Preconditioning Research Articles

Seed nano-priming with Zinc Oxide nanoparticles in rice mitigates drought and enhances agronomic profile.

All cereal crops, particularly rice are perpetually affected due to drastic climatic changes which triggers different stressors resulting in food shortage scenarios across the globe. In modern era, application of nanotechnology holds the pledge in combating the climate change mediated environmental stressors through nanomaterials such as pesticides, nano-biosensors, nano-clays and nano-seed priming technologies. Current study is a part of experiment conducted to comprehend the behaviour of rice plants raised from Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) primed seeds under the water shortage environment. The seed priming treatment concentrations included 0, 5, 10, 15, 25 and 50 ppm. In the experimental results an increase in plant height, total chlorophyll contents, plant fresh and dry weights was obtained by use of seed priming with ZnONPs. The study results proved that seed priming with 25ppm of ZnONPs increased seed and straw yield with value of 85.333 and 123.333, respectively under water deficit environment. The analysis depicted that 25 ppm has been found more suitable for increasing the 1000 paddy weight of rice plants under both well irrigated and water shortage conditions. Seed priming with ZnONPs results in 53% reduction in MDA contents of water stressed rice plants Drought stress leads to reduction in plant height by 31%, plant fresh weight by 22% and plant dry weight by 28%. Seed priming treatments imparted in current study show significance increase in plant biomass. Priming with ZnONPs further enhances the levels of proline amino acid facilitating the plant to combat water shortage stress. A further elevation in activities of SOD, CAT and POD takes place in rice plants raised from ZnONPs primed seeds by 11%, 13% and 38%, respectively. An elevation in activities of antioxidant enzymes was found and the levels of oxidative stress indicators decreased upon seed priming with ZnONPs. Furthermore the yield characteristics such as panicle length, number of tillers, paddy yield and straw yield of the rice plants raised through ZnONPs primed seeds enhanced. The ZnONPs at concentration of 25 ppm proved optimum in alleviating drought induced damages. It can be inferred that seed pre conditioning with ZnONPs is helpful in increasing yield attributes under the water shortage environment.

Pharmaceutical (Nutraceutical) Development, Quality Control Assessment and Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of a Polyherbal Compound for Muscle Gain in Gym Going Healthy Volunteers: A Study Protocol

Introduction: Protein powders are of great benefits for theyoungsterswho are gym freakand show an interest in bodybuildingneed some external supplementation for weight gain, in muscle growth.In Ayurveda several herbs are described which are useful in muscle gain.Large number of protein supplements are available in market, but in present times research based Ayurvedic herbal supplement which is having dual property like muscle strengthening and other side as a protein source is not yet available in market.
 Objective: Pharmaceutical Development, Quality Control Assessment and Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of a Polyherbal Compound for Muscle Gain in Gym Going Healthy Volunteers.
 Methodology: Polyherbal compounds will be prepared with selected drugs like Ashwagandha, Vidarikanda, Arjuna, Gokshur, Sitaand it will be converted into churna form. Analytical study for standardization of Polyherbal compound will be done. Clinical evaluations for efficacy will bedonein gym going healthy volunteers.
 Observations and Results: Observation will be done on the basis of physical examination (assessment criteria) evaluation of the pre and post condition. Results will be drawn on the basis of observations and applying suitable tests. It will be noted and presented in form of table, charts, graphsetc.
 Conclusion: If this Pharmaceutical preparation of Herbal Compound shows expected and significant outcome in muscle growth and then it will be boon to the youngsters, bodybuilders who are in search of such Ayurvedicmuscle gain formulation.

