Predicted Protein Efficiency Ratio Research Articles

Compositional and nutritional evaluation of viscera from commercially harvested wild-caught Australian abalones (Haliotis spp.)

Discarded abalone viscera accounts for 25–42 % weight of total abalone waste and represents a cost-burden to producers. Previous research has identified these discarded abalone viscera as having the potential for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and therapeutical outcomes, which have not been investigated in Australian varieties. Thus, comprehensive nutritional evaluation was conducted on the viscera of four commercially harvested wild-caught abalone in Australia; roe's abalone (Haliotis roei), greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata), brownlip abalone (Haliotis rubra conicopora), and blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra rubra) collected from various locations and processors. Proximate composition, amino acid, fatty acid and protein and fat algorithmic quality evaluation were investigated. Protein and fat quality evaluation demonstrated the opportunity for utilizing abalone viscera to potentially improve the health status of aging populations, as well as exercise performance. Such evaluations included high essential amino acid index (EAAI) (81–85), predicted biological value (p-BV) (77–81) and predicted protein efficiency ratio (p-PER) (2.44–2.48). Samples were shown to have a unique docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA)-dominated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profile leading to a favorable index of atherogenicity (IA), index of thrombogenicity (IT), health-promoting index (HPI), and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (HH) values (0.95–1.36, 0.42–0.76, 0.74–1.05, 1.02–1.56). Challenges to valorisation in maintaining product consistency were identified with the noted variation in proximate composition (moisture: 72.96–79.97 %, protein: 55.82–68.04 % carbohydrates: 9.96–28.82 %, ash: 10.02–16.75 %, fat: 3.12–13.37 %). Multi-categorical regression identified external factors predominantly determine compositional results. The exception was amino acids characterization which remained consistent within and between species. This study provided an arching overview of the opportunities and challenges in utilizing abalone processing waste, as well as identifying future research directions in commercialization of viscera products. Such directions may include simultaneous hydrolytic recovery of macronutrients.

Nutritional Comparison Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Labeo parvus and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus

ABSTRACT Nutritional comparison of Auchenoglanis occidentalis (180 ± 2 g), Labeo parvus (178 ± 2.2 g) and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (176 ± 3.2 g) was carried out. Proximate, mineral, and amino acid analysis were carried out. The result was analyzed using an appropriate statistical tool. The trend of the fish nutritional qualities is: A. occidentalis > L. parvus > C. nigrodigitatus. A. occidentalis had significantly (p < .05) higher mineral composition, highest daily mineral intake, chemical score (CS) (73.32 g/100 g cp), predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) (2.54 g/100 g cp), and biological value (BV) (80.46 g/100 g cp). Consumption of A. occidentalis over L. parvus and C. nigrodigitatus is therefore recommended as a source of high-quality protein.

Nutritional quality assessment of commonly sold steamed bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) pastes in Lafia motor parks, Nasarawa state, Nigeria

The proximate, amino acid, and mineral compositions of commonly sold steamed bambara groundnut pastes in two different motor parks (SBGM and SBGJ) were investigated using standard procedures and methods. The respective proximate composition values (g/100g sample) of SBGM and SBGJ were: moisture (3.02 and 3.57), ash (7.13 and 7.69), crude fat (14.98 and 18.94), crude protein (21.46 and 19.34), crude fibre (5.90 and 7.34), and carbohydrate by difference (47.53 and 43.14). The most abundant minerals in the samples were potassium (219.63 and 232.86 mg/100g), followed by sodium (164.25 and 158.41 mg/100g). The amino acid profile of the proteins revealed that both samples contained nutritionally beneficialquantities of most essential amino acids. The total essential amino acid (TEAA) (with His) was 42.89 and 45.08g/100g for SBGM and SBGJ samples, respectively. The calculated isoelectric point (pI) and predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) for the samples were (4.22 and 5.18) and (2.08 and 2.45). Valine was the first limiting amino acid in both samples. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 57(1), 27-40, 2022

PROFIL ASAM AMINO DAN KANDUNGAN MINERAL IKAN TERI (Stolephorus commersonii) SEGAR DAN KERING DARI DESA SIAHONI KABUPATEN BURU

