Preclinical Models Of Breast Cancer Research Articles

Abstract 5813: Glycogen synthesis as potential novel target in triple negative breast cancer: Glycogen synthase 1 expression in human breast cancers and the impact of downregulation on proliferation of preclinical models

Abstract Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poor clinical prognosis and is characterized by a lack of druggable targets and a hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Hypoxia-induced glycogen accumulation and utilization are involved in cancer proliferation and therapy resistance, making modulation of glycogen metabolism of therapeutic interest. Therefore, we studied expression of glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1, the key regulator of glycogen synthesis) and glycogen stores in publicly available expression data and human breast tumors including TNBC. Also, we studied downregulation of GYS1 in preclinical breast cancer models, focusing on TNBC. Methods: GYS1 mRNA expression and correlations with survival per clinical subtype were assessed in the METABRIC dataset. A tissue micro-array was constructed from primary tumors of 396 breast cancer patients with long-term follow-up, including normal breast control tissue. Triplicate tissue cores were stained immunohistochemically for GYS1, glycogen and the hypoxic marker carbonic anhydrase 9, and with periodic acid-Schiff staining for glycogen. In four TNBC cell lines and an MDA-MB-231 xenograft model, GYS1 protein expression, glycogen content and cell proliferation in normoxia and hypoxia were evaluated +/- GYS1 knockdown by siRNA or shRNA. Sensitivity of shGYS1 cell lines to drugs targeting mitochondria was tested. Results: In the METABRIC dataset (n = 1904), overexpression of GYS1 mRNA was associated with poor overall survival (HR 1.20 [95% CI 1.05 - 1.38]), which was mainly driven by the TNBC patients (n = 299, HR 1.52 [95% CI 1.09 - 2.14]). Immunohistochemically, most primary breast tumors had elevated GYS1 levels and glycogen content compared to normal breast tissue, with subtype specific analyses ongoing. In all breast cancer cell lines, hypoxia induced GYS1 protein expression and increased glycogen content. Acute siRNA-mediated GYS1 knockdown decreased proliferation of (TN)BC cell lines and MDA-MB-231 spheroids in both hypoxia and normoxia. shGYS1 MDA-MB-231 cells had decreased glycogen levels and shGYS1 MDA-MB-231 xenograft growth was impaired, especially in the first six weeks after inoculation. In control xenografts, immunohistochemical GYS1 expression was most pronounced adjacent to the necrotic tumor core, whereas shGYS1 xenografts lacked GYS1 expression. Finally, shGYS1 MDA-MB-231 cells were more sensitive to inhibitors of mitochondrial protein homeostasis, suggesting a potential synergistic approach to overcome eventual metabolic adaptation. Conclusions: GYS1 is overexpressed in primary breast tumors and high mRNA levels correlate with poor survival in TNBC. GYS1 downregulation impairs TNBC proliferation in vitro and in vivo, highlighting glycogen synthesis as potential novel therapeutic target in TNBC. Citation Format: Ellen C. De Heer, Christos E. Zois, Esther Bridges, Mieke C. Zwager, Tineke van der Sluis, Bert van der Vegt, Carolien P. Schröder, Steven de Jong, Adrian L. Harris, Mathilde Jalving. Glycogen synthesis as potential novel target in triple negative breast cancer: Glycogen synthase 1 expression in human breast cancers and the impact of downregulation on proliferation of preclinical models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5813.

Abstract 797: Role of ESR1 mutation in recurrence of tumorigenesis after therapeutic radiation

Abstract Acquired mutations in ESR1 gene that encodes for Estrogen Receptor (ER) are a common mechanism of acquired resistance to endocrine therapies in breast cancer. However, the role of such mutations in modulation of cell’s response to radiation therapy is poorly understood. In this study, we define the role of ESR1 mutations in altering response to radiation therapy in pre-clinical models of ER-positive breast cancer. To investigate whether ESR1 mutations influence cell’s response to radiation therapy, we employed ER-positive MCF7 and T47D cell lines which have been genome edited to knock-in two of the most common ESR1 mutations, such as Y537S and D538G, found in breast cancer patients. Clonogenic survival assays were carried out to characterize differences in radiation sensitivity of these cells. g-H2AX and Comet assays were employed to study the differences in residual unrepaired DNA damage following radiation in these cell lines. MCF7 cell line-derived xenografts harboring the wild type or mutant ESR1 were employed to study differences in radiation resistance of these tumors in vivo. We found that ER-positive cell lines harboring ESR1 mutations exhibited profound resistance to radiation therapy compared to cell lines harboring the wild type ESR1. These radioresistant cell lines also demonstrated significantly less unrepaired DNA damage following radiation therapy. We observed that mice harboring ESR1 mutant xenografts showed remarkable resistance to radiation therapy. We also observed that ESR1 mutations, which confer resistance to endocrine therapies, also confer profound resistance to radiation therapy. Our findings suggest that oligometastatic ER-positive breast cancer patients who are being treated with radiation therapy (such as those enrolled in NRG BR002 trial) may show significant differences in response to radiation therapy based on their ESR1 mutation status. Recent studies are also exploring the use of neo-adjuvant endocrine therapy in non-metastatic ER-positive breast cancer patients. It is conceivable that some of these patients may acquire ESR1 mutations under selective pressure of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy and may respond poorly to subsequent adjuvant radiation therapy. Overall, our findings support potential personalization of radiation treatments in breast cancer patients based on ESR1 mutation status, heralding an era of precision radiation oncology. Citation Format: S. M. Nashir Udden, Prasanna G. Alluri. Role of ESR1 mutation in recurrence of tumorigenesis after therapeutic radiation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 797.

