Preconceived Plan Research Articles

Students’ ability to analyse empirical data in practical work

Although students in upper secondary education are often asked to carry out practical work independently to a large extent, it is questionable whether they already have the knowledge to do so successfully. This study looks into the data analysis skills students aged 15 should possess according to various curriculum documents and investigates whether this is the case. To do so, the 51 students involved carried out two practicals using worksheets with questions in which they ought to apply each of the ten identified data analysis skills at least once. The analysis of their work shows that students master the skill of visualising data in graphs. In applying each of the other skills, students make many mistakes or do not know what to do or how to proceed. Students do not have a preconceived plan but work mostly ad hoc. They are able to draw valid but superficial conclusions which could have been drawn without an extensive 50 minute practical. Their lack in data analysis skills may result in not attaining the learning goals set in other practicals. Students thus should be taught how to analyse empirical data, the practicals used in this study may serve as a basis for this.

Gold, the Brains Trust, and Roosevelt

In this article I revisit the period leading to the abandonment of the gold standard by the US government in 1933, and I investigate whether there was a preconceived plan to take the country off gold. My conclusion is that in 1932, during the primary and presidential campaigns, neither Roosevelt nor his influential inner circle, a group known as the Brains Trust, had very strong views on gold or the dollar. They did believe in the need to experiment, and tinkering with the currency was a possible area for experimentation, but it was an option with a low priority.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LAND TAKING POWERS IN CHINA

For years massive land takings have been a breeding ground to controversies and conflicts in the Chinese society. The pressing challenges facing land takings and its relevant laws have largely been framed in the existing literature as a contemporary issue. Yet very little attention has been paid to the historical background against which large-scale land takings take place in China. This paper fills this gap by unearthing the theoretical foundations of land taking powers in modern China. It provides a detailed analysis of the Marxist-Soviet-Chinese communist tradition and the nationalist tradition of theories and exercises of the power of non-compensatory nationalization before discussing the impact of classical liberal thinking on property and the idea of socialized property upon the laws on compensatory expropriation in the early 1900s. It argues that despite the notable differences among these theoretical formulations, there is a common legacy that conceptualizes land takings not as an action to be undertaken diffusely and occasionally for specific technical purposes, but an instrument to be used systematically and frequently in order to achieve pre-conceived plans made by the party-state. Although no causal relationship is implied that the contemporary problem of expansive land takings is merely the continuation of history, through exposing the historical evolution of ideas and ideals justifying and guiding land takings in early 20th century China, this paper offers a new perspective on thinking about the present situation.

Delayed Treatment of Patients With Multiple Facial Skin Cancer Defects: The Effect of Setting

ons . In t year a head a ltiple l ble i eata pat ior to r ocal a v sent, a large l F w i fter return of the definitive biopsy, many surge outinely bring all their patients with skin cance he operating room for resection, frozen histolo ections, and reconstruction. Some feel that ode will conserve time for the patient and nfection potential should there be an interval ween resection and repair. Before these patients have been brought to perating room, these surgeons may have reflec n a cosmetically ideal method of repair for the oming created cancer defect. These surgeons mi ave informed the patients that their reconstruct ay even follow a preconceived plan. Hopefully, ologically controlled margins will allow these eons to conform to the planned mental picture act, treatises abound proposing standard method g y to close specific facial defects after removal o ancer. The surgeons’ experiences tend to weight onstructive decisions toward the surgeons’ wish ith occasional patient input. Unfortunately, end results may not measure up atient expectations. Perhaps, more tumor was overed than expected. Perhaps, available tissue ty or patient anatomy forced the surgeon to r gainst his preconceived ideas. Whatever the on(s), many reconstructive surgeons now choose elay reconstruction until tumor margins are cle he uncertainty associated with the patient with m iple facial skin cancers suggests that delayed re truction offers huge advantages. 1

The Creative Unconscious, the Unknown Self, and the Haunting Melody: Notes on Reik's Theory of Inspiration