Nine weeks of high-intensity indoor cycling training induced changes in the microbiota composition in non-athlete healthy male college students

BackgroundThe gut microbiota constitutes a dynamic microbial system constantly challenged by environmental conditions, including physical exercise. Limited human studies suggest that exercise could play a beneficial role for gut health, increasing microbial diversity, even if the effects of exercise on gut microbial microorganisms depends on its intensity and duration. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nine weeks of high-intensity interval exercise on gut microbiota composition in healthy young adults.MethodsThe gut microbiota composition of seventeen healthy male college students was analysed before and after nine weeks of high-intensity interval cycling training by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. PERMANOVA for repeated measures was used to test pre-post differences in the relative abundance of all taxonomic levels, and correlations between variations in microbial composition and physical and dietary features were also assessed.ResultsPhysical exercise induced changes in microbiota composition, at all taxonomic levels analysed (phyla: F [1, 32]=3.97, p=0.029; classes: F [1, 32]=3.39, p=0.033, orders: F [1, 32]=3.17, p=0.044, families: F [1, 32]=1.54, p=0.037, genera: F [1, 32]=1.46, p=0.015, species: F [1, 32]=1.38, p=0.007). Conversely, no differences were found between pre and post-training conditions for microbial community richness (Chao1: V=105, p=0.06) or diversity (Shannon index: V=62, p=0.52; Simpson index: V=59, p=0.43). Changes in the relative abundance of eighteen genera were correlated to changes of twenty environmental factors grouped in physical features, sport-related features, and dietary features.ConclusionsNine weeks of high-intensity exercise induced modifications in gut microbiota composition in healthy male college students, shifting the gut microbial population towards a healthier microbiome with benefit to human health in general.

ASSOCIATION OF SERUM TNF- A WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE IN PRE-DIABETES AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Background- First adipocyte derived biomarker is tumor necrosis factor alpha which connect the link between inflammation and diabetes. It expresses m-RNA which is contributing to the development of insulin resistance. However, the relationship between tumor necrosis factor alpha, pre-diabetes and Type2diabetes mellitus is still contradictory and restricted. Material & Methods: This study was hospital based analytical cross-sectional study. Total 900 subjects were distributed into three groups (300 pre-diabetic subjects, 300 type 2 diabetic subjects and 300 healthy subjects) as per ADA criteria. The biochemical parameters as Fasting Blood Glucose, 2-hr glucose (after 75 gm oral glucose intake), HbA1c and fasting insulin were analyzed. HOMA-IR was used to calculate insulin resistance mathematically. Anthropometric measurements were done. Tumor necrosis factor alpha was done by ELISA method. Results: Tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration was significantly increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes in comparison to the control group at p value < 0.001 and showed a positive correlation with HOMA -IR. In conclusion, our findings suggested that systemic inflammation has an important role in the pathogenesis of pre diabetic condition. There is a progressive raises value of tumor necrosis factor alpha in pre diabetic and diabetic patients. Therefore, inflammation reflects the severity of the disease and signifies the presence of ongoing disease process.

PSXVI-28 Late-Breaking: Effects of Preconditioning (Value Added Programs) on the Health, Performance, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida in Cattle Received on Winter Wheat Pasture

Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a persistent health problem impacting the beef industry. Research shows improved health and performance in preconditioned (PRECON) calves compared with nonpreconditioned (NONPRE) or commingled (COMM) calves received in the feedlot but little research has been focused on calves received on winter wheat pasture prior to feedlot entry. Our objective for this presentation is to investigate the effects of preconditioning on the health and performance of newly received beef calves on winter wheat pasture. Mixed breed steers (n = 145) were purchased from an auction barn in Dalhart, Texas, as PRECON (n = 70) or NONPRE (n = 75) and were transported to the Clayton Livestock Research Center in Clayton, New Mexico, for this 112-d study trial. Three treatments were used in this completely randomized design: PRECON (n = 50), NONPRE (n = 50) and COMM (n = 45). Upon arrival, steers were offloaded into separate pens. On d 0, steers were processed using a standard health protocol along with collection of nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs, randomly allocated to treatment, and released onto a 120-acre winter wheat pasture split into three paddocks with a common water source; weights were collected again on d 2, 90, and 112. There were no statistical differences in morbidity and mortality rates between treatments. Weight gain was analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS from d 0 to d 90. COMM steers had greater weight gains than PRECON (P = 0.04) and NONPRE (P = 0.02) steers. NP swabs were used to show the distribution of Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) serotype A1, A2, and A6 and Pasteurella multocida (PM) by day and by treatment. No statistical differences were observed in serotype distribution of MH A1, A2, or A6 or in PM. PRECON steers displayed no health or performance advantage over NONPRE or COMM steers.