Abstract LB031: WNK are drug targets for triple negative breast cancer

Abstract Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 10-20% of breast cancer cases, and is associated with poor diagnosis and prognostics. Due to the lack of therapeutics available, it is urgent to identify biomolecular targets to develop more efficient treatments [1]. Depletion and inhibition of the protein kinase With No Lysine (WNK) reduces migration of breast cancer cells, slowing down TNBC metastasis [2][3]. For this reason, WNKs are promising cancer drug targets. Other works suggest WNKs are also targets for the treatment of hypertension and stroke. The main focus of this work is to understand the molecular mechanisms of this family of proteins, which will help to develop more efficient drugs. WNKs are serine-threonine kinases important in ion transport regulation [4]. WNKs are critical intracellular osmosensors, with their function related to an equilibrium between an inactive dimer and an autophosphorylation-competent monomer. The dimer conformation covers phosphorylation sites [5], while simultaneously trapping water molecules [6]. The water trapping feature is hypothesized to be linked to ion pairs and clusters of charges between the Activation loop and the Catalytic loop. To access the role of these ion pairs, we expressed and purified seven mutants of key amino acids, analyzed their activity, phosphorylation state and sensitivity to ions and pressure. Some of these mutants are more monomeric, active and autophosphorylation competent than the wild-type, elucidating the role of these amino acids in the function of WNKs. Interestingly, some mutants are more sensitive to potassium, which confirms the WNK inhibition site for this ion [7]. [1]B. D. Lehmann et al., “Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies,” J. Clin. Invest., vol. 121, no. 7, pp. 2750–67, 2011.[2]S. Shyamasundar, et al., “miR-93 inhibits the invasive potential of triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro via protein kinase WNK1,” Int. J. Oncol., vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 2629–36, 2016.[3]A. B. Jaykumas et al., “WNK1 Enhances Migration and Invasion in Breast Cancer Models,” Mol. Cancer Ther., vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1800–08, 2021.[4]D. R. Alessi, et al., “The WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway: master regulator of cation-chloride cotransporters,” Sci. Signal., vol. 7, p. 334, 2014.[5]X. Min, et al., “Crystal structure of the kinase domain of WNK1, a kinase that causes a hereditary form of hypertension,” Structure, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 1303-11, 2004.[6]R. Akella et al., “Osmosensing by WNK Kinases,” Mol. Biol. Cell, vol. 32, no. 18, pp. 1614–23, 2021.[7]J. M. Pleinis et al., “WNKs are potassium-sensitive kinases,” Am. J. Physiol Cell Physiol, vol. 320, no. 5, pp. C703-21, 2021. Citation Format: Liliana dos Reis Teixeira, John Humphreys, Haixia He, Radha Akella, Elizabeth Goldsmith. WNK are drug targets for triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr LB031.

Abstract CT131: RVU120 SOL-021: An open-label, single agent, phase I/II trial of RVU120 (SEL120) in patients with relapsed/refractory metastatic or advanced solid tumors

Abstract Background: CDK8 and its paralog CDK19 have central roles in maintenance of cancer cell viability and undifferentiated state for a variety of tumor types. (Dannappel et al. 2019; Rzymski et al. 2015; Philip et al. 2018). CDK8 and CDK19 work by incorporating in a mutually exclusive manner, into a Mediator kinase module, that reversibly associates with a protein complex regulator of RNA Polymerase II, to mediate gene transcription. Targeting cancer-specific gene transcription via CDK8/19 inhibition has potential for treatment of solid tumors. RVU120 (SEL120) is a selective CDK8/19 inhibitor with preclinical efficacy in hematologic malignancies and a variety of solid tumor types (Rzymski et al. 2017). RVU120 showed strong anticancer activity in preclinical triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models, especially in the mesenchymal stem-like (MSL) molecular subtype (Rzymski et al SABCS 2021). Methods: SOL-021 is a Phase I/II clinical trial of RVU120 in Patients with metastatic or advanced solid tumors, who have exhausted available treatments, currently ongoing in Poland and Spain under NCT05052255 clinical trial register number. RVU120 is administered as single oral dose every other day (QOD) for a total of 7 doses on Days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13, in a 3-week treatment cycle until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The study is designed in 2 parts: Part 1 follows a 3+3 dose escalation design and has primary objectives to characterize the safety and tolerability of RVU120 (SEL120) as single agent in patients with different tumors types and determination of the RP2D. Secondary objectives include objective response rate (ORR) according to RECIST criteria v1.1, duration of response (DoR), disease-control rate, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and pharmacokinetic profile of RVU120.Part 2 will primarily explore the anti-tumor activity of RVU120 as single agent in different patient populations. Based on strong preclinical evidence of anticancer activity of RVU120 on TNBC cells (Tomasz Rzymski SABCS #1766), patients with relapsed/refractory TNBC will be enrolled. Additionally, relapsed/refractory patients agnostic of their solid tumor type and selected based on their biomarker profile will be enrolled. The total duration of the study is approximately 27 months (12 and 15 for part 1 and 2, respectively). Results: At 11 Feb 2022 data cut off, 5 patients have been enrolled in part 1 of the study and no SAE have been observed: First cohort, 75 mg, was closed on 24 Nov 2021 with no DLT observed; current ongoing cohort, 100 mg dose level, is expected to be closed in the upcoming week, and subsequent cohort, 125 mg, to be opened mid-March. Conclusion: The trial is continuing as planned; the next data analysis will occur first week of March 2022. Citation Format: Rafal Dziadziuszko, Elena Garralda, Noemi Angelosanto, Tomasz Rzymski, Renata Dudziak, Krzysztof Brzózka, Peter Littlewood, Hendrik Nogai, Axel Glasmacher, Iwona Lugowska. RVU120 SOL-021: An open-label, single agent, phase I/II trial of RVU120 (SEL120) in patients with relapsed/refractory metastatic or advanced solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr CT131.

