Prediction Of Heat Transfer Rate Research Articles

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics on a Gas-to-Gas Parallel Flow Microchannel Heat Exchanger~!2009-07-27~!2009-10-13~!2010-04-02~!

Heat transfer characteristics of a gas-to-gas parallel flow microchannel heat exchanger have been experimen- tally investigated. Temperatures and pressures at inlets and outlets of the heat exchanger are measured to obtain heat transfer rates and pressure drops. The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics are discussed. The results show that experimental pressure drop is approximately ten times as large as theoretically estimated pressure drop. Geometric con- figuration of the heat exchanger dominates pressure drop characteristics. The conventional log-mean temperature differ- ence method and the constant wall temperature model proposed in our earlier work are applied to predict heat transfer rate of the parallel flow microchannel heat exchanger. Prediction accuracy of the log-mean temperature difference method is superior to that of the constant wall temperature model. Applicability of the log-mean temperature difference method de- pends on direction of fluid flow.

Waste Heat Recovery by Heat Pipe Air-Preheater to Energy Thrift from the Furnace in a Hot Forging Process

Problem statement: Currently, the heat pipe air-preheater has become importance equipment for energy recovery from industrial waste heat because of its low investment cost and high thermal conductivity. Approach: This purpose of the study was to design, construct and test the waste heat recovery by heat pipe air-preheater from the furnace in a hot brass forging process. The mathematical model was developed to predict heat transfer rate and applied to compute the heat pipe air-preheater in a hot brass forging process. The heat pipe air-preheater was designed, constructed and tested under medium temperature operating conditions with inlet hot gas ranging between 370-420°C using water as the working fluid with 50% filling by volume of evaporator length. Results: The experiment findings indicated that when the hot gas temperature increased, the heat transfer rate also increased. If the internal diameter increased, the heat transfer rate increased and when the tube arrangement changed from inline to staggered arrangement, the heat transfer rate increased. Conclusion/Recommendations: The heat pipe air-preheater can reduced the quantity of using gas in the furnace and achieve energy thrift effectively.

Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Gas-to-Gas Counterflow Microchannel Heat Exchanger

Heat transfer characteristics of a gas-to-gas counterflow microchannel heat exchanger have been experimentally investigated. Temperatures and pressures at inlets and outlets of the heat exchanger have been measured to obtain heat transfer rates and pressure drops. The heat transfer and the pressure drop characteristics are discussed. Since the partition wall of the heat exchanger is thick compared with the microchannel dimensions, a simple heat exchange model with constant wall temperature is proposed to predict the heat transfer rate. The predicted heat transfer rate using the constant wall temperature model agrees well with the experimental results.

Heat transfer model for small-scale spark-ignition engines

A heat transfer model for small-scale spark-ignition engines has been proposed by authors in previous study. However, that model was developed based on experimental data of one engine, it may not be so accurate for others. In order to improve the accuracy of predicted heat transfer rate for different engines, a modified heat transfer model using Stanton number based on two engines is proposed. Prediction results of instantaneous heat flux, global heat transfer, heat release rate, and cylinder pressure based on the proposed model are compared with the experimental results of three engines and prediction results of previous model. It is found that the proposed model has prediction results closer to the measured data than the previous models at the most engine operation conditions.

Turbulence Modeling of Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Two-Dimensional Ribbed Channels

Although the problem of 2D ribbed channels has been studied heavily in the literature as a benchmark or basic case for cooling of electronic packing, there is still a contradiction in the literature about the suitable turbulence model that should be used in such a problem. The accuracy of the computational predictions of heat transfer rates depends mostly on the choice of the proper turbulence model that is capable of capturing the physics of the problem, and on the corresponding wall treatment. The main objective of this work is to identify the proper turbulence model to be used in thermal analysis of electronic systems. A number of available turbulence models, namely, the standard k-ε, the renormalization group k-ε, the shear stress transport (SST), the k-ω, and the Reynolds stress models, have been investigated. The selection of the most appropriate turbulence model has been based upon comparisons with both direct numerical simulations (DNSs) and experimental results of other works. Based on such comparisons, the SST turbulence model has been found to produce results in very good agreement with the DNS and experimental results and hence it is recommended as an appropriate turbulence model for thermal analysis of electronic packaging.

