Precursor Salts Research Articles

Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extract, its structural and optical properties and application

The nanoparticles being the most utilized invention of nanoscience and technology, which is used in many aspects of science and medicine. These remarkable utilization of particles is due to their diverse properties at nano level. The chemical and physical approach to formation of nanoparticles are toxic to surroundings also leading to less efficient usage of them in medical perspective. In this article green synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles is done by sol-gel auto combustion using Caralluma Tuberculata extract as reducing agent, iron nitrate and cobalt nitrate as precursor salts. Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are used in many aspects for certain properties such as antimicrobial activities the synthesized particles were characterized using different techniques such as UV Spectroscopy, SEM, FTIR, XRD,EDX. The antibacterial activity of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles is performed which shows remarkable results by increasing the inhibition zone for both E coli and Staphylococcus bacteria

A Convenient Approach for the Synthesis of Multidentate N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand Precursors.

Multidentate bis-NHCs ligands with various spacers are expected to combine the advantages of coordination chemistry and catalysis. These offer opportunities to construct various organometallic frameworks involving transition metals and main group elements. Therefore, developing a general procedure for synthesizing a variety of carbene salt precursors using a convenient technique is key in this context. The extended protocol of a solvent-free approach for synthesizing various bridged bis-imidazolium carbene salts, including tris and tetrakis-imidazolium precursors, is reported here. This method can be performed in the laboratory, leading to high yields (80-95 %) and isolated as analytically pure, multigram, bench-stable compounds.

Exploring the Complex Chemistry and Degradation of Ascorbic Acid in Aqueous Nanoparticle Synthesis.

Ascorbic acid (AA) is the most widely used reductant for noble metal nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. Despite the synthetic relevance, its aqueous chemistry remains misunderstood, due in part to various assumptions about its reduction pathway which are insufficiently supported by experimental evidence. This study aims to provide an understanding of the complex chemistry associated with AA under aqueous conditions. We demonstrate that (i) AA undergoes appreciable degradation in alkaline solution on a timescale relevant to NP synthesis, (ii) contrary to popular belief, AA does not degrade into dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), nor is DHA the oxidized product of AA under noble metal NP synthetic conditions, (iii) DHA, which readily degrades under alkaline conditions, can also effectively reduce metal salt precursors to metal NPs, (iv) neither ascorbate nor dehydroascorbate act as surface capping agents post-synthetically on the NPs (v) AA degradation time greatly affects the morphology and polydispersity of the resultant NP. Results from our mechanistic investigation enabled us to utilize purposefully-aged reductants to achieve control over shape yield and monodispersity in the seed-mediated synthesis of Au nanorods. Our findings have important implications for achieving monodispersed products in the many metal NP synthesis reactions that make use of AA as a reducing agent.

Exploring the Complex Chemistry and Degradation of Ascorbic Acid in Aqueous Nanoparticle Synthesis

AbstractAscorbic acid (AA) is the most widely used reductant for noble metal nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. Despite the synthetic relevance, its aqueous chemistry remains misunderstood, due in part to various assumptions about its reduction pathway which are insufficiently supported by experimental evidence. This study aims to provide an understanding of the complex chemistry associated with AA under aqueous conditions. We demonstrate that (i) AA undergoes appreciable degradation in alkaline solution on a timescale relevant to NP synthesis, (ii) contrary to popular belief, AA does not degrade into dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), nor is DHA the oxidized product of AA under noble metal NP synthetic conditions, (iii) DHA, which readily degrades under alkaline conditions, can also effectively reduce metal salt precursors to metal NPs, (iv) neither ascorbate nor dehydroascorbate act as surface capping agents post‐synthetically on the NPs (v) AA degradation time greatly affects the morphology and polydispersity of the resultant NP. Results from our mechanistic investigation enabled us to utilize purposefully‐aged reductants to achieve control over shape yield and monodispersity in the seed‐mediated synthesis of Au nanorods. Our findings have important implications for achieving monodispersed products in the many metal NP synthesis reactions that make use of AA as a reducing agent.