Anchovy (Stolephorus commersonii) is a fish that is mostly produced in Siahoni Village, both in the form of fresh and dried anchovies which are traditionally dried by direct sun drying. This traditional drying method is unhygienic and easily contaminated, so people have to develop appropriate technology, namely closed sun drying method. The purpose of this study is to examine the amino acid profile and mineral content (Ca, P, Fe, and I) of fresh and dried anchovy (Stolephorus commersonii) from Siahoni Village, Buru Regency. The method used in this study is experimental method and laboratory analysis which includes proximate analysis, amino acid analysis, and mineral analysis (Ca, P, Fe, and I). The Predicted Protein Efficiency Ratio (P-PER) was used for protein quality analysis. The results of this study indicate that based on the proximate value, there is an increase in the protein content of dried anchovy, where the protein content of dried anchovy which is dried in closed sun drying is higher than the protein content of dried anchovy which is traditionally dried. The highest essential amino acid content in fresh anchovy and traditional dried anchovy is lysine, and in sun dried anchovy is arginine. While the highest non-essential amino acid content in fresh anchovies, traditional dried anchovies and solar drying is glutamic acid. The estimated value of the protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) indicates that the protein quality of fresh anchovy is relatively poor, while traditional dried anchovy and solar drying have good protein quality. Fresh anchovies and dried anchovies also contain high and good minerals calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and iodine (I).

Nutritional quality and starch digestibility of breadfruit-bambara groundnut composite flours for food formulations

The focus of this study was to produce composite flour with nutritional and functional potentials from underutilized and inexpensive crops, which can be used in food formulations as a substitute to composite flours from commonly used and expensive crops. The proximate, mineral, and amino acid compositions, resistant starch content and in vitro starch digestibility of breadfruit-bambara groundnut (100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40 respectively) composite flours were investigated using standard methods. Data generated were subjected to statistical analysis. Inclusion of bambara groundnut in the composite flours significantly (p≤0.05) increased protein (5.06-16.96%), ash (1.54-2.71%), fat (1.06-1.96%), potassium (727.82-797.73 mg/100g), phosphorus (143.36-177.32 mg/100g), magnesium (92.71-117.05 mg/100g) and resistant starch (11.45-21.98%) contents, while it significantly (p≤0.05) reduced fibre (4.65-5.39%), carbohydrate (65.33-79.69%), sodium (48. 64-71.25 mg/100g), and calcium (57.65-64.50 mg/100g) contents, as well as in vitro starch digestibility (40.41-58.75%). All the essential amino acids were present; they constituted 34.69 – 37.94% of the total amino acid. The predicted protein efficiency ratio ranged from 2.14 to 2.82. This study suggests that breadfruit-bambara groundnut composite flours may find usefulness in different food formulations and may exhibit lower postprandial hyperglycemia which is important for obese and diabetic patients.

Physical Properties, Chemical Composition and Nutritional Quality Potentials of Lonchocarpus sericeus (Cube root) Seeds and Seed Oil

Physical properties, chemical composition, and nutritional quality potentials of the seeds of Lonchocarpus sericeus (cube root) were investigated. The water absorption properties of the seeds were measured both gravimetrically as hydration capacity (0.02±0.005 g/seed), and hydration index (0.06±0.01) and volumetrically as swelling capacity (0.01±0.00 mL/seed) and the swelling index (1.2x10-4±0.00). A 100 g of seeds contained 17.53±2.08, 38.83±4.16, 3.18±0.19, 24.93±3.21, 29.96±3.82, and 3.10±0.89 g moisture, crude fiber, ash, crude fat, crude protein, and nitrogen-free extract (NFE), respectively; Further, the sample had per 100 g 149.20±0.24 kJ gross energy, 848±16.1, 722±10.0, 720±9.1, 230±8.2, and 224±8.1 mg Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Na, respectively. The seed also contained 3.14±0.12, 2.18±0.32 and 4.30±0.06 mg/g tannin, oxalate, and saponin, respectively. The essential-to-total amino acid ratio (E/T, %) was 44.10 %; the average predicted protein efficiency ratio (PER) was 2.70, while the predicted biological value (BV) was 34.85. Elaidic acid was the most significant fatty acid (46.32 %) found in the seeds with a total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of 46.14 and 50.50 %, respectively. The oil of L. sericeus was equally rich in bioactive compounds, including tocopherols, sterols, phospholipids, tocotrienols, and terpenoids with a concentration of 50.09, 479.13, 333.14, 1.34, and 3.33 x 10-4 mg/100g, respectively. L. sericeus seed can be a potential source of dietary energy, industrial oil, bioactive compounds, and vegetable protein.

EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON THE QUALITY OF SMOKED HETEROCLARIAS

Effect of storage time on the quality of smoked heteroclarias was studied. 108 samples of heteroclarias (average weight 210 + 15g) was used. Analysis carried out include: proximate, mineral composition (Ca, Na, Fe and Mg), biochemical, amino acid and sensory evaluation. Data obtained was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while the sensory data was subjected to nonparametric test (Kruskal Wallis test). Smoked heteroclarias have good nutritional quality in terms of proximate, mineral and amino acids all of which decrease with increase in duration of storage at ambient temperatures. Glutamic acid was the most predominant amino acid and the highest non-essential amino acid (NEEA), lysine was the most predominant EAA. There was higher concentration of non-essential amino acids than essential amino acids, EAA/NEAA ratio (0.86 – 0.93) recorded indicates that the fish have excellent protein quality; its the predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) ranged between 3.44-3.61 and its biological value ranged between 79.84 -75.04. Its chemical score and TEAA decrease with increase in storage time. Its texture quality reduced significantly (χ2 = 12.207, p&lt;0.01) with increased storage period. It is therefore recommended that smoked heteroclarias be consumed as soon as it is smoked and regularly for good healthy conditions especially among children, aged and other vulnerable groups.

Nutritional evaluation of Japanese abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) muscle: Mineral content, amino acid profile and protein digestibility.

The chemical compositions and nutritional values of the water-soluble fraction (WF), myofibrillar protein (MP), and stroma protein (SP) from abalone muscle were investigated. The protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and ash contents of abalone muscle were 15.87, 6.36, 0.22, and 1.36g/100g, respectively. Most of the carbohydrates in the abalone muscle were released easily into water, and potassium was the most abundant mineral. WF and SP were rich in essential and umami amino acids, and all three fractions had high arginine contents. The essential amino acid index and predicted biological value of WF were 75.84 and 90.96, respectively. These values were considerably higher than those of MP and SP. Meanwhile, the predicted protein efficiency ratio of MP was the highest. Lysine was the first limiting essential amino acid (EAA) in MP and SP, and the score of the first limiting EAA (tryptophan) in WF was more than 100%. The in vitro protein digestibility of WF and SP was approximately 92% higher than that of MP. The in vivo experiments showed that WF was the easiest to digest. The nutritional value and high digestibility of WF can be claimed as a high-quality protein source based on the current findings.

EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND TREATMENT ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL, FUNCTIONAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF A SAFFLOWER (CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L.) PROTEIN ISOLATE

The effect of ultrasound exposure time (15 and 30 min) at 130 W and 40 kHz on the physicochemical, functional, and nutritional properties of a safflower protein isolate (SPI) was evaluated. The moisture content, bulk density, and aw of the SPI were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by ultrasound compared to the untreated control. In contrast to the control, the SPI exposed to ultrasound for 30 min had increased protein solubility (by 9.7% and 3.7% at pH 6 and 7, respectively), least gelation concentration (by 2.0% at pH 6), and oil absorption capacity (by 3.0%). No significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in amino acid composition, chemical score, or predicted protein efficiency ratio of the control and the SPI exposed to ultrasound. Ultrasound treatment would benefit the application of SPI in the food industry for ground meat formulations, meat substitutes and extenders, doughnuts, baked goods, and soups.

Proximate Analysis, Mineral Contents and Amino Acid Composition of Antrocaryon micraster Stem Bark

Proximate Analysis, Mineral Contents and Amino Acid Composition of Antrocaryon micraster Stem Bark Akinsola Abiodun Folasade, Omotayo Felix Olorunfemi Abstract In the present study, the proximate, mineral and amino acid composition of the stem bark of Antrocaryon micraster was determined. Results of the proximate analysis revealed the presence of 12.4 ± 0.0 % moisture; 9.01 ± 0.01 % ash; 13.8 ± 0.1 % crude protein; 1.20 ± 0.04 % fat and 51.9 ± 0.1 % carbohydrate. The mineral composition showed high level of K (889 ± 1.0 mg/100g), Ca (628 ± 3.0 mg/100g), P (104 ± 1.0 mg/100g) and low levels of Mn (6.71 ± 0.03 mg/100g), Zn (5.29 ± 0.10 mg/100g) and Cr (0.1 ± 0.0 mg/100g). The antinutrients studied revealed lower range of values when compared with most vegetables. Two acidic amino acids (glutamic and aspartic acid) were the highest concentrated amino acids (15.2 ± 0.0 and 10.0 ± 0.1 g/100g crude protein). The total amino acid was 81.6 g/100g crude protein, while the total essential and non-essential amino acids were 36.4 and 45.2 g/100g crude protein respectively. The predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) of Antrocaryon micraster stem bark was 1.55 and the calculated isoelectric point (pI) was 4.67. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jaes.v8n2a7

The effect of thermal processing on the protein quality of Monodora myristica (Gaertn.)Dunal seeds.

Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal is a useful but underutilised tropical tree of the Annona- ceae or custard apple family of flowering plants which is rich in proteins. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermal processing on the protein quality of Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal seeds. Raw, boiled (10, 20, 30 min) and roasted (10, 20, 30 min) Monodora myristica seeds were defatted, and the effect of heat treatment on their crude protein, amino acid composition/concen- tration and protein quality parameters was investigated. The results showed that crude protein was significantly reduced by heat treatment and ranged between 19.92&ndash;23.32%. Essential amino acids of the samples ranged from 26.34&ndash;34.06%. Glutamic acid (14.58 g/100 g), aspartic acid (9.18 g/100 g), leucine (7.76 g/100 g) and lysine (6.91 g/100 g) were the most predominant amino acids, while methionine + cysteine was the first limiting amino acid. There were some increases in some of the amino acids in the roasted samples. For instance, lysine was increased by 3.3% and arginine by 6.9%. The predicted protein efficiency ratio at all levels of processing was higher than 1.50, below which a protein is taken to be of poor quality. The calculated biological value ranged from 70.7% to 77.7%. Based on The Provisional Amino Acid (Egg) Scoring Pattern, the percentage adequacy of most essential amino acids in the samples was high. Despite the decrease in most amino acid contents by cooking, the plant food has the potential to provide high quality protein which can be exploited to enhance protein quality in human nutrition and performance in sports.

Amino acid composition and protein quality of instant liquid food based on Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Kelor (Moringa oleifera) flour

Under-five children are a vulnerable group whose susceptible to repeated infections and deficiency of protein and calcium. The objective of this research is to analyze the amino acid composition and protein quality of instant liquid food based on catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and kelor (Moringa oleifera) flour according to the requirement of children 1-3 years old. The amino acid composition was analyzed by using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). The highest essential amino acid content in the instant liquid food based on catfish and kelor flour is the 114.29±0.79 mg/g protein lysine and the highest non-essential amino acid is the glutamic acid of 244.14±1.86 mg/g protein. The protein quality was determined by the chemical score (78.30 for sulphuric amino acid), the amino acid score (100), the essential amino acid index (EAAI = 0.98), the predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER = 4.63±0.02), and the predicted biological value (P-BV = 48.51±0.13).The study showed that instant liquid food based catfish and kelor flour containing high-quality protein and calcium that is recommended for children aged 1-3 years.

Effect of different processing conditions on proximate composition, anti-oxidants, anti-nutrients and amino acid profile of grain sorghum

The effect of different processing conditions (B: boiling; F: LAB fermentation; FS: fermentation and steaming; FSF: fermentation, steaming, flaking) of whole grain sorghum on the proximate composition, antioxidants, anti-nutrients, and amino acids (AAs) was evaluated. A marginal increase in the protein content and a decrease in the fat content was observed in the F-sample. Total phenolics reduced by 28%; DPPH scavenging activity and CUPRAC activity increased by 1.4 and 6 times, respectively during fermentation. Tannin content reduced by 30–39%, for the F, FS and FSF samples; highest reduction in trypsin inhibitory activity (58%) was observed in the FS-sample. Total AAs increased by 2.9 folds in FSF samples. Grain sorghum contained mostly hydrophobic AAs (30–34%). The ratio of Essential amino acid to total amino acid and predicted protein efficiency ratio were highest in the F-sample, whereas predicted biological value of the FSF was 3 times than that of the control.