Theodor Reik writes that the cardinal distinction between his psychoanalytic approach and that of many of his contemporaries is his faith in intuition. He often derides more programmatic Freudian thinkers like Fenichel and Reich, caricaturing them as advocates of a psychoanalysis by rote in which creative insight is displaced by technical machinations. From a Reikian perspective, the heart of genuine psychoanalytic practice is the cultivation of flashes of unbidden insight. To be sure, Reik cautions that any burst of psychoanalytic intuition must eventually be tested by critical reason. However, it is the intuition itself, not its rational evaluation, which is for Reik distinctively psychoanalytic. Although Reik’s contributions have largely been forgotten by today’s psychoanalytic scholarship (Nobus, 2006), his work creatively addresses several topics that have become central in recent psychoanalytic thought. Reik, like his contemporary Sandor Ferenczi, was one of the first analysts to explore the use of countertransference as a clinical tool. Reik reformulated the analytic encounter as a dialogue between the Unconscious of the analyst and that of the patient (Arnold, 2006; Kupersmidt, 2006; Lothane, 1981; Reik, 1936, 1948). He anticipated the shift from oneperson to two-person accounts of drive and psychopathology, offering a compelling two-person theory of motivation and symptom formation (Arnold, 2006; Reik, 1925). Moreover, Reik (1933) questioned the notion of standard clinical technique, portraying analysis as a shared journey through surprises that cannot be prescribed by a preconceived plan of intervention. Reik’s best-known work is his seminal book on psychoana

About the Artist: Albert Wendt

[View artist's work] I'm only five years old as an artist. Yeah, so I feel very awkward talking about something I've only been doing seriously since 2000! I mean, I've only had one public exhibition and that was in my house for one day. And I don't really want to talk about my art like I've been talking about my writing for over thirty years. I want my drawings and paintings to do the talking. All I can say is that I've loved doing it since I restarted in 2000. Yeah, loved it. Once I'm in the zone, the planet may as well not exist. I forget even the pains of old age, my bad back, my hunger and thirst, where Reina is, what's happening outside, etc, etc, etc. And when it's working well, and the colors and shapes and feelings are falling into place perfectly, the high is all-enveloping and I don't ever want to get out of it. Early in my writing life, that's how I felt when I was writing really well. Not even my logical mind intruded, it was all done by "feel and touch," the atua's mana surging unimpeded and easily through my mind and hands, as if by preconceived plan, onto the blank page and turning it into my shape and sound and smell and sight and sense of the world and people and things. Because I didn't do any art for over thirty years, I'm also now fascinated by and driven to discover all the art materials that have developed over that period, and all their possibilities—and while doing that, again learning the basic skills you need to be a good drawer and painter. I don't have the time now to learn about all the other ways of art: I only have time to learn how to draw and paint. And if the atua are generous and grant me that time, I will use the art to discover and come to terms with the locations I'm in and the people I'm with, and through that, understand them and myself a little bit more. I feel absolutely blessed that at this late stage in my life, I'm into the art again. I'm blessed to be doing that in the mana-ful landscape of Hawai'i and its magnificent Kānaka Maoli and akua. Yes, really blessed! Ia manuia le Tapuaiga!

Agoraphobia and Modernity in fin de sie`cle Brazil: on Dom Casmurro

IntroductionThe flâneur—the prototypical urban onlooker who silently, sometimes mindlessly, roams the streets for hours on end—is a figure par excellence for approaching modernity at the end of the nineteenth century. Guided by mere proximity rather than a preconceived plan, he or she is the ultimate consumer: of history, faces, objects, symbols and metaphors. In Latin America, the flâneur has emerged as a sort of cultural institution. As a result of a dramatic and decisive process of urban modernization, especially in Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Havana and Rio de Janeiro, strolling became a form of entertainment as well as a new way of ordering urban space, of processing both history and urban geography. As Julio Ramos argues in his detailed examination of Latin American modernization, strolling was not only a way to experience the city and overcome its contingency, but also to represent it. As such, it produced a vast body of urban literature, mainly in the genres of chronicles and novels (Ramos, 2001, pp. 127-128).The flâneur's attitude and rhetoric of consumption have been widely discussed as symptoms of problematic entry into the newly refined and complex modern market. Rather than contributing to this topic, however, let us consider here the flâneur's counterpart: the agoraphobic, a much less known yet in many ways more perplexing figure. In ways different from the flâneur, the agoraphobic embodies the discomforts of modernity and brings out its contradictions. Agoraphobia also dramatizes, just like strolling, the opposition between home and market. While the flâneur—the compulsive consumer of images and merchandise—reveals the need to reconstruct and consolidate the realm of collective identity, the agoraphobic removes him/herself from circulation. Offering an antidote to streets associated with movement and opportunities for commerce, domestic stillness appears as an intensely private and anti-commercial condition. When pondering the primary impulses that govern agoraphobic behaviour, a series of questions emerges: what is the exact relationship between agoraphobic self-definition and the commercial pressures of production, circulation and reproduction? How and why do the mechanisms, modes and forms of commerce—itself dependent on constant flux and circulation—immobilize the individual? And finally, how are gender definitions implicated in these processes?