Identification of markers for tumor- and immune-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in preclinical models.

3046 Background: Extracellular Vesicles (EV) are of broad interest as carriers of molecular signatures of tumor progression and cancer treatment response. EVs, which contain nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, are released from cells for waste excretion and communication. Numerous proteins and markers are expressed within and on the surface of EVs, but classification markers for murine EV subsets are lacking. To identify tumor and dendritic cell- derived EV markers for preclinical models of breast cancer, we investigated surface marker repertoires of EVs produced by the murine breast cancer and dendritic cell lines, 4T1 and DC2.4. Methods: Cells were cultured in serum free media for 2 days. EVs were harvested and isolated by ultrafiltration followed by size exclusion chromatography. EV particle size and concentration were estimated by nanoparticle tracking analysis and microBCA. To identify highly expressed EV markers, a mouse EV multiplex flow cytometry assay was performed using detection antibodies, CD9, CD63, and CD81, with sets of >35 barcoded capture beads, representing more than 100 specific capture: detection combinations. EV marker expression was analyzed using the FCMPASS/MPAPASS software (nano.ccr.cancer.gov). > 250 beads were assessed for each capture- and detection- antibody combination for each EV type and dilution tested; mean fluorescent intensity was determined; and pairwise comparisons between test and control sample sets were evaluated by t-tests. Results: Breast cancer (4T1)-derived EVs but not dendritic cell (DC2.4)-derived EVs were strongly detected with CD326 (EpCAM) and CD49b (integrin alpha5, VLA-2) capture beads, using each of the three tetraspanin antibodies. Both types of EVs were detected with anti-CD9 and anti-CD81 when captured by anti-CD44 and anti-CD49e (integrin beta1, VLA-5) beads. DC2.4 EVs were distinctively identified by CD11b capture. CD63 capture and detection antibodies robustly recognized EVs from 4T1 but provided minimal recognition of DC2.4 EVs. Mouse serum EVs from non-tumor bearing mice, showed minimal or no detectable CD326 or CD11b. Conclusions: Multiparametric MPAPASS-processed EV repertoire analysis of EVs from murine breast cancer and dendritic cell lines identified CD9, CD81, CD44, and CD49e as common epitopes among both types of evaluated EVs. CD326, CD49b, and CD63 distinguished 4T1 from DC2.4 EVs, and CD11b distinctively identified the DC2.4 EVs. The absence of detected CD326+ and CD11b+ in the serum of non-tumor bearing mice indicates the potential of these two markers for detection of specific tumor and antigen presenting cell EV subsets in serum from mice bearing CD326+ tumors such as 4T1. These results establish a foundation for further tests of detection and tracking of tumor-specific CD326+ EVs as "liquid biopsies" in blood samples as correlates to tumor progression and/or response to treatment.

Efficacy proof-of-concept from a phase 1 study of a novel therapeutic peptide, ST101, targeting the oncogenic transcription factor C/EBPβ in patients with refractory solid tumors.

3014 Background: The oncogenic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) promotes tumor survival and proliferation and inhibits differentiation. ST101 is a peptide antagonist of C/EBPβ, with anti-tumor activity in prostate cancer (PC), glioblastoma (GBM), breast cancer (BC), melanoma, and other pre-clinical models. Methods: This phase 1 study enrolled patients (pts) with refractory solid tumors with varying histologies. The primary objective was to evaluate safety/tolerability of ST101 and to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). Secondary and exploratory objectives included pharmacokinetics (PK), preliminary efficacy (RECIST 1.1), and pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluation. The study used a 3+3 dose-escalation design, with once-weekly IV infusion dosing of ST101 at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 mg/kg or a flat dose of 500 mg. Results: Enrollment in phase 1 was completed in November 2021 with a total of 25 pts with multi-metastatic disease that were refractory to standard therapy. As of February 15, 2022, five pts remain on study with a median treatment duration of 27 weeks’ (16-77). There were no DLTs, dose modifications, or serious adverse events (SAEs) related to ST101. The only AEs of note were G1-2 histaminergic infusion-related reactions (IRRs), largely pruritis and urticaria, managed with antihistamines, montelukast, and interruption/slowing of infusion. IRRs affected 93% of pts on the first dose at ≥4mg/kg and led to prolongation of infusion time. Intensity and frequency of IRRs decrease with repeat dosing. No other AEs were consistently reported. There was no evidence of accumulation upon continued exposure of ST101 and no anti-drug antibodies. Tumor immunohistochemistry showed dose-proportionate staining for ST101 and decreased tumor proliferation in several pts represented by decreased Ki67 expression. Population PK analysis supported flat dosing in phase 2. Five pts continue on treatment with one confirmed partial response in a patient with cutaneous melanoma lasting >42 weeks and four pts with ongoing stable disease. Conclusions: ST101 demonstrated safety at all doses explored and evidence of efficacy across dose levels, particularly higher doses and in pts with melanoma. PK and PD support a dose relationship for efficacy and selection of 500 mg as the RP2D. Pts are now enrolling in phase 2 cohorts to assess response in cutaneous melanoma, GBM, castrate-resistant PC, and HR+ BC. Clinical trial information: NCT04478279. [Table: see text]