Extending Shelf-Life of Two-Step Method Precursor Solutions through Targeted Regulation for Highly Efficient and Reproducible Perovskite Solar Cells.

Precursor solution aging process can cause significant influence on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Notably, we first observe that the aging phenomenon is more severe in the precursor of two-step sequential method compared to that in one-step method due to that the protic solvent isopropanol facilitates amine-cation side reaction and iodide ions oxidation. Herein, we report a novel approach for selectively stabilizing both organic amine salt and lead iodide (PbI2) precursor solutions in two-step method. The introduction of benzene-1,3-dithiol into organic amine salt solution can mitigate amine-cation side reactions due to the formation of an acidic and reducing environment. Simultaneously, decamethylferrocene (FcMe10/FcMe+ 10) pair can act as a redox shuttle in PbI2 solution to concurrently oxidize Pb0 and reduce I2 in cyclic manner. Consequently, the PVSCs device fabricated from ameliorative precursor solutions demonstrates superior power conversion efficiency of 25.31 %, retaining 95 % of its efficiency after 21 days of solution aging. Moreover, the unencapsulated devices maintain 85 % of primitive efficiency for 1500 h at maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination. This work establishes a fundamental guidance and scientific direction for the stabilization of two-step perovskite precursor solutions.

Extending Shelf‐Life of Two‐Step Method Precursor Solutions through Targeted Regulation for Highly Efficient and Reproducible Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractPrecursor solution aging process can cause significant influence on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Notably, we first observe that the aging phenomenon is more severe in the precursor of two‐step sequential method compared to that in one‐step method due to that the protic solvent isopropanol facilitates amine‐cation side reaction and iodide ions oxidation. Herein, we report a novel approach for selectively stabilizing both organic amine salt and lead iodide (PbI2) precursor solutions in two‐step method. The introduction of benzene‐1,3‐dithiol into organic amine salt solution can mitigate amine‐cation side reactions due to the formation of an acidic and reducing environment. Simultaneously, decamethylferrocene (FcMe10/FcMe+10) pair can act as a redox shuttle in PbI2 solution to concurrently oxidize Pb0 and reduce I2 in cyclic manner. Consequently, the PVSCs device fabricated from ameliorative precursor solutions demonstrates superior power conversion efficiency of 25.31 %, retaining 95 % of its efficiency after 21 days of solution aging. Moreover, the unencapsulated devices maintain 85 % of primitive efficiency for 1500 h at maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination. This work establishes a fundamental guidance and scientific direction for the stabilization of two‐step perovskite precursor solutions.

Optimization of the physiochemical synthesis parameters of the Se/CMC nanocomposite: Antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity.

Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) have gained growing significance due to their remarkable therapeutic qualities, decreased toxicity, enhanced bioavailability, and biocompatibility compared to other selenium compounds. Se NPs were synthesized using ascorbic acid (AA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as reducing and capping agents, respectively. This was carried out by optimizing the physiochemical preparation parameters (e.g., precursor salt concentration, AA concentration, temperature, and pH). Characterization of the optimized Se/CMC nanocomposite sample was conducted using several techniques including UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, X-ray XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, DLS, and Zeta potential. The UV-Vis spectra results indicate that the synthesized Se/CMC nanocomposite exhibits a most prominent surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at λmax = 270 nm. The diameter of the synthesized Se/CMC nanocomposite varied between 100 and 500 nm as observed in TEM images, and as verified by the DLS technique. Moreover, the Z-potential evaluated for the Se/CMC nanocomposite using the most optimal synthesis conditions was -21.8 ± 4.48 mV. The results obtained showed that Se/CMC nanocomposite had a more significant impact on Gram-negative clinical bacterial isolates (23 ± 0.97 mm) than Gram-positive (22 ± 0.95 mm). Additionally, the synthesized nanocomposite showed a highly antioxidant activity (83 %) of inhibition DPPH free radicals results using DPPH assay. Also, the fabricated Se/CMC nanocomposite has good anticancer activity (168 μg/mL) against the liver HepG2 cell line using MTT assay. Hence, the Se/CMC nanocomposite that was prepared has promising prospects in the field of healthcare owing to its enhanced capacity as an antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial agent.