‘What leaf-fringed legend …?’ A cup by the Sotades painter in London

The British Museum possesses, and displays as a group, three elegant white-ground kylikes potted around the middle of the fifth century by Sotades, and painted by that skilled, inventive and intelligent miniaturist dubbed by Beazley ‘The Sotades Painter’. First impressions suggest, and further investigation confirms, that the three make up a coherent set, designed and executed according to a pre-conceived plan. This paper will have something to say about the nature of that plan, but most of it will necessarily be occupied with a prior, and fundamental, problem: for the dramatic and very individual scene illustrated on one of the cups has so far resisted all attempts at interpretation, and I have a new proposal to make. The acid test of that identification will be whether it turns out to form an appropriately complementary element to the other two scenes, and whether all three taken together make sense as a mid-fifth century cultural ensemble.

Flexibility in US zoning: a European perspective

In this paper comparisons of Dutch and British planning are drawn on to ask where to draw the line between flexibility and opportunism, using US zoning as an example. The characteristic of zoning is that it works with statements of intent which become effective only in guiding regulatory measures. US zoning is then analysed against the backcloth of legal rights in landed property and the land regime. It is found to be inflexible in theory. But, even within the standard model of zoning, there is room for variances and for rezoning. So there are limited areas of discretion, and some of the burden of preparing of decisions is shifted onto applicants. Approaches introduced since have in common that definite decisions are delayed, and that the locus of decision shifts still further towards developers. Thus two perspectives on development are recognised: the broader one of the land regime embodied in the zoning ordinance, and a specific one taking the particular plot of land and its potential uses as its starting point. The distinction between a flexible and an opportunistic decision cannot be whether preconceived plans are departed from. That is inevitable. Rather, that distinction has to do with how these two perspectives are related to each other. Opportunistic decisions fail to attend to wider implications of departures. They thereby create uncertainty over and above that which already exists. Flexible decisions update plans where these have become outdated. They form an essential element in a dynamic planning system.

Control in the Parastatal Sector of Zambia

The term ‘parastatal’ is used rather loosely in Zambia, being often applied to a wide range of bodies such as boards, corporations, and companies that operate in the state-dominated sector of the economy. It is unfortunate that there has not been greater consistency in official usage, but these organisations have grown up over the years in different forms to meet felt needs and not according to a preconceived plan. The vagaries in terminology also reflect a degree of uncertainty in government policy on how the public sector should be ordered, as well as a piecemeal approach in its interventions in the economy since independence. However, in recent years the nomenclature has received greater attention out of a recognition that the parastatals loom rather large in the economy, often being more prominent than government departments and more visible than the private sector.

Theban Diplomacy in 371 B.C.

At the Peace Conference held at Sparta in 371 B.C. the Theban delegates swore oaths as Thebans, but on the following day they returned to ask for their oaths to be recorded in the name of Boeotia. As the principle of Boeotian independence had been an issue in 387/6 B.C. it is unlikely that domestic difficulty or diplomatic oversight led the Theban delegates into initial error in 371 B.C. Their apparent change of mind was a tactical move in a preconceived plan first to secure general agreement and then by the substitution of one word to effect a change of principle in the hope that other parties would not wish to see the agreement collapse.