Phase I/II trial of RVU120 (SEL120), a CDK8/CDK19 inhibitor in patients with relapsed/refractory metastatic or advanced solid tumors.

e15091 Background: CDK 8 /CDK19 are kinases involved in transcriptional control of embryonic development and cellular homeostasis via the mediator complex. They are also described to maintain tumor dedifferentiation and stem cell properties. A variety of cancer cells hijack the mediator complex and targeting cancer-specific gene transcription via CDK8/19 inhibition has potential for treatment of solid tumors. RVU120 (SEL120) is a selective CDK8/19 inhibitor with preclinical efficacy in hematologic malignancies and a variety of solid tumor types (Rzymski et al. 2017). RVU120 showed strong anticancer activity in preclinical triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models, especially in the mesenchymal stem-like (MSL) molecular subtype (Rzymski et al SABCS 2021). Methods: A Phase I/II clinical trial of RVU120 in solid tumors is currently ongoing (NCT05052255). Patients with metastatic or advanced solid tumors without available treatments receive increasing doses of RVU120 as a single oral dose every other day (QOD) for a total of 7 doses on Days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13, in a 3-week treatment cycle. Primary objectives of the study are safety / tolerability of RVU120 as single agent and determination of the recommended Phase II dose (RP2D) via a 3+3 dose escalation design. Secondary objectives include objective response rate (ORR) (RECIST criteria v1.1) and PK of RVU120. Results: As of 11FEB 2022, 5 pts have been enrolled into the trial: 3 into cohort 1, 75 mg dose, 2 into cohort 2, 100 mg. None of the pts experienced a DLT, SAEs or > Grade 3 AE. Treatment-related AEs were all G1 except for G2 diarrhea and weakness. Cohort 1 patients had at least 1 post-baseline tumor assessment. A 62 YO patient, stage IV esophago-gastric junction carcinoma, metastases to the liver, retroperitoneum, adrenal gland and portocaval lymph nodes, progressing after 4 lines of previous therapy, achieved a SD with a +4% change of target lesion size and progressed in cycle 6. A 65 YO patient, stage IV adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea, metastases to the lung and refractory to antiandrogens and radiotherapy, achieved a SD with -4% change of target lesion size after 3 cycles and is currently ongoing in cycle 5. A 43 YO pt stage IV thymic carcinoma, metastases to the lung, mediastinum, pleura and lymph nodes, progressing under cisplatin/etoposide, stopped study drug at the end of cycle 3 for PD in non-target lesions, target lesions increased by 11%. Cohort 2 patients, a 65 YO pt with pancreatic cancer stage IV, metastases to liver and lung, and a 55 YO pt with TNBC stage IV, metastases to the lung, will be evaluated end of cycle 3. Conclusions: In the first dose escalation level with single agent RVU120, no DLTs or ≥G3 AEs were observed in patients with previously progressive solid tumors. Initial assessments in 3 pts demonstrated stable disease in 2 patients. Collection of further data at higher doses is ongoing with 2 patients enrolled at 100 mg. Clinical trial information: NCT05052255.

Open-label, phase 2, multicenter study of lasofoxifene (LAS) combined with abemaciclib (Abema) for treating pre- and postmenopausal women with locally advanced or metastatic ER+/HER2− breast cancer and an ESR1 mutation after progression on prior therapies.

1022 Background: Resistance to endocrine therapy can develop when treating estrogen receptor positive (ER+), metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Treatment with aromatase inhibitors can lead to acquired mutations in the estrogen receptor 1 ( ESR1), which can constitutively activate the ER, leading to endocrine resistance and worse disease prognosis. Treatment options for mBC patients with an ESR1 mutation are limited. Further, data suggest that patients could derive clinical benefit from Abema after progression on prior cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i). LAS, a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator, as monotherapy or combined with a CDK4/6i, was shown to have superior efficacy over fulvestrant (FVT) in preclinical breast cancer models expressing ESR1 mutations. Based on these results, a phase 2 clinical trial of LAS combined with Abema was initiated in mBC patients with ESR1 mutations. Methods: ELAINE 2 is an open-label, phase 2, multicenter trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of LAS combined with the CDK4/6i, Abema. Study participants were pre- and postmenopausal women with ER+/HER2- mBC with acquired ESR1 mutation (identified by ctDNA testing), whose disease had progressed on one or two lines of hormonal therapy for metastatic disease with or without a CDK4/6i (including Abema). Patients took oral LAS 5 mg/day and Abema 150 mg BID. Treatment continued until evidence of disease progression, death, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal from the study. The primary endpoint was safety, and secondary endpoints were progression free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and clinical benefit rate (CBR). Results: 29 patients were enrolled at 16 US sites (Oct 2020 to June 2021). Mean age was 58.3 y (35-79 y); 86% were Caucasian. Most had progressed with at least 2 previous hormonal treatments (80%). All except 1 patient received a prior CDK4/6i and 72% had received prior FVT; 48% had chemotherapy in the metastatic setting. Four patients discontinued the trial due to adverse events (AEs, n = 2), consent withdrawal (n = 1), or investigator withdrawal (n = 1). No deaths occurred during the study and few Grade 3/4 AEs were observed. Most common AEs were diarrhea, nausea, and leukopenia. Five patients had an Abema dose reduction from 150 mg to 100 mg BID. To date, 11 patients have progressed and 14 continue treatment. The censored median PFS was 13.9 mos (95% CI, 8.0‒NE), the ORR 33.3% (95% CI, 16.3‒56.3) with 6 confirmed partial responses, and the CBR 62.1% (95% CI, 44.0‒77.3). Conclusions: LAS combined with Abema in the ELAINE 2 trial was well tolerated and demonstrated robust and meaningful efficacy in women with ER+/HER2- mBC and an ESR1 mutation who had progressed on previous CDK4/6i therapies. Clinical trial information: NCT04432454.