Friction factor and heat transfer in multiple microchannels with uniform flow distribution

Predictions of flow and heat transfer in microchannels are ongoing issues in microfludics. This work focused on laminar flow (69 < Re < 800) within rectangular microchannel with hydraulic diameter from 106 μm to 307 μm for single-phase liquid flow. The friction factors obtained by experiments on the microchannels showed that conventional theory for fully-developed flow is applicable within the range of our experiments. A manifold configuration which ensured uniform flow through the microchannel array is thought to contribute to the improvement of accuracy. The average Nusselt number for the microchannel array was also evaluated experimentally in the condition of constant heat transfer rate. We found that there were deviations between the experimental and theoretical values of heat transfer rate in the microchannels. In order to predict heat transfer rate accurately, we proposed an empirical correlation in terms of Nu/( Re 0.62 Pr 0.33) and Brinkman number confined to the experimental range. The correlation is expected to be useful to design the microchannel devices related to heat transfer.

Velocity Slip and Temperature Jump in Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics

Hypersonic vehicles experience different flow regimes during flight due to changes in atmospheric density. Computational fluid dynamics, although relatively computationally inexpensive, is not physically accurate in areas of highly nonequilibrium flows. The direct simulation Monte Carlo method, although physically accurate for all flow regimes, is relatively computationally expensive. In a continuing effort to understand the performance of computational fluid dynamics and direct simulation Monte Carlo in hypersonic flows, the current study investigates the effect of continuum breakdown on surface aerothermodynamic properties (pressure, shear stress, and heat transfer rate) of a cylinder in Mach-10 and Mach-25 flows of argon gas for several different flow regimes, from the continuum to a rarefied gas. Several different velocity-slip and temperature-jump boundary conditions are examined for use with the computational fluid dynamics method. Computational fluid dynamics and direct simulation Monte Carlo solutions are obtained at each condition. Total drag and peak heat transfer rate predictions by computational fluid dynamics remain within about 6% of the direct simulation Monte Carlo predictions for all regimes considered, with the Gokcen-type slip condition giving the best results.

Experimental and empirical study of steam condensation heat transfer with a noncondensable gas in a small-diameter vertical tube

An experimental study was performed to investigate local condensation heat transfer coefficients in the presence of a noncondensable gas inside a vertical tube. The data obtained from pure steam and steam/nitrogen mixture condensation experiments were compared to study the effects of noncondensable nitrogen gas on the annular film condensation phenomena. The condenser tube had a relatively small inner diameter of 13 mm (about 1/2-in.). The experimental results demonstrated that the local heat transfer coefficients increased as the inlet steam flow rate increased and the inlet nitrogen gas mass fraction decreased. The results obtained using pure steam and a steam/nitrogen mixture with a low inlet nitrogen gas mass fraction were similar. Therefore, the effects of noncondensable gas on steam condensation were weak in small-diameter condenser tubes. A new correlation was developed to evaluate the condensation heat transfer coefficient inside a vertical tube with noncondensable gas, irrespective of the condenser tube diameter. The new correlation proposed herein is capable of predicting heat transfer rates for tube diameters between 1/2- and 2-in. because of the unique approach of accounting for the heat transfer enhancement via an interfacial shear stress factor.

Experimental Study and Genetic-Algorithm-Based Correlation on Shell-Side Heat Transfer and Flow Performance of Three Different Types of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

The heat transfer and pressure drop of three types of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, one with conventional segmental baffles and the other two with continuous helical baffles, were experimentally measured with water flowing in the tube side and oil flowing in the shell side. The genetic algorithm has been used to determine the coefficients of correlations. It is shown that under the identical mass flow, a heat exchanger with continuous helical baffles offers higher heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop than that of a heat exchanger with segmental baffles, while the shell structure of the side-in-side-out model offers better performance than that of the middle-in-middle-out model. The predicted heat transfer rates and friction factors by means of the genetic algorithm provide a closer fit to experimental data than those determined by regression analysis. The predicted corrections of heat transfer and flow performance in the shell sides may be used in engineering applications and comprehensive study. It is recommended that the genetic algorithm can be used to handle more complicated problems and to obtain the optimal correlations.