Capping agent-free aqueous gold nanoparticles generated by an environmentally friendly plasma-liquid method

This study investigates a simple approach for synthesizing gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using atmospheric pressure plasma without the need for reducing agents, additives, or capping agents. The size, morphology, optical properties, and aggregation stability of the synthesized Au NPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis. The UV-vis absorption spectra of the gold nanoparticles, obtained at various Au3+ concentrations and treatment durations with anode plasma discharge, were analyzed. The UV-vis spectra revealed a surface plasmon resonance absorption band between 530–600 nm, indicative of Au NP formation. Results demonstrated that the size of Au NPs can be tuned within the range of 30–75 nm by adjusting the gold salt precursor concentration from 0.3 to 2.5 mmol/L. It was found that plasma treatment for 3–10 minutes, at different Au3+ concentrations, resulted in the formation of Au NPs with varying sizes and morphologies. The study showed that particles with different shapes – spherical, hexagonal, and triangular – were formed depending on the initial concentration of Au3+. The plasma-chemically synthesized nanoparticles at an Au3+ concentration of 0.06 mmol/L were predominantly spherical and exhibited the highest stability (lasting 12–24 hours), with a zeta potential of –20 to –22 mV, compared to samples with Au3+ concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 mmol/L.

Optimisation, Synthesis, and Characterisation of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Leonotis ocymifolia (L. ocymifolia) Leaf Extracts for Antibacterial and Photodegradation Applications.

This work presents a green synthesis route, which utilises extracts from an indigenous plant in South Africa, eastern and southern Africa that is understudied and underutilised, for preparing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). This study involved optimisation of the green synthesis method using Leonotis ocymifolia (L.O.) extracts and performing comparative studies on the effects of using different zinc (Zn) salt precursors; zinc sulphate heptahydrate (Z001) and zinc acetate dihydrate (Z002) to synthesise the ZnO NPs. The comparative studies also compared the L.O-mediated ZnO NPs and chemical-mediated ZnO NPs (Z003). The as-prepared ZnO NPs were tested for their effectiveness in the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. Furthermore, antibacterial studies were conducted using the agar well diffusion method on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. The structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the synthesised ZnO NPs were analysed using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, DRS, and BET techniques. The XRD results indicated that the L.O-mediated ZnO NPs had smaller crystallite sizes (18.24-19.32 nm) than their chemically synthesised counterparts (21.50 nm). FTIR confirmed the presence of biomolecules on the surface of the L.O-mediated NPs, and DRS analysis revealed bandgap energies between 3.07 and 3.18 eV. The EDS results confirmed the chemical composition of the synthesised ZnO NPs, which were made up of Zn and O atoms. Photocatalytic studies demonstrated that the L.O-mediated ZnO NPs (Z001) exhibited a superior degradation efficiency of the MB dye (89.81%) compared to chemically synthesised ZnO NPs (56.13%) under ultraviolet (UV) light for 240 min. Antibacterial tests showed that L.O-mediated ZnO NPs were more effective against S. aureus than E. coli. The enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of L.O-mediated ZnO NPs highlight their potential for environmental remediation and antimicrobial applications, thus supporting sustainable development goals.

Air-Processed Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells With Full Lifecycle Management.

Despite the outstanding power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) realized over the years, the entire lifecycle from preparation and operation to discarding of PSCs still needs to be carefully considered when it faces the upcoming large-scale production and deployment. In this study, bio-derived chitin-based polymers are employed to realize the full lifecycle regulation of air-processed PSCs by forming multiple coordinated and hydrogen bonds to stabilize the lead iodide and organic salt precursor inks, accelerating the solid-liquid reaction and crystallization of two-step deposition process, then achieving the high crystalline and oriented perovskites with less notorious charge defects in the open air. The air-prepared PSCs exhibit a decent efficiency of 25.18% with high preparation reproducibility and improved operational stability toward the harsh environment and mechanical stress stimuli. The modified PSCs display negligible fatigue behavior with keeping 92% of its initial efficiency after operating for 32 diurnal cycles (ISOS-LC-1 protocol). Meanwhile, closed-loop lead management of end-of-life PSCs including suppression of lead leakage, toxicity evaluation of broken devices, and recycling of lead iodide components are comprehensively investigated. This work sheds light on a promising avenue to realize the entire lifecycle regulation of air-processed efficient and stable PSCs.