Abstract B004: Adaptive therapy in preclinical models of hormone-refractory breast cancer

Abstract The goal of this study was to test whether adaptive therapy works in preclinical mouse models with hormone-refractory breast cancer and compare adaptive therapy with standard therapy. Specifically, we tested whether the drugs gemcitabine and/or capecitabine can control the MCF7 cancer cell line which is resistant to palbociclib and fulvestrant. We treated MCF7 resistant breast cancers growing orthotopically in the mammary fat pads of NSG immunodeficient mice with gemcitabine, capecitabine, or both drugs together. In the combined drug treatment, we switched drugs in every application (every 3 days) (“ping-pong”) or applied the drugs together (in tandem). In both single and multi-drug therapy, we applied drugs by either adjusting their doses or applying intermittently. We measured tumor size by bioluminescence imaging and caliper. We saw a reduction in the tumor burden of most mice treated with adaptive therapy along with prolonging overall survival. We found that the combination of gemcitabine and capecitabine in both intermittent and dose adjustment protocols significantly increased the survival of mice in comparison to standard therapy when we applied the drugs in a ping-pong strategy. The combination therapy in tandem was less successful compared to dose adjustment, but better than standard therapy in increasing overall survival. Moreover, we had several weeks off-treatment in most of the mice when the tumor was under the threshold, therefore lower drug doses were used. Among single drug therapies, capecitabine dose adjustment protocol was better than using both intermittent and the maximum tolerated dose in terms of increasing overall survival of mice and accumulating less dose of the drug. However, the capecitabine intermittent treatment was better compared to the capecitabine maximum tolerated dose. In contrast, there were no significant differences between adaptive protocols and standard therapy. However, in both intermittent and dose adjustment protocols we had several weeks off-treatment in most of the mice, so lower drug doses were used. In conclusion, we found that lower drug doses can be used under adaptive therapy, once the tumor is controlled. We had several weeks off- treatment for some cases and we saw a continued decline in tumor size. Overall, adaptive therapy strategies could prolong progression-free survival besides reduction in the tumor burden. Citation Format: Sareh Seyedi, Carlo Maley. Adaptive therapy in preclinical models of hormone-refractory breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Evolutionary Dynamics in Carcinogenesis and Response to Therapy; 2022 Mar 14-17. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B004.

A Review of Metabolic Targets of Anticancer Nutrients and Nutraceuticals in Pre-Clinical Models of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that is notoriously aggressive and has poorer outcomes as compared with other breast cancer subtypes. Due to a lack of targeted therapies, TNBC is often treated with chemotherapeutics as opposed to hormone therapy or other targeted therapies available to individuals with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancers. Because of the lack of treatment options for TNBC, other therapeutic avenues are being explored. Metabolic reprogramming, a hallmark of cancer, provides potential opportunities to target cancer cells more specifically, increasing efficacy and reducing side effects. Nutrients serve a significant role in metabolic processes involved in DNA transcription, protein folding, and function as co-factors in enzyme activity, and may provide novel strategies to target cancer cell metabolism in TNBC. This article reviews studies that have investigated how nutrients/nutraceuticals target metabolic processes in TNBC cells alone or in combination with existing drugs to exert anticancer effects. These agents have been shown to cause perturbations in many metabolic processes related to glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, as well as autophagy and oxidative stress-related metabolism. With this information, we present the potential of nutrients as metabolism-directed anticancer agents and the potential for using these agents alone or in cocktails as a new direction for TNBC therapy.