Effects of entrance region transport processes on free convection slip flow in vertical microchannels with isothermally heated walls

Natural convection gaseous slip flows in vertical microchannels with isothermal wall conditions are numerically investigated, in order to analyze the influence of the entrance (developing) region on the overall heat transfer characteristics. A long channel aspect ratio is considered, so as to achieve both hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed conditions at the channel exit. In other words, the flow-field within the microchannel consists of both developing and fully developed regimes. A wide range of Rayleigh number is covered, so that the cases of very short and relatively large entrance lengths can be analyzed in the same unified mathematical framework. With first order velocity and temperature jump conditions at the microchannel walls, local and average Nusselt number values are computed, by invoking the Navier Stokes equation and the energy conservation equation. It is recognized that the micro-scale effects, being associated with the velocity slip and temperature jump conditions, exhibit enhancements in the rate of heat transfer, as compared to the similar macro-scale geometries. The relative enhancements in the average Nusselt number become more prominent for higher values of Knudsen number, whereas this augmentation effect is found to be somewhat arrested at higher values of Rayleigh number. Contrasting features in the heat transfer rate predictions with and without the considerations of the entrance region effects are also carefully noted.

Prediction of heat transfer rates for shell-and-tube heat exchangers by artificial neural networks approach

This work used artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the heat transfer rates of shell-and-tube heat exchangers with segmental baffles or continuous helical baffles, based on limited experimental data. The Back Propagation (BP) algorithm was used in training the networks. Different network configurations were also studied. The deviation between the predicted results and experimental data was less than 2%. Comparison with correlation for prediction shows ANN superiority. It is recommended that ANN can be easily used to predict the performances of thermal systems in engineering applications, especially to model heat exchangers for heat transfer analysis.

Heat transfer model for small-scale air-cooled spark-ignition four-stroke engines

The heat transfer models proposed in previous studies are not suitable for small-scale spark-ignition engines, because they were developed primarily for large-scale engines. In order to improve the accuracy of the predicted heat transfer rate for small-scale engines, a heat transfer model using the Stanton number is proposed in this paper. Prediction results of instantaneous heat flux, global engine heat transfer, and cylinder pressure based on the proposed model are compared with the experimental results and prediction results of previous models. It is found that the proposed model has prediction results closer to the measured data than the previous models at most engine operating conditions.

Transitional and turbulent heat transfer of swept cylinder attachment line in hypersonic flow

A wide range of experimental results carried out in low enthalpy facilities is used to sustain simple correlations predicting heat transfer rates on an attachment line in hypersonic flow. It is observed that for long swept cylinders a nearly asymptotic state can be reached for which transition Reynolds number does not change substantially quite far from the apex of the cylinder. Intermittency based on measured heat fluxes was used to describe the laminar–turbulent process. Prediction of turbulent heat transfer rates is established using a reference temperature method that provides quick and relatively accurate estimates for a wide range of Mach number and temperature ratio.

Prediction of Vortex Shedding with Heat Transfer

ABSTRACT The article reports on the prediction of the flow field around, and the heat transfer rates from, smooth circular cylinders in cross flow. Both laminar and turbulent flow conditions are considered, the latter in the subcritical regime (3 × 104 ≤ Re ≤ 9 × 104). The principal feature of the predicted flows is the development of a von Karman vortex street leading to periodic variations in the lift and drag coefficients and the Nusselt number. It is demonstrated that the demands placed on obtaining solutions that are reasonably free of numerical errors are especially severe in these flows. When the flows are turbulent, it also becomes necessary to account explicitly for the interactions between the organized mean-flow periodicity and the random turbulence motions. An extension to an eddy-viscosity turbulence closure to allow for the direct input of kinetic energy into the turbulence at the vortex-shedding frequency is shown to produce significant improvements in the predictions of the thermal field. Specifically, and in sharp contrast with the weak fluctuations produced by the standard model, the new formulation captures fluctuations in Nusselt number that amount to 60% of the mean value. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the prediction of heat transfer rates in turbulent flows with periodic vortex shedding.

Effect of oscillatory motion on heat transfer at vertical flat surfaces

The effect of oscillations on heat transfer at vertical surfaces is investigated and a model is developed that predicted both the transient and time average heat transfer rates. The transient behavior of the heat transfer indicates the presence of an oscillatory component superimposed on a larger steady one that does not reach zero during flow reversal. This was explained in terms of the interaction between a “quasi-steady oscillatory” mechanism near the leading edge, and a “pseudo-steady diffusive” far from it. The analysis further revealed that the time average heat transfer rate can be adequately estimated using a mixed “forced-natural” convections correlation, with the forced convection component estimated based on the time average oscillatory Reynolds number Re v = awL/ ν. The agreement between the model predictions and the experimental measurements makes it applicable for predicting heat transfer characteristics and velocity fluctuations near heated vertical surfaces in presence of oscillatory motion. The model is also applicable for predicting heat transfer rates under conditions where oscillatory motion is used to achieve specificity in temperature control without affecting process residence time, such as in biomedical and biochemical applications. The modest heat transfer enhancement (<2) due to oscillatory motion is attributed to the small convective term in the energy equation, which is consistent with previous investigations where increasing the axial temperature gradient in presence of oscillatory motion was shown to achieve much higher heat transfer enhancement.