Amino Acids Composition of Maggot, Earthworm, Termite and Chicken Viscera Meals Used as Proteins Sources in Fish Feeding

The present study was conducted to compare the nutritive value of animal protein sources such as maggot meal (MM), earthworm meal (EM), termite meal (TM) and chicken viscera meal (CM) for fish feeding. Amino acids composition was determined in triplicate by HPLC method. These sources were rich in crude protein (54.30-71.8%), crude fat (10.7-18.7%) and crude fibre (5.7-9.7%). The total amino acid ranged from 18.8 to 57.19 g/100 g of crude protein and the percentages of essential amino acids were 61.58% (MM), 46.21% (EM), 32.02% (TM) and 45.72% (CM). CM was the richest in total acid amino acid (Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid) than other protein sources whereas basic amino acid (Histidine, Lysine and Arginine) was higher in MM than others. Leucine has the most concentrated amino acid in MM, EM and CM whereas there is phenylalanine in TM. Predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER 1 and P-PER 2 ) values were (2.16, 2.14) MM, (0.68, 0.67) EM, (0.79, 0.27) TM, and (1.20, 1.13) CM respectively; isoelectric point (pI) ranged from 1.10 to 3.65; chemical index (ICh) values were: (1.07) MM, (0.24) EM, (0.11) TM and (0.61) CM. Consequently, the results showed that MM was better at 76.47%, CM in 17.64% while TM was better at 5.88%. Based on these, maggot, earthworm and chicken viscera would be recommended as alternative protein sources to fish meal, especially maggot for fish feeding.

Amino Acid Profiles of the Flesh of the Heterosexual Pairs of &lt;i&gt;Neopetrolisthes maculatus&lt;/i&gt;

This paper reports on amino acid profiles of the flesh of heterosexuals of porcellanids collected from the Atlantic Ocean at Orimedu beach in Ibeju-Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. Results showed that high values of amino acids were observed in the heterosexual flesh of Neopetrolisthes maculatus (g 100g-1 protein): 17.7 – 17.8 (Glu), 9.90 – 10.0 (Asp), 8.70 – 9.07 (Arg), 7.23 – 7.94 (Leu) and 5.81 – 6.06 (Gly). Total essential amino acid values ranged from 45.2 – 46.2 g 100-1g. Predicted protein efficiency ratio was 3.82 – 4.14, the range of essential amino acid index was 86.9 – 89.9, the biological values ranged from 83.0 – 86.3. The Lys/Trp was 3.31-4.27. Serine was limiting amino acid (0.513 – 0.516) in the egg score comparison; under the essential amino acids scores, Lys (0.840) was limiting in female but Val (0.823) was limiting in the male; Lys (0.796 – 0.905) was limiting in both samples in the pre-school child amino acid requirements. It was observed that out of the twenty parameters determined, male flesh was more concentrated in 60% values than the female flesh and 40% better in female than male. Correlation coefficient result showed that significant differences existed in the amino acids composition at r = 0.01 of the N. maculatus samples.

Amino acid Composition, Amino Acid Scores and Predicted Protein Efficiency Ratio of Raw and Cooked African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis sternocarpa)

Amino acid Composition, Amino Acid Scores and Predicted Protein Efficiency Ratio of Raw and Cooked African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis sternocarpa)

Amino Acid Profiles of the Flesh of the Heterosexual Pairs of &lt;i&gt;Neopetrolisthes maculatus&lt;/i&gt;

This paper reports on amino acid profiles of the flesh of heterosexuals of porcellanids collected from the Atlantic Ocean at Orimedu beach in Ibeju-Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. Results showed that high values of amino acids were observed in the heterosexual flesh of Neopetrolisthes maculatus (g 100g-1 protein): 17.7 – 17.8 (Glu), 9.90 – 10.0 (Asp), 8.70 – 9.07 (Arg), 7.23 – 7.94 (Leu) and 5.81 – 6.06 (Gly). Total essential amino acid values ranged from 45.2 – 46.2 g 100-1g. Predicted protein efficiency ratio was 3.82 – 4.14, the range of essential amino acid index was 86.9 – 89.9, the biological values ranged from 83.0 – 86.3. The Lys/Trp was 3.31-4.27. Serine was limiting amino acid (0.513 – 0.516) in the egg score comparison; under the essential amino acids scores, Lys (0.840) was limiting in female but Val (0.823) was limiting in the male; Lys (0.796 – 0.905) was limiting in both samples in the pre-school child amino acid requirements. It was observed that out of the twenty parameters determined, male flesh was more concentrated in 60% values than the female flesh and 40% better in female than male. Correlation coefficient result showed that significant differences existed in the amino acids composition at r = 0.01 of the N. maculatus samples.

Amino acid profile and protein quality in tuber and leaf of Coccnia abyssinica (Lam.) (Cogn.) accessions of Ethiopia.