Optimizing Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) of palm and glass powder as a partial substitution material of fine aggregate to increase compressive and tensile strength of normal concrete

As a material of construction, concrete have a good compressive strength but low tensile strength. From the previous study, reducing the tensile weakness of the concrete using empty fruit bunch (EFB) of Palm for the concrete mix have a significant result. But in contrary, the use of this fiber decreases the compressive strength of concrete. This research aims to optimize a mixture of glass powders on EFB fiber as a solution to increase the compressive and tensile in strength of concrete as well. The fiber material requires pre condition treatment which is soaked in 10% NaOH for 6-10 hours, then is followed with drying for 24 hours and finally cutting into 4 cm pieces long. Using glass powder as mix design with fiber material which is substitute for fine aggregate in concrete. Variation of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1,25%, 1,5%, 1,75%, and 2% fiber material mix up with 10% glass powder used for concrete specimens with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm at the age of 28 days testing. The results of this study shows an increase in the compressive and tensile strength of concrete compare to normal concrete. The optimum compressive increase 21.02% of normal concrete which is 24.87 MPa. Meanwhile the tensile strength an increase of 31,78% of normal concrete which is 3,11 MPa using 1% fibre and 10% of glass powder. Hence, using glass powder mix in EFB to increase compressive and tensile strength of concrete can be developed optimally in the future.

Leukocyte neutrophil ratio (NLR) as biomarker for neuroinflammation in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage and traumatic brain injury

Circulating inflammatory markers may predict the broad clinical spectrum of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study aimed to illustrate the role of leukocytes, precisely neutrophil and lymphocytes, in neuroinflammation as a new vista in neuro-critical care. Search terms were: elevations in peripheral blood leukocytes counts, neutrophil, lymphocyte with precisely neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios, associated with adverse outcomes of traumatic brain injury, pre and post-operative conditions of intracerebral haemorrhage, seizures, delirium, non-convulsive status epilepticus, confusion, aphasia, agitation, coma, disability and death. As a result, we identified 16 publications describing leukocyte biomarkers associated with neuroinflammation following TBI from PubMed, Cochrane Registry of Controlled Trials, Medline and Embase (Ovid) on randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs and cohort studies published in the last decade. This study concluded that elevations in peripheral blood leukocyte and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios could predict adverse outcomes of a cerebral haemorrhage.

INFLUENCE POLYSULPHIDE-ENRICHED GARLIC SUPPLEMENTATION LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE IN HEALTHY ADULTS FOLLOWING HIGH-INTENSITY CONSTANT LOAD EXERCISE

This study aim is to determine the effects of short-term polysulfide-enriched garlic (PEG) on resting blood pressure (BP) and physiological responses to continuous, high-intensity exercise in collegiate-level athletes. Twelve collegiate-level male athletes underwent a randomized, double blind, crossover, placebocontrolled trial of PEG and PLA (placebo) supplementation, with a washout period of 14-day separating each trial. Following a 4-day supplementation of 4 g PEG and PLA (placebo), participants consumed a single dose of the supplement 3 hours prior to the completion of high- intensity exercise tolerance in Day5. The systolic BP and mean arterial pressure levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05), following 5-day PEG supplementation, compared to the pre-supplementation (PRE; no supplement) and PLA condition, but not diastolic BP. In addition, exhaled hydrogen sulphide (eH2S) was significantly greater (p < 0.05) following PEG, compared to PRE and PLA condition. Although PEG did not significantly alter time-toexhaustion in intense constant load exercise (p = 0.11), the results indicate substantial improvements (~6%) in 8 out of 12 participants. Blood [glucose] was lower during constant-load exercise (p < 0.05) but no changes in blood [lactate]. In this study, for the first time the BP-lowering effect of PEG supplementation was reported, and this vasorelaxant effects likely related to enhanced bioavailability of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Additionally, there was appreciable inter-subject variability in the response of PEG on exercise tolerance which requires further study to elucidate the factors that influence its ergogenic potential.