Overcoming Resistance to Anti–Nectin-4 Antibody-Drug Conjugate

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) represent a fast-growing drug class in oncology. However, ADCs are associated with resistance, and therapies able to overcome it are of utmost importance. Recently, enfortumab vedotin-ejfv (EV) was approved in nectin-4+ metastatic urothelial cancer. We previously described PVRL4/nectin-4 as a new therapeutic target in breast cancer and produced an efficient EV-like ADC comprising a human anti-nectin-4 mAb conjugated to monomethyl auristatin-E (MMAE) named N41mab-vcMMAE. To study the consequence of the long-term treatment with this ADC, we developed a preclinical breast cancer model in mice, and report a mechanism of resistance to N41mab-vcMMAE after 9-month treatment and a way to reverse it. RNA-sequencing pointed to an upregulation in resistant tumors of ABCB1 expression, encoding the multidrug resistance protein MDR-1/P-glycoprotein (P-gp), associated with focal gene amplification and high protein expression. Sensitivity to N41mab-vcMMAE of the resistant model was restored in vitro by P-gp pharmacologic inhibitors, like tariquidar. P-gp is expressed in a variety of normal tissues. By delivering the drug to the tumor more specifically than classical chemotherapy, we hypothesized that the combined use of ADC with P-gp inhibitors might reverse resistance in vivo without toxicity. Indeed, we showed that the tariquidar/N41mab-vcMMAE combination was well tolerated and induced a rapid regression of ADC-resistant tumors in mice. In contrast, the tariquidar/docetaxel combination was toxic and poorly efficient. These results show that ABC transporter inhibitors can be safely used with ADC to reverse ADC-induced resistance and open new opportunities in the fight against multidrug resistance.

Association of three single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin -35 for detection and prediction of women with breast cancer in Erbil city

Association of three single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin -35 for detection and prediction of women with breast cancer in Erbil city

Abstract P5-17-01: Targeting Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in pre-clinical breast cancer models

Abstract Background: Cancer cells and normal cells of the same lineage differ in their metabolism. We previously described large scale shifts in isoenzyme distribution between matching cancer and normal tissues and identified Acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC1/ACACA) as a cancer dominant enzyme that is overexpressed in multiple cancer types. ACC1 catalyzes the initial rate-limiting step in de novo fatty acid synthesis, the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Gene knock-out experiments demonstrated that this enzyme is essential for cancer growth. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a small molecule ACC inhibitor, PF05175157 as a potential anticancer drug. This drug has been tested in clinical trials for diabetes, but development was discontinued due to grade 2 thrombocytopenia.Methods: We performed in vitro cytotoxicity assays in 15 breast cancer cell lines and in normal mammary epithelial HMEC cells, examined effect on apoptosis and cell cycle progression, and tested for synergy with alpelisib, docetaxel, doxorubicin, everolimus, iniparib, neratinib and TEPP46 (PKM2 and PKLR activator). We next assessed in vivo single agent activity in a triple negative patient derived (PDX) model (J000102184) in NSGTM mice and in MDAMB468 xenografts implanted into Rag2/IL2RG double knockout mice. We performed RNA sequencing and metabolomic profiling of cells treated with PF05175157 to study metabolic and transcriptomic effects of the drug. Results: PF05175157 induced time and dose dependent growth inhibition in all but 1 of the 15 cancer cell lines. The estimated EC50 after 72h exposure ranged from 0.95 to 76 μg/mL in T47D and BT549 cells, respectively (Cmax of 20 μg/mL can be achieved in human serum). There was no significant inhibitory effect on HMEC cells. In cancer cell lines, the % of apoptotic cells increased from 4% to 8% in BT474 and from 7.7% to 17.8% in MDMBA468 cells upon treatment with the compound, and there was a trend towards G2/M cell cycle arrest in both cell lines after 72 hours of exposure (10μg/mL). In drug combination experiments, PF05175157 added to iniparib, or to the PKM2 activator, TEPP46, decreased cell viability compared to single agent therapies in several cell lines. PF05175157 significantly delayed tumor growth compared to vehicle, when administered orally (20mg/kg gavage BID) in a TNBC PDX model (median tumor volume after 33 days: 334.1 mm3 in PF05175157-treated vs. 490.5 mm3 in methylcellulose-treated mice; p=3.39e-7) and intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg in DMSO) in an MDAMB468 xenograft model (median tumor volume after 40 days: 244.5 mm3 in PF05175157-treated vs. 303.3 mm3 in DMSO-treated mice; p<0.05). Transcriptomic and metabolic profiling of MDAMB468 and BT474 cells treated with 10 ug/ml PF05175157 for 6 and 24 hours revealed activation of immune signaling, epigenetic regulation and DNA damage repair pathways along with down-regulation of a broad range of metabolic pathways. Conclusions: The small molecule ACC inhibitor, PF05175157, has significant single agent in vitro and in vivo growth inhibitory effect on a range of breast cancer cell lines at concentrations that can be achieved in human serum. It showed synergy with iniparib and another metabolic inhibitor (TEPP46). Targeting de novo fatty acid synthesis by inhibiting ACC is a promising therapeutic strategy. Citation Format: Julia Foldi, Michal Marczyk, Vignesh Gunasekharan, Tao Qing, Raghav Sehgal, Naing Lin Shan, Viswanathan Muthusamy, Sheila Umlau, Yulia V. Surovtseva, Richard Kibbey, Lajos Pusztai. Targeting Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in pre-clinical breast cancer models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-17-01.