ANALYSIS OF INTERFACIAL AND MASS TRANSFER EFFECTS ON FORCED CONVECTION IN GAS-LIQUID ANNULAR TWO-PHASE FLOW

In a gas-liquid annular two-phase flow one of the main factors influencing the determination of heat transfer rates is the average thickness of the liquid film. A model to accurately represent the heat transfer in such situations has to be able of determining the average liquid film thickness to within a reasonable accuracy. A typical physical aspect in gas-liquid annular flows is the appearance of interface waves, which affect heat, mass and momentum transfers. Existing models implicitly consider the wave effects in the momentum transfer by an empirical correlation for the interfacial friction factor. However, this procedure does not point out the difference between interface waves and the natural turbulent effects of the system. In the present work, the wave and mass transfer effects in the theoretical estimation of average liquid film thickness are analyzed, in comparison to a model that does not explicitly include these effects, as applied to the prediction of heat transfer rates in a thermally developing flow situation.

ANALYSIS OF INTERFACIAL AND MASS TRANSFER EFFECTS ON FORCED CONVECTION IN GAS-LIQUID ANNULAR TWO-PHASE FLOW

In a gas-liquid annular two-phase flow one of the main factors influencing&#x0D;the determination of heat transfer rates is the average thickness of the liquid&#x0D;film. A model to accurately represent the heat transfer in such situations has&#x0D;to be able of determining the average liquid film thickness to within a&#x0D;reasonable accuracy. A typical physical aspect in gas-liquid annular flows is&#x0D;the appearance of interface waves, which affect heat, mass and momentum&#x0D;transfers. Existing models implicitly consider the wave effects in the&#x0D;momentum transfer by an empirical correlation for the interfacial friction&#x0D;factor. However, this procedure does not point out the difference between&#x0D;interface waves and the natural turbulent effects of the system. In the&#x0D;present work, the wave and mass transfer effects in the theoretical&#x0D;estimation of average liquid film thickness are analyzed, in comparison to a&#x0D;model that does not explicitly include these effects, as applied to the&#x0D;prediction of heat transfer rates in a thermally developing flow situation.

Single-Phase Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Micropipes

The objective of this paper is to provide a general overview of the research carried out so far in single-phase heat transfer and flow in capillary (micro) pipes. Laminar flow and laminar-to-turbulent flow transition are analyzed in detail in order to clarify the discrepancies among the results obtained by different researchers. Experiments performed in the ENEA laboratory indicate that in laminar flow regime, the friction factor is in good agreement with the Hagen-Poiseuille theory for a Reynolds number below 600–800. For higher values of the Reynolds number, experimental data depart from the Hagen-Poiseuille law to the side of higher f values. The transition from laminar-to-turbulent flow occurs for Reynolds number in the range 1800–2500. Heat transfer experiments show that heat transfer correlations in laminar and turbulent regimes, developed for conventional (macro) tubes, are not properly adequate for heat transfer rate prediction in microtubes.

Operation modeling of closed-end and closed-loop oscillating heat pipes at normal operating condition

The heat transfer characteristics of a closed-end oscillating heat pipe (CEOHP) and a closed-loop oscillating heat pipe (CLOHP) at normal operating condition were modeled using the explicit finite element method. The parameters affecting the heat transfer of a CEOHP and a CLOHP at top heat mode were analytically investigated. The principles and theories of internal friction flow, basic governing equations and a finite difference scheme were applied to evaluate the heat transfer rate. The predicted heat transfer rate, obtained from the model, was compared to the existing experimental data. The effects of the working fluid, evaporator length and inner diameter on the performance of a CEOHP and a CLOHP were also investigated.

Rate of heat transfer in polypropylene tubes in solar water heaters

A heat transfer rate was determined for polypropylene tubes in solar water heaters for the Reynolds number range 800–5600. Experiments were conducted in ambient temperatures of 34 to 37 °C. Data were correlated in the form of Nusselt numbers as: Nu=0.0015 Re 0.75 Pr 1/3 with correlation coefficient of 0.95. Such data can be used to predict heat transfer rates in a polypropylene solar heater in Tehran where the experiments were performed. An application of the results is shown in an example.