Evaluation of the use of advanced ozone oxidative process in reducing the danger of environmental toxicity by endocrine interferences of magistral pharmacy

The presence of emerging pollutants in the waters has been observed worldwide, resulting from improper domestic disposal, non-recommended veterinarian use, and product waste from pharmaceutical industries and magistral pharmacies. The contamination provoked, besides causing damage to the environment, remains in potable water even after passing through the treatment plants. The objective of this work was to verify the existence of environmental toxicity of raw effluents from gross pharmacy laboratories, as well as the same effluent treated with POA via ozone in the time of 1 hour, having as a risk parameter the changes that they cause in Euglena gracilis algae. Photosynthetic efficiency tests were conducted via PAM, and chlorophyll concentration and behavioral evaluation were checked via NGTOX. The results demonstrate that the hormone laboratory was considered the most impacted effluent treated, with lower production and significant chlorophyll reduction. It presented reduction in photosynthetic post-ozonation activity, due to the hormone decomposition, oxidative potential and ethylene formation. Effluents from psychotropic and solid laboratories presented different production demand, but similar follow-up, with impact on the behavior and algae’s photosynthetic activity, due to the presence of active substances on cellular action potentials. The treated effluent from dermocosmetics laboratory influenced the chlorophyll concentration, as well as the general speed and velocity of surface ascent. The behavioral differences between the laboratories and the pre and post-ozonation conditions demonstrate that the effluent treatment should be distinguished, according to the characteristics of the manipulated substances in each laboratory.

Donor CD3 Chimerism After Allogeneic Transplantation Predicts Probability Of Relapse For Patients Treated For Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML), Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), and Non-Hodkgin's Lymphoma (NHL)