Psychology of Joan of Arc

IN a paper entitled “A Medico-psychological Revision of the Story of Jehanne La Pucelle” read before the Section of the History of Medicine of the Royal Society of Medicine on December 4, Dr. H. P. Bayon said that modern historians, by interpreting medieval religious conceptions according to the dictates of contemporary critical doctrines, have failed to examine the voices and visions of La Pucelle in their proper light and sequence. The first voices heard at the age of thirteen were, according to him, connected with endocrine activity tinged by intense religious fervour and could not be rightly diagnosed as morbid, even if they ranked as somewhat abnormal. A couple of years after, the simple monitions of the voices were followed by visions and commands, directing the Maid to perform valiant military deeds for a patriotic service; these must be classified as something additional, since their purpose was creative and constructive and furthered the accomplishment of a certain preconceived plan by providing confidence in her mission and obtaining authority for her message. Joan of Arc thus became instinctively the first protagonist of that form of national patriotism which was to play such a part in arranging States and dynasties in Europe during succeeding centuries.

Basic Principles of Coöperation

cooperative movement were evolved in the school of experience. No one thought them out as a preconceived plan. The Rochdale pioneers, to whom they are attributed, had little conception of what is now called the Rochdale movement. They would scarcely recognize it as theirs if they should see it today. When cooperation was going into action in a practical way, a hundred years ago, the thinking was largely from the standpoint of labor. Improving the income and the general working conditions of laborers was the aim of reformers. With better incomes, or incomes that would buy more, it was hoped that the workers would be able to have better food, clothing, and housing, and leisure for better life. Dr. William King, a physician of learning and culture, in Brighton, England, was writing about the cooperatively organized consumer fifteen or twenty years before the Rochdale Society was formed. But the Rochdale pioneers thought of themselves as practical working people, and took little cognizance of the philosophy of King. The Rochdale cooperators conceived of a workers' commonwealth. Their

Socialist and Capitalist Planning

afflicted with inferiority complex. He thinks of the vast learning of his listeners and of their knowledge of industrial details. The Socialist, as outsider, rarely has the opportunities afforded to the standard economist of examining the upper reaches of industry from the inside. No matter how capable he may be of controlling industry, he is not given the opportunity in a capitalist system of exercising that control. A Socialist in America is therefore condemned to remain what the New York HeraldTribune calls an incurable amateur. And when people have learned to think of the Socialist as amateur it is very easy to regard him as superficial, first because he approaches the whole problem of economic reconstruction with a definitely preconceived plan and a definitely revolutionary purpose, and second because he necessarily approaches industry from the outside.

XIII. The Narrative-Technique of the Faerie Queene

Although to the casual reader, and indeed to some serious critics, the Faerie Queene seems to consist only of an unsystematized accumulation of episodes bound together merely by the rich glamor of Romantic atmosphere, yet there can be no doubt that Spenser had a rather definite theory of narrative art, and that, at least along general lines, he developed his material according to a preconceived plan. He had already showed himself a literary theorist by his experiments in diction and style in the Shepheardes Calender; and the Faerie Queene itself has a certain symmetry in the arrangement of its episodes: in most of the books, a knight and a lady engage upon a quest; the knight falls into sin, usually the antithesis of the particular virtue portrayed in that book; he is saved by a sort of deus ex machina, usually in the person of Arthur; he is taught the virtue that corresponds to his sin; and he proceeds upon his quest and conquers.

THE PRESENT STATUS OF VAGINAL SECTION WITH RECORD OF PERSONAL EXPERIENCE.

Much of the improvement in gynecology within the last few years has consisted in the development of vaginal section. The pioneer in this direction is undoubtedly J. N. Sauter of Constance, Switzerland, who, according to a preconceived plan, similar to that employed at the present day, removed the carcinomatous uterus per vaginam, although K. M. Langenbeck performed the operation in 1813. Blundell did the same in 1828 and Recamier and Delpech in 1830. This ended the first act in the drama. The results were so bad that the operation was practically abandoned until revived by Czerny in 1879. In 1872 Robert Battey, followed by J. Marion Sims and T. Gaillard Thomas, began removing ovaries and small ovarian tumors per vaginam, and was thus the pioneer in this country. Very soon, however, the success of Tait in performing abdominal section, drew the gynecological world after him, and vaginal section again fell