Scalable Fabrication of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cell Modules by Mediated Vapor Deposition.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) can enable renewable electricity generation at low levelized costs, subject to the invention of an economically feasible technology for their large-scale fabrication, like vapor deposition. This approach is effective for the fabrication of small area (<1 cm2) PSCs, but its scale-up to produce high-efficiency larger area modules has been limited by a severe imbalance between the vapor-solid reaction kinetics and the mass-transport of the volatile ammonium salt precursor. In this study, an amidine-based low-dimensional perovskite is introduced as an intermediate of the solid-vapor reaction to help resolve this limitation. This improves reaction pathway produces unique vertically monolithic grains with no detectable horizontal boundaries, which is used to produce 1.0 cm2 PSCs with an efficiency of 22.1%, as well as 12.5 and 48 cm2 modules delivering 21.1% and 20.1% efficiency, respectively. The modules retain ≈85% of their initial performance after 900 h of continuous operation (ISOS-L-1 protocol) and ≈100% after 2800 h of storage in an ambient environment (ISOS-D-1 protocol).

Shortening a mixed salt and mobile shale system: A case study from East Breaks, northwest Gulf of Mexico

The coexistence of two low-shear strength layers in a continental margin, such as salt and shales, conditions the resulting structural style and also constitutes a challenge for seismic imaging and energy resource exploration. We have analyzed the 3D structure of a mixed salt-shale system in the western Gulf of Mexico, in the East Breaks foldbelt, by interpreting a depth-migrated seismic data set. Overlying the allochthonous Sigsbee canopy and pierced by isolated salt diapirs, the Oligocene shale-prone sequences were shortened during the Miocene through pervasive deformations, developing a major suprasalt detachment system associated with duplexes below and different fold and thrust systems above. Oligocene shales locally reach a critical state and flow, resulting in: (1) inflated shale-cored detachment anticlines, with the stacking of allochthonous mobile shale domains; (2) detached lift-off anticlines with shale bulbs and fishtail thrusted welds; (3) allochthonous shale sheets at the upper tip of thrusts, fed by fluidized material migrating along associated fault zones; (4) hourglass shale diapirs; and (5) Christmas trees and vertical mud pipes connected to small mud volcanoes. The salt diapirs deformed simultaneously, as did the shales. Salt accommodated the shortening through localized subvertical welds that isolated them from the allochthonous Sigsbee canopy and through weld thrusts formed by fault-bounded blocks with highly sheared salt and mobile shales. Mobile shale structures wrap around the squeezed salt diapirs, presenting a unique pattern that has not yet been documented in experimental models with precursor salt diapirs deformed under contraction. Mixed salt-shale systems are a new challenge for structural analysis and experimental models, as well as for seismic model building in situations where there is a high dispersion of seismic energy due to the unique properties of mobile shales.

Universal, Time-Cost-Effective, and Inside-Out Strategy for Synthesis of Plant-Based Flow Catalysis Microreactors.