Introduction The ability to predict relapse in patients after HSCT is crucial for tailoring therapy including pre transplant conditioning regimens and post transplant interventions. Donor bone marrow CD34+ cell chimerism analyses has previously been reported to be predictive for post transplant relapse for acute leukemia. Rapid immune reconstitution after HSCT may be important in the development of a robust graft versus leukemia response. Methods We performed for a sequential series of patients a retrospective analysis of donor cell chimerism (DCC) of peripheral blood CD3+ cells at 4 week intervals starting at day 28 after transplantation. Donor bone marrow CD34+ chimerism was evaluated at day 84 after transplantation. Percent chimerism was measured by PCR based amplification of short tandem repeats (STR). From 2009-2012, percent DCC data were collected for patients with ALL (n=39), NHL (n=26), and AML (n=68). Median age at diagnosis was 45 (range 25-69), 51 (range 23-66), and 57 (range 38-75), respectively. Patients received either PBSC or bone marrow cells from related (n=81) or unrelated donors (n=52). At transplantation, patients with ALL were in CR1 (n=27), CR2 (n=4), CR3 (n=1), PIF (n=3), relapse (n=2), PR (n=5); patients with NHL were in PR (n=9), CRU1 (n=4), CRU2 (n=3), Cr1 (n=4), CR2 (n=3), CR3 (n=4); patients with AML were in CR1 (n=38), CR2 (n=6), relapse (n=8), PIF (n=13). Conditioning regimens for patients with ALL were cyclophosphamide (cy) and fractionated total body irradiation (TBI) (n=27) or fludarabine (flu) and melphalan (mel) (n=11). Patients with NHL were conditioned with flu/cy and rituximab (n=15), or flu/mel (n=8). Patients with AML were conditioned with either a myeloablative regimen of flu/busulfan+TBI (n=51), or a reduced intensity regimens of flu/mel or flu/cy/TBI (n=16). Those who had NHL or AML and received unrelated donor cells were given rituximab. Post transplant immunosuppression was tacrolimus and methotrexate for most patients. Patients were censored for relapse or death. For analysis of DCC, patients who relapsed or did not relapse were divided into quartiles by diagnosis. The probability of relapse was tested for quartile groups using chi square analysis. Adjustments were not made for competing risks. Results ALL patients in the upper three quartiles of CD3+ DCCs (1 of 34 patients, median=100%, range=84-100%, [Table 1][1]) compared to patients in the bottom quartile were less likely to relapse (3 of 7 patients, median=94%, range=82-95%, p<0.002). Similarly, the upper 2 quartiles of NHL patients who had at least 95% day 28 CD3+ DCC were less likely to relapse (2 of 16 patients, median 95%, range 63-100%, p<0.007, [Table 1][1]). 7 of 48 patients with AML in the upper 3 quartiles who had day 28 CD3+ DCC of at least 90% (median=100%, range 60-100%) relapsed, trending lower compared to those in the lower quartile (p<0.06). CD3+ DCCs for day 56 and day 84 were not statistically significant for predicting future relapse. View this table: Table 1 CD3+ DCC at 28 days Day 84 CD34+ DCCs were also analyzed as described. The upper quartile of patients with ALL who did not relapse achieved a 100% DCC (1 of 23 patients relapsed, median 100%, range 82-100%, [Table 2][2]). Those that did not achieve 100% DCC for CD34+ cells by day 84 more likely to relapse (p<0.009). For patients with NHL, the upper 3 quartiles of those who did achieve 83% CD34+ DCC (1 of 7, median=90%, range 83-100%, p<0.008) by day 84 were less likely to relapse. The same method was used for patients with AML and those that did achieve 90% CD34+ DCC for cells by day 84 were not likely to relapse (5 of 35, median=96%, range=63-100%, p<0.09). View this table: Table 2 CD34+ DCC at 84 days Conclusions These findings suggest that failure to achieve early donor cell engraftment predicts for relapse. Relapse remains a major cause for treatment failure. Improvements in transplant conditioning may improve early lymphoid (CD3+) and myeloid (CD34+) engraftment and decrease the risk of disease relapse. Early monitoring of CD3+ DCC may identify patients who would benefit from post transplant intervention. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #T1 [2]: #T2

Investigating the Limitations of Integrated Tasks on Youth Entrepreneurship in Kurdistan Region

The authors examined the importance of integrated tasks of entrepreneurship among young individuals in Kurdistan. The study aimed to evaluate the level of youth understanding of entrepreneurship. The data was collected from 242 youth and the frequencies have been used to measure the weights of the tasks from the youth perspective. The authors found ideas, training, knowledge, competencies, and skills are sufficiently important to youth entrepreneurship success. The study also indicated that young individuals in Kurdistan Region are not aware of the entrepreneurship dimensions as the tasks, but they still found it as an integrated part of entrepreneurship. The lack of creativity, initiative, and innovation among youth is found to be associated with poor quality of youth in identifying opportunities and risk–taking due to the lack of understanding and knowledge as pre–conditions to the business start–up.

Perbandingan Remifentanil Kontinu 0.15 Mcg/Kgbb dengan Fentanyl 3 Mcg/Kgbb pada Intubasi Endotrakeal Diukur Menggunakan Pupillometer (AlgiScan®)

Introduction: All opioids have varying levels of sedative effects with increasing dosages, although with different strengths. Therefore, the opioid component as a sedative regiment is usually maintained at minimum dose for adequate analgesic with regard to patient comfort. Along with the progress of knowledge, parameters have been found to measure the level of analgesic and sedative. Methods: The principle of measurement is done by using the diameter of pupil and then analyzed through AlgiScan and compared to certain standards. The using of pupilometers AlgiScan in assessing the level of sedative analgesic will reduce the level of subjectivity and errors in measurement. Results: The use of Remifentanil has a faster effect of sedative as proven by lower “AlgiScan” score in the pre-intubation phase. In addition, the use of Remifentanil also provides a hemodynamic view of lower arterial pressure, both pre and post intubation condition. Conclussion: Both Remifentanil and fentanyl are able to provide analgesic with sedative and stable hemodynamics. Remifentanil is proven to be superior with better and faster effect and also faster substance elimination with lower doses.