Abstract P5-08-06: MDX-124, a novel annexin-A1 antibody, shows anti-tumor efficacy in several preclinical models of triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 10-15% of all breast cancer cases and is a particularly aggressive form of the disease, with poorer prognosis compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Advances in TNBC treatment have been made with the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors, PARP inhibitors and antibody drug conjugates. However, these therapies still have several limitations including low patient response rates, treatment resistance or relapse, and considerable side effects. Therefore, a significant unmet clinical need remains to develop novel targeted agents to treat TNBC. Annexin-A1 (ANXA1) is a phospholipid binding protein secreted in response to several physiological stimuli where it activates formyl peptide receptors (FPR1/2) triggering multiple oncogenic cell signaling pathways. Overexpression of ANXA1 by TNBC cells has been shown to influence several cancer-related processes including cell growth, cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, migration and invasion. In addition, ANXA1 has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects on T-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. High ANXA1 expression in TNBC patients correlates with both poor overall survival and progression-free survival, indicating ANXA1 is a therapeutic target in TNBC. MDX-124 is a novel humanized antibody targeting ANXA1, and we have previously demonstrated its significant anti-proliferative activity. Here we present additional data showing the efficacy of MDX-124 in preclinical models of TNBC. Methods: The impact of MDX-124 on cell cycle progression was evaluated by measuring changes in DNA content using flow cytometry and analyzed with FlowJo™ software.The modulation of key oncogenic cell signalling pathways by MDX-124 was assessed using human phospho-kinase and XL Oncology Proteome Profiler™ antibody arrays. The effect of MDX-124 in combination therapy with chemotherapy was studied in-vitro using MTT cell proliferation assays, whilst synergy with anti-PD-1 therapy was evaluated using the EMT6 syngeneic mouse model of TNBC. Results: MDX-124 treatment dramatically decreased the proportion of HCC1806 TNBC cells in S-phase by 29.1% with a concomitant increase in G1 of 33.5% versus untreated cells. This occurred in a dose-dependent manner and is consistent with an MDX-124 mediated increase in cell cycle arrest.Treatment of HCC1806 TNBC cells with MDX-124 altered the expression of key oncogenic proteins and the phosphorylation of several kinases that regulate cell signaling pathways involved in proliferation, survival and migration. Notably, MDX-124 substantially reduced ERK and AKT phosphorylation by 84% and 72% respectively versus untreated control cells. In the HCC1806 TNBC cell line, proliferation was significantly reduced after 72 h treatment with MDX-124 and chemotherapy versus control.In the EMT6 syngeneic mouse model of TNBC, the murine analogue of MDX-124 (MDX-001) potentiated mean tumor growth inhibition of single agent anti-PD-1 treatment by 15%. Additionally, 30% of treated mice showed tumor regression in the MDX-001 combination therapy group versus 10% in the single agent anti-PD-1 group. This suggest that anti-ANXA1 antibody therapy acts synergistically with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.Conclusion: MDX-124 binds to secreted and extracellular ANXA1 disrupting interactions with FPR1/2. This results in altered expression levels of several key cancer-related proteins preventing the activation of oncogenic signaling pathways that promote cancer progression. MDX-124 has demonstrated anti-cancer activity in several TNBC cell line and mouse models, as both a single agent and in combination with other drugs, including anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Medannex plan to initiate a First-In-Human study in Q4 2021 to evaluate MDX-124 in solid malignancies, including TNBC. Citation Format: Fiona C Dempsey, Hussein Al-Ali, Scott J Crichton, Charlene Fabian, Chris Pepper, Christopher N Parris. MDX-124, a novel annexin-A1 antibody, shows anti-tumor efficacy in several preclinical models of triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-08-06.

Abstract P5-08-05: Preclinical activity of KB-0742, an oral, highly selective, CDK9 inhibitor, in cell lines and in MYC-high expressing, patient-derived models of multiple breast cancer subtypes

Abstract KB-0742 is an orally available, potent, and selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9). Sensitivity profiling across a panel of 800 adherent and suspension immortalized pan-cancer cell lines using the Broad Institute PRISM platform had previously demonstrated MYC amplification as being a driver of KB-0742 sensitivity. We sought to further determine the activity of KB-0742 in breast cancer cell lines, patient-derived cell and organoid cultures, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. KB-0742 decreased the viability of cell lines derived from primary and metastatic breast cancers, including triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). In a panel of 17 breast cancer cell lines, including 2 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+), 7 estrogen-receptor positive (ER+), 1 HER2+/ER+ and 7 TNBCs, the effect of KB-0742 on viability was either cytostatic or cytotoxic over the duration of the culture period. KB-0742 was also tested in patient-derived cell lines derived from primary and metastatic tumors including TNBC, and in 2 TNBC MYC-high expressing patient-derived organoid cultures. KB-0742 demonstrated cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on cell growth and superior inhibitory effects on cell growth in the TNBC organoid cultures as compared with paclitaxel and gemcitabine. Since sensitivity to KB-0742 was observed in breast cancer cell lines and patient-derived models, including TNBCs, we evaluated efficacy and target engagement in several MYC-high expressing TNBC PDX animal models. Treatment with KB-0742 using an intermittent dosing schedule (3-days on/4-days off) was well tolerated and resulted in anti-tumor activity comparable to that observed with standard of care chemotherapeutic agents. Tumors collected at 2 and 8 hours post-final dose displayed a decrease in phosphorylated serine residue 2 (pSER2) in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol-II) and decreased MYC protein levels consistent with CDK9 inhibition. These data demonstrate the efficacy of KB-0742 in preclinical models of breast cancer and supports clinical testing in TNBC patients. KB-0742 is currently being evaluated in a phase I dose-escalation trial in patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NCT04718675). Citation Format: Douglas C. Saffran, Melinda A.L. Day, Nathalie Rioux, Tom Chen, Christina Lee, Suha Naffar-Abu Amara, David B. Freeman, Tressa Hood, Charles Y. Lin, Pavan Kumar, Jorge DiMartino. Preclinical activity of KB-0742, an oral, highly selective, CDK9 inhibitor, in cell lines and in MYC-high expressing, patient-derived models of multiple breast cancer subtypes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-08-05.