The protein content and amino acid profile of Anchote (Coccinia abyssinica) leaves and tubers were determined from ten different accessions taken from Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. Crude protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method and amino acid profile was analyzed using performic acid oxidation and acid hydrolysis by ninhydrin‐derivatized analysis with amino acid analyzer. Crude protein content of Anchote tuber ranged from 10.70% ± 0.26% to 13.72% ± 0.10%, whereas the crude protein content in leaves were ranged between 30.38 ± 0.01% (“240407‐1”) and 35.42 ± 0.05% (“223109‐1”). Total amino acid content ranged from 45.12 to 62.89 and 67.31 to 75.69 g/100 g protein for tuber and leaf samples, respectively. The mean values of essential, conditionally essential and nonessential amino acids were 37.22 & 36.79%; 28.62 & 24.10%; and 34.16 & 39.11% for tubers and leaves, respectively. Arginine in tubers and glutamic acid in leaves ranked the highest of all amino acids; while the least dominant essential amino acid was methionine in both parts. Among the essential amino acids, leucine was dominant in all accessions tested with values ranged from 3.12 to 5.32 g/100 g protein in tubers and from 5.15 to 5.65 g/100 g protein in leaves. In general, the average amino acid content was higher in the leaves (71.08 g/100 g protein) compared to the tubers (51.11 g/100 g protein). The nutritional quality of Coccinia abyssinica leaves and tubers range as follows: total essential amino acids (TEAA)/ total amino acids (TAA) (37.57 & 36.82%), TEAA/total non‐essential amino acids (TNEAA) ratio (0.60 & 0.58), The predicted protein efficiency ratio (P‐PER) (1.22 & 1.80), Essential amino acid index (EAAI) (35.28 & 53.93%), Predicted biological value (P‐BV) (26.76 & 47.09%), Nutritional index (4.11 & 17.71%), and Amino acid score (73 & 108) for tuber and leaf sample, respectively. A significant variability was observed in protein and amino acid profile among accessions and plant parts, and the leaf part were found to be richer in protein content and associated nutritional quality.

Characterization of Protein-Rich Hydrolysates Produced Through Microbial Conversion of Waste Feathers

The poultry industry generates huge amounts of feather waste, which needs appropriate management to avoid environmental harm. Keratinolytic potential of Chryseobacterium sp. kr6 and Bacillus sp. kr16 was exploited for feathers bioconversion to produce protein hydrolysates. Increasing feather concentrations (10, 20, or 50 g/L) had minor effects on feather degradation by strain kr6, although the performance of strain kr16 was diminished as the feather concentration increased in culture media. At 50 g/L, strain kr6 degraded 75 % of the feathers after 96 h, and strain kr16 degraded 21 %. The feather-degrading efficiency of Chryseobacterium sp. kr6 was corroborated by a direct relationship between feather concentration and the content of released soluble protein and free amino acids, in comparison to Bacillus sp. kr16. In vitro analyses were performed to postulate feather hydrolysates as animal feed supplements. Digestibility of the hydrolysates was lower when compared to controls (soy protein and casein), but higher than feather meal (FM), which is a usual ingredient of animal feed. Methionine was the first limiting essential amino acid in the hydrolysates and FM; however, the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scoring was higher for the hydrolysates. Predicted protein efficiency ratio and biological value of kr6 hydrolysates were higher than kr16 hydrolysates and FM. Hydrolysates produced through feathers bioprocessing could be considered as interesting protein-rich resources for animal feed, thus representing an alternative for the valorization of waste feathers.

Turkey-Hen Amino Acid Composition of Brain and Eyes

The amino acids composition of the brain and eyes of the mature Turkey-hen (Meleagris gallopavo L.), were determined on dry weight basis. Total essential amino acids ranged from 35.1-36.0 g/100 g as 49.5-49.8% of the total amino acids. The amino acid score showed that lysine ranged from 0.76-0.91 (on whole hen’s egg comparison), 0.85-1.03 (on provisional essential amino acid scoring pattern), and 0.81-0.98 (on suggested requirement of the essential amino acid of a preschool child). The predicted protein efficiency ratio was 1.94-2.41, whilst essential amino acid index range was 1.06-1.08 and the calculated isoelectric point range was 3.97-4.18. The correlation coefficient (rxy) was positively high and significant at r = 0.01 for the total amino acids, amino acid scores (on the whole hen’s egg comparisons made) and the isoelectric point. On the whole, the eyes were better in 12/18 or 66.7% parameters of the amino acids than the brain of Turkey-Hen.