The utilization of plant-based flow catalytic microreactors has been increasingly gaining traction in the fields of water treatment, energy generation, and biotechnological science due to their inherent channel structures, renewable properties, and environmentally friendly nature. The conventional outside-in strategy for synthesizing plant-based monolithic microreactors typically entails prolonged hydrothermal modification, extensive chemical usage, or energy-intensive equipment. The present study presents a universal inside-out strategy for the rapid synthesis of monolithic catalytic microreactors derived from plant materials. This approach enables the direct formation of catalytic metal nanoparticles within specific plant microchannels through regioselective deposition, resulting in reduced chemical usage and an accelerated process. Moreover, this method effectively minimizes the required catalyst dosage. In this process, the plant monolith's aligned, narrow, and accessible channels provided a higher contact area, shorter diffusion path, and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups for rapid transformation of metal salt precursors into catalytic metal nanoparticles with excellent dispersion. The inside-out strategy can be extended to various plant-based monoliths and diverse metal/metal oxide/MOF materials within the plant monolith, thereby offering a facile, time- and cost-effective universal approach for skillfully designing plant-based flow microreactors for a wide range of applications.

Mechanism of Co3O4-TiO2 Nanocomposite Formation with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance

TiO2 nanotubes are tubular structures that have garnered significant attention in materials science and engineering due to their unique properties and diverse applications. In this study, highly ordered and well aligned TiO2 nanotubes were successfully synthesized through anodization of Ti foil in ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) containing ammonium fluoride (NH4F) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 60 V for 30 minutes. The effectiveness of TiO2 as a photocatalyst under solar light is limited by its wide band gap and high recombination rate of charge carriers. To address these limitations, TiO2 nanotubes were modified with cobalt oxide. The resulting Co3O4-TiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized using a wet impregnation technique, aiming to enhance the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 nanotubes across a broader range of the solar spectrum. The formation of Co3O4-TiO2 nanocomposite is by immersing the TiO2 nanotubes in the metal salt precursor solution of Co(NO3)2 for a certain soaking period. The soaking cycle was repeated a few times to ensure the deposition of cobalt oxide nanostructures on the TiO2 nanotube samples. This diffusion interstitial process via wet impregnation was time dependent, which altered the amount of cobalt loaded on the nanotube's surface. The addition of cobalt significantly improved the photodegradation activity of the nanotubes under visible light, outperforming bare TiO2 nanotubes. This enhancement is likely due to the cobalt acting as shallow traps, which effectively promote the separation of photogenerated charge carriers.

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-chitosan nanogels for nanotechnological and catalytic applications

Polymer nanogels consisting of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and chitosan [P(NC)] were synthesized using a free radical precipitation polymerization technique in an aqueous environment. This process involved the polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) with chitosan (CS) and a cross-linker. These P(NC) nanogels were utilized as nano-reactors for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which were formed within the polymeric network through an in-situ reduction process using tetrachloroauric acid [H(AuCl4)] as precursor salt and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the reductant. Various analytical methods, including Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were employed to confirm the formation of P(NC) nanogels and the incorporation and durability of AuNPs within the P(NC) nanogels. The AuNPs loaded P(NC) nanogels were utilized as catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NiP) into 4-aminophenol (4-AmP) in the presence of NaBH4. This system was also used to degrade a number of dyes including methylene blue (MB), methylene orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), brilliant blue (BB) and eosin Y ((EY) by using NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The Au-P(NC) catalyst exhibited remarkable efficiency, facilitating the fast reduction of 4-NiP and degradation of dyes within a very short interval of time. This system stands out for its economic usage, as even a small quantity of it can efficiently reduce toxic pollutants like 4-NiP and dyes. The results of the reactions highlighted exceptional yield, emphasizing the effectiveness and recyclability of the Au-P(NC) hybrid nanogels as highly capable catalysts.

Development of hydrophilic carbon fiber textiles using seed-assisted hydrothermal deposition of ZnO nanostructures for enhanced interfacial interaction in CFRP composites