Cardioprotective Properties of Mannitol-Involvement of Mitochondrial Potassium Channels.

Cardiac preconditioning (PC) and postconditioning (PoC) are powerful measures against the consequences of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mannitol—a hyperosmolar solution—is clinically used for treatment of intracranial and intraocular pressure or promotion of diuresis in renal failure. Next to these clinical indications, different organ-protective properties—e.g., perioperative neuroprotection—are described. However, whether Mannitol also confers cardioprotection via a pre- and/or postconditioning stimulus, possibly reducing consequences of I/R injury, remains to be seen. Therefore, in the present study we investigated whether (1) Mannitol-induced pre- and/or postconditioning induces myocardial infarct size reduction and (2) activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mKATP) channels is involved in cardioprotection by Mannitol. Experiments were performed on isolated hearts of male Wistar rats via a pressure controlled Langendorff system, randomized into 7 groups. Each heart underwent 33 min of global ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion. Control hearts (Con) received Krebs–Henseleit buffer as vehicle only. Pre- and postconditioning was achieved by administration of 11 mmol/L Mannitol for 10 min before ischemia (Man-PC) or immediately at the onset of reperfusion (Man-PoC), respectively. In further groups, the mKATP channel blocker 5HD, was applied with and without Mannitol, to determine the potential underlying cardioprotective mechanisms. Primary endpoint was infarct size, determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Mannitol significantly reduced infarct size both as a pre- (Man-PC) and postconditioning (Man-PoC) stimulus compared to control hearts (Man-PC: 31 ± 4%; Man-PoC: 35 ± 6%, each p < 0.05 vs. Con: 57 ± 9%). The mKATP channel inhibitor completely abrogated the cardioprotective effect of Mannitol-induced pre- (5HD-PC-Man-PC: 59 ± 8%, p < 0.05 vs. Man-PC) and postconditioning (5HD-PoC-Man-PoC: 59 ± 10% vs. p < 0.05 Man-PoC). Infarct size was not influenced by 5HD itself (5HD-PC: 60 ± 14%; 5HD-PoC: 54 ± 14%, each ns vs. Con). This study demonstrates that Mannitol (1) induces myocardial pre- and postconditioning and (2) confers cardioprotection via activation of mKATP channels.

Comparative evaluation of ropivacaine and lidocaine as dental pulp anaesthesia.

Root canal therapy linked to pulpal diseases or trauma is common in modern dental care. The 2% Lidocaine which is considered as the gold standard has some drawbacks in pulpal anaesthesia. Ropivacaine has beneficial anaesthetic effects on pulpal anaesthesia. Therefore, it is of interest to compare and evaluate the pulpal aesthetic effect using 0.5% Ropivacaine and 2% Lidocaine in symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. A double blinded randomized controlled clinical trial consisting of 110 lower molar and premolar tooth with irreversible pulpitis cases for root canal therapy were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine and Group B: 0.5% ropivacaine. The pulp sensibility tests with heat test, cold test and electric pulp test were completed. The preoperative pain score was measured with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain scale. The classical inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) technique was administered to all patients by a single operator. Subjects were asked for lip numbness and presence or absence of lip numbness. Postoperative pain scores were recorded during access opening and on placing files in the canal. There is no statistical difference between the groups during pre operative conditions. The mean pain scores within group A and group B is recorded. The difference was found to be statistically significant with p value ≤ 0.05. Significant difference between the mean values after and before the treatment is observed. However, there is no statistical significance between the mean pain scores between the access and pulp. The 0.5% Ropivacaine and 2% Lidocaine with epinephrine does not have any significant difference during access opening. However, 0.5% Ropivacaine groups were effective while placing the file in the canal. Thus, 0.5% Ropivacaine showed better results even though it was not statistically significant for further consideration in this context.

