to Electroconvulsive Therapy

In an open study of 35 depressed patients, psychomotor disturbance, assessed by the CORE rating system, significantly predicted response to ECT in patients with a 'retarded' but not those with an 'agitated' type of illness. In multivariate analyses, psychomotor disturbance was the sole predictor of response. This preliminary study suggests that the CORE system, which has been shown to differentiate endogenous and non-endogenous depressive disorders, has predictive validity in relation to ECT response.

A comparison of different conceptualizations of perceived alternatives in turnover research

AbstractThe present study compared the relative predictive validity of different formulations of perceived alternatives in turnover models. These formulations varied according to different levels of specificity and proximity to turnover criteria and were examined within the framework of the Mobley turnover theory (1977; Mobley, Griffeth, Hand and Meglino, 1979). A sample of 244 nurses was administered a survey assessing determinants of turnover. Six months later voluntary turnover data were collected. While intention to quit and turnover were significantly predicted by their antecedents, the results were not entirely supportive of Mobley's theory. Methodological and theoretical reasons were advanced for the inconsistent findings.

Relative Validity of the Orleans-Hanna Algebra Prognosis Test in the Prediction of Girls' and Boys' Grades in First-Year Algebra

The relative predictive validity of girls' and boys' success in algebra is examined. Eighth-grade students took the Orleans-Hanna Algebra Prognosis Test. These prognosis test scores were correlated with grades that 519 girls and 421 boys subsequently earned in first-year algebra. Algebra grades of girls proved to be more predictable than those of boys ( p <.05). Comparison of the present findings with those of an earlier study suggest that no changes during a 14-year period in the differential predictive validity of the sexes is evident. Implications for counselors and teachers are drawn and discussed.

Forecasting Optometry Grade Point Average

Preoptometry grades. Optometry College Admission Test (OCAT) scores, and a number of other variables were evaluated as predictors of the grade point average earned by optometry students (N = 494) after two years at Southern California College of Optomery. The OCAT Quantitative Ability test was found to be the best single predictor (r = +0.37). This prediction was enhanced (multiple r = +0.55) with the addition of the OCAT Study Reading test score, preoptometry grade point average in college mathematics and science courses, and a rating of the preoptometry college attended. A predicted grade point average for optometry school courses was computed for each student by additively combining these variables, weighted according to their relative predictive validities. By comparing the computed values of students who actually earned a high grade point average in optometry school with those whose average was low, we were able to establish a predicted grade point cutoff score. It is shown that this can be useful in evaluating the potential of an applicant to achieve academic success in optometry school.

THE PREDICTION OF COLLEGE ACHIEVEMENT BY THE SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST AND THE HIGH SCHOOL RECORD

Abstract : Attempting to take a nonadversarial approach to the dispute of Slack and Porter with Jackson over the predictive validities of the Scholastic Aptitude Test and the high school record, this report examines both the effect of the selection process on these validities and what these validities might be if all colleges were to use a common standard of academic achievement. The results indicate that for this criterion the Scholastic Aptitude Test may have a predictive validity of .62 and an incremental validity over the high school record of .17 and for the usual criterion the selection process may have a profound effect on the relative predictive validities of the Scholastic Aptitude Test and the high school record. The conclusion thus reached is that the Scholastic Aptitude Test is, as intended by its developers, a valid instrument of selection.

A Cross-Modal Assessment of Reading Achievement in Children

This study examined the predictive ability of the Listen and Look (LL) test of cross-modal perception and the Metropolitan Readiness Test (MRT) in relation to reading achievement (teacher rating, Systematic Approach to Reading Improvement, and reading grades) and to other achievement measures. Effects of child's age and sex on test scores and achievement also were investigated. Data from 79 first grade pupils were analyzed using linear regression models for single predictors with a stepwise procedure for multiple predictors. A correlation matrix of all variables was computed. Both the LL and MRT demonstrated predictive validity in relation to reading achievement and to other achievement measures with percentage of explained variance larger for the LL on all but one achievement measure. The LL and MRT were significantly correlated.

The relative predictive validity of subtle vs. obvious items on the MMPI Depression scale.

To assess the relative predictive validity of subtle and obvious items on the MMPI Depression scale, obvious, neutral, and subtle subscales were formed and used to predict several criterion measures of depression; these included the Beck Depression Inventory, the Depression subscale of the Profile of Mood States, and the Pleasant Events Schedule (N = 209). In general, obvious items were good predictors of all criteria, neutral items overlapped considerably with obvious items, and subtle items generally did not contribute uniquely to the prediction of any of the concurrent measures of depression.

The prediction of impulsive behavior: comparative validities of obvious vs. subtle MMPI hypomania (MA) items.

Assessed the relative predictive validity of obvious (0), neutral (N), and subtle (S) items of the MMPI Ma scale (N = 86 males). Subtle-obvious ratings were compared to criteria in the three types of measurement delineated by Cattell, namely, questionnaire, life-history, and objective tests. Ma-O was correlated positively with the Experience Seeking factor of the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) as well as time taken and errors on the Porteus Maze, while Ma-S was correlated positively with the Thrill and Adventure Seeking factor of the SSS and the biographic questionnaire. Ma-N, on the other hand, was not related to any criteria. Because the correlations among the criteria themselves were generally insignificant, it was suggested that hypomania is not a homogeneous construct.