Two-step hydrothermal deposition of zinc-oxide (ZnO) nanorods was used to functionalize carbon fiber textiles in order to produce increased hydrophilicity on fiber surface. On carbon fiber textiles, tightly packed ZnO nanorods developed after five seed cycles and 5 h of growth treatment in a 30 mM precursor salt based on the hydrothermal synthesis. Extensive characterizations have been performed on field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, High resolution transmission electron microscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy to assess the different aspects such as structural, morphological, elemental, and wettability of the plain and ZnO-modified carbon fiber textiles. ZnO nanomaterial having hexagonal nanorods shape and wurtzite crystalline structure were uniformly deposited on the fabrics. Owing to the wettability study, ZnO prisms improved the hydrophilicity of virgin carbon fiber textiles to enable strong bonds with polymer matrix. The findings highlight the significant improvement in the static water contact angle as a result of the samples' ZnO coating's ability to reduce surface free energy. The improved hydrophilicity in carbon fiber may enhance the bonding between carbon fibers and matrix materials in composite materials. Hydrophilic carbon fibers are more easily wetted by the matrix materials, allowing for better penetration of the matrix into the fiber structure.

Raman study of apatite coating, obtained by detonation spraying of the precursor salts on the titanium substrates

The results of the Raman study of the apatite coatings, obtained by detonation spraying of the precursor salts on the titanium substrates are presented. The mixture of Ca(OH)2 and (NH4)2HPO4 salts at the molar ratio 5:3 was used as precursors. A detailed analysis of the most intense Raman band showed hydroxyapatite formation with a dominant contribution of the amorphous phase. The post-deposition thermal annealing at 640 °C for 30 min in the Ar atmosphere leads to the transformation of the amorphous hydroxylapatite into the crystalline one.

Solvent‐ or Base‐Controlled Diastereoselectivity and Chemoselectivity for the Reaction of Ketenimine Zwitterionic Salts

Comprehensive SummaryKetenimine zwitterionic salt (KZS), a novel and stable ketenimine precursor, is still underexplored in the realm of chemical synthesis. In this study, we demonstrate the transformation of pyrrole derivatives through the cyclization of KZS with α‐aminoketones. The diastereoselectivity of this reaction is influenced by the solvent, enabling the isolation of 3‐hydroxypyrrolidine diastereomers with the highest reported dr value of 21 : 1. Furthermore, the chemoselectivity is modulated by the choice of base, yielding 2‐aminopyrrole derivatives as the major products. This research offers a sustainable approach to harnessing the potential of KZS in organic synthesis, contributing to a greener chemical process.

Facile synthesis and tunable fluorescent properties of a new D-π-A isocoumarin: Applications in encryption and OLED technology

A facile synthesis of a new D-π-A isocoumarin (ICP-NH2) with only two steps under mild conditions through O-acylation/Wittig/reduction reaction has been established. The readily accessible phosphonium salt precursor 1 and 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride 2 produced intermediate ICP-NO2 in the presence of triethylamine. Subsequently, ICP-NO2 underwent conversion to ICP-NH2 through the reduction of stannous dichloride. ICP-NH2 exhibits enhanced fluorescence overcoming the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process in ICP-NO2. ICP-NH2 demonstrates a significant change in fluorescence from blue to green in various polar solvents, and DFT analysis confirmed that its solvatochromism is attributed to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect. ICP-NH2 undergoes noticeable acidochromism based on reversible protonation and deprotonation reactions with TFA and TEA, leading to periodic changes in fluorescence from green to dark blue. This phenomenon can be utilized in designing reusable encryption technology. Additionally, ICP-NH2 can be employed in the fabrication of a cyan green OLED device.

Tailored Supramolecular Interactions in Host–Guest Complexation for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

AbstractHost‐guest complexation offers a promising approach for mitigating surface defects in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Crown ethers are the most widely used macrocyclic hosts for complexing perovskite surfaces, yet their supramolecular interactions and functional implications require further understanding. Here we show that the dipole moment of crown ethers serves as an indicator of supramolecular interactions with both perovskites and precursor salts. A larger dipole moment, achieved through the substitution of heteroatoms, correlates with enhanced coordination with lead cations. Perovskite films incorporating aza‐crown ethers as additives exhibited improved morphology, reduced defect densities, and better energy‐level alignment compared to those using native crown ethers. We report power‐conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 25 % for PSCs, which show enhanced long‐term stability, and a record PCE of 21.5 % for host–guest complexation‐based perovskite solar modules with an active area of 14.0 cm2.