Lipopolysaccharide Pre-conditioning Attenuates Pro-inflammatory Responses and Promotes Cytoprotective Effect in Differentiated PC12 Cell Lines via Pre-activation of Toll-Like Receptor-4 Signaling Pathway Leading to the Inhibition of Caspase-3/Nuclear Factor-κappa B Pathway.

Lipopolysacharide (LPS) pre-conditioning (PC), has been shown to exert protective effects against cytotoxic effects. Therefore, we hypothesized, the tolerance produced by LPS PC will be resulted by the alterations and modifications in gene and protein expression. With reference to the results of MTT assays, AO/PI staining, and Annexin V-FITC analyses of LPS concentration (0.7815–50 μg/mL) and time-dependent (12–72 h) experiments, the pre-exposure to 3 μg/mL LPS for 12 h protected the differentiated PC12 cells against 0.75 mg/mL LPS apoptotic concentration. LPS-treated cells secreted more inflammatory cytokines like IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α than LPS-PC cells. The production of inflammatory mediators ROS and NO was also higher in the LPS-induced cells compared to LPS-PC cells. Conversely, anti-inflammatory cytokines (like IL-10, IL-13, CNTF, and IL-1Ra) were upregulated in the LPS-PC cells but not in the LPS-induced cells. Meanwhile, the LPS initiated caspase-8 which in turn activates effector caspase 3/7. When the activities of caspases in the LPS-induced cells were inhibited using z-VADfmk and z-DEVDfmk, the expressions of c-MYC and Hsp70 were increased, but p53 was reduced. The potential molecules associated with protective and destructive effect was measured by RT2 Profiler PCR array to elucidate the signaling pathways and suggested inhibition NF-κB/caspase-3 signaling pathway regulates the cytoprotective genes and proto-oncogenes. In conclusion, this study provides a basis for future research to better understand the molecular mechanism underlying LPS pre-conditioning /TLR4 pre-activation and its functional role in offering cytoprotective response in neuronal environment.

Effect of preshipment preconditioning and injectable antioxidant trace elements (Cu, Mn, Se, Zn) and vitamins (A, E) on plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations and growth in weaned beef cattle.

Weaning and transport represent a high stress time for calves. Preconditioning (PC) by weaning before the transport separate these stressors. The stressors generate oxidative stress, which can be reduced by mineral and vitamin supplementation (MVS) with an antioxidant capacity. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of PC and MVS on performance of steers. The experiment used a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement design, considering a 26-d PC treatment from weaning to transport to the feedlot (day 0), and injectable MVS on days −45, −26, and 0. The MVS consisted of Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, vitamin E (0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg body weight [BW], respectively), and vitamin A (1,190 IU/kg). Sixty Angus-crossbred steers (186.4 ± 27.6 kg) were randomly assigned to the four treatments (MVS+PC; N+PC; MVS+N; N+N; n = 15 per treatment). BW was recorded on days −45, −26, 0, 8, 15, and 29. On day 0, an additional BW was taken 30 min after the 5-h transportation (day 0.5). Between days 0 and 29, dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) to DMI ratio (G:F) were measured. Between days −26 and 29 plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), cortisol, insulin, total antioxidant status (TAS), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with repeated measures, using treatment, time, and treatment × time as fixed effects and steer as a random effect. Between days −26 and 0, there was an interaction of MVS × PC (P ˂ 0.01) for ADG. From days −26 to 0, N+N and N+PC had the greatest and lesser ADG, respectively. On day 0.5, no-PC steers tended to lose BW, whereas the PC steers tended to gain BW (P = 0.09). In the period days 0 to 8, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.27) in DMI, but the PC steers had greater G:F and ADG (P < 0.01) compared with no-PC steers. Plasma NEFA concentration on day 0 was affected by MVS × PC (P < 0.01) because MVS decreased plasma NEFA concentration in no-PC steers, but it increased in the PC steers. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and cortisol did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.23). There was an MVS × PC interaction (P = 0.09) for TAS on day 0; N+N had the greatest TAS concentrations and MVS+N had the lowest TAS concentrations. In conclusion, a 26-d PC decreased steers BW compared with no-PC steers. The BW loss during PC was not recovered 29 d after feedlot entry. Despite this BW loss, MVS treatment decreased BW loss in the steers allocated to PC treatment on the day of transport.

Procedural preconditions for filing an application for marriage with a court

Procedural preconditions for filing an application for marriage with a court

Human biography – the arena of democratic negotiations

The subject-matter of this paper is an attempt to outline the type of relationship that exists between democracy and the autonomous and responsible individual as a necessary pre-con dition for a real and genuine community. The author’s reflections are focused around the idea that onlya conscious, inner-directed and mature individual can guarantee a solid foundation for the rules and practice of democracy and that human biography is the actual arena of democratic negotiations constantly being undertaken.

Análise in silico de metabólitos ativos isolados de Libidibia ferrea Martius

O presente trabalho realizou estudos in silico para predição das atividades farmacocinéticas, físico-químicas, toxicológicas e biológicas de metabólitos isolados de Libidibia ferrea Martius, planta utilizada popularmente para o tratamento de inflamações e lesões, como antidiabética, antimicrobiana, antifúngica e antileishmaniose. As comparações foram realizadas através dos programas: chemsketch, mcule property calculator, preadmet, protox e pass online. Os resultados revelaram que apenas as moléculas lupenona e o trans-farnesol apresentaram absorção intestinal acima de 90%. Os metabólitos ácido gálico, catequina, metil-galato, quercetina e trans-farnesol seguem a regra de lipinsk em todos os seus parâmetros pré-condicionados. No que se refere a inibição enzimática, cada uma das moléculas do estudo demonstrou inibição direcionada a pelo menos duas enzimas da CYP. A lupenona foi a única molécula que se apresentou ativa contra o protozoário leishmania, além de ser promissora contra neoplasias e inflamação. A catequina e quercetina demonstraram resultados positivos no que tange a atividade antioxidante, e a maioria das substâncias do estudo em questão apresentaram capacidade de proteção mucomembranosa. Nenhuma substância demonstrou embriotoxicidade ou teratogênese, mas todas as moléculas demonstraram possuir certo nível de toxicidade em outros parâmetros de análise. Em termos farmacocinético, toxicológico e biológico, as moléculas pauferrol A, B e C foram as menos promissoras, enquanto que a lupenona, catequina e quercetina apresentaram os melhores resultados.

Preconditioning improves muscle regeneration after ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a critical condition associated with serious clinical manifestations. Extensive research has focused on the strategies increasing organ tolerance to IRI. Preconditioning (PC) has been shown to provide protection to various organs toward IRI. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the role of PC on muscle regeneration after IRI and the potential underlying mechanisms. Three-month-old male UCP-1 reporter mice underwent unilateral hindlimb IRI with or without PC, the tissue viability and injury index were measured at 24 h after IRI. Hindlimb gait, muscle contractility, muscle histology were analyzed at 2 weeks after IRI. In another group of animals, β3 adrenergic receptor (β3AR) agonist amibegron and β3AR antagonist SR-59230A were administrated before PC/IRI, the hindlimb function and muscle regeneration were evaluated at 2 weeks after IRI. Our results showed that PC has little effect on improving the tissue viability at the acute phase of IRI, but it showed a long-term beneficial role of improving hindlimb function and muscle regeneration as evidenced by increased central nuclei regenerating myofibers. The effects of PC are related to inducing muscle fibro-adipogenic progenitor (FAP) brown/beige-like adipocyte (BAT) differentiation. Amibegron treatment displayed a similar role of PC while SR-59230A abolished the effect of PC. This study suggests PC has a beneficial role in promoting muscle regeneration after IRI through β3AR signaling pathway-stimulated FAP-BAT differentiation.