Abstract P2-01-14: The multi switching activity of neutrophils in the circulation of patients with early breast cancer

Abstract Neutrophils (Ns) influence cancer cell survival and metastasis through the release of chemokines, cytokines and interactions within the microenvironment and at distal sites from the primary tumour. Background: Patients with Breast Cancer (BC) often display elevated levels of circulating blood neutrophils and an elevated neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with a shorter disease-free survival in patients with Early Breast Cancer (EBC). Evidence from mouse models of BC shows that Ns can either have a tumour-promoting or tumour-inhibitory role. CD62L (L-selectin) is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of leukocytes which is important for helping circulatory Ns bind to the endothelium and migrate into tissues and is rapidly shed upon N activation. Our laboratory has found a lower proportion of Ns expressing CD62L in pre-clinical models of BC, which implies that Ns from tumour-bearing mice have less endothelial- adhesive capacity and hence will remain in the circulation for a longer time. However, there is limited knowledge regarding whether different N subpopulations are present within the circulation of patients with BC, how early this occurs in the disease process and whether this is influenced by BC phenotype. In order to address these questions, we phenotyped Ns from BC patients. Objectives: Our primary objectives were to investigate changes in the surface marker CD62L expression via flow cytometry in neutrophils from patients and HVs to see if the changes seen in the pre-clinical mouse models were also seen in patients. Since kinases govern many aspects of intracellular signalling and functions, we also assessed the Serine Threonine Kinase (STK) and Phosphotyrosine Kinase (PK) activity within circulatory neutrophils in patients with Breast Cancer and paired HVs using a Pamgene kinase assay. This evaluated the activity of kinases (n = 340 kinases) in N lysates to compare N kinase activity in EBC patients and age-matched HVs. Methods: We recruited 28 patients with Early BC (EBC) (10 Node +, 18 node -; 10 T1 and 16 T2 and 2 T3) and paired healthy volunteers (HVs) who were age and sex-matched to compare phenotypical features of Ns isolated from the blood. 21 Patients with Oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) and 7 with Oestrogen receptor negative (ER -) EBC were recruited between June 2018 and June 2021. No patient had overt metastatic disease and all were screened for exclusion factors, such as infection, autoimmune conditions and certain medication known to influence neutrophils. Results: We found that ER+ patients had a lower level of the CD62Llow neutrophil subset compared to HVs (P< 0.0375). In contrast there was a significant increase in the CD62Llow neutrophil subset (2-fold higher) for ER - patients compared to HVs (P< 0.0316).The Pamgene kinase assay showed that there was a general upregulation in both STK and PK kinase activity, especially the tyrosine family of kinases for patients with ER positive breast cancer (Median kinase score which is the combined sensitivity score and specificity score > 1.2) and a general downregulation in kinase activity, especially the CMGC family of kinases for patients with ER negative disease (Median kinase score > 1.2) compared to paired HVs. The functional implications of these differences in kinase activity are being actively investigated. Conclusion: We have detected changes in CD62L expression and neutrophil kinase activity within the circulation of patients with EBC and the nature of these changes appear to be intrinsically linked to ER subtype. These findings may have important implications for use as part of an early diagnostic multi-omic platform. Citation Format: Anisha Ramessur, Bana Ambasager, Ilaria Malanchi, Raoul Charles Coombes. The multi switching activity of neutrophils in the circulation of patients with early breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-01-14.

Abstract P5-08-10: TBK1 inhibition potentiates the efficacy of AXL-targeted therapy in aggressive breast cancer preclinical models

Abstract Background: Novel mechanism-oriented targeted therapies are needed for aggressive breast cancers such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). We previously showed the oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase AXL crucially contributes to the aggressiveness of TNBC and TN-IBC, which suggests that AXL is a potential therapeutic target. However, AXL-targeted therapy is insufficient to control the progress of aggressive breast cancer in preclinical models. Therefore, to further enhance the efficacy of AXL-targeted therapy in aggressive breast cancer, we conducted a synthetic lethality screen of pooled kinome siRNA and identified TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) as a potential target. TBK1 is a necessary serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates innate and adaptive immune responses, T cell migration, and anti-tumor immune responses. In the present work, we validated that AXL and TBK1 inhibition have a synergistic anti-tumor effect by modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME). Methods: To determine the synergistic effect of AXL and TBK1 inhibition on cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro, we first used siRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) to independently silence AXL and TBK1 expression. We also used pharmacological inhibitors to inactivate AXL and TBK1 signaling and conducted similar studies. To determine the effect of targeting TBK1 and AXL pathways in vivo, we injected control or TBK1 KO murine 4T1.2 TNBC cells into BALB/c mice and assessed the efficacy of the AXL inhibitor TP-0903 in reducing the tumor growth. We used multicolor flow cytometry and multiplexed immunostaining to examine the population of TME components in control and TBK1 KO 4T1.2 tumors treated with vehicle or TP-0903. We also used an in vitro migration assay to test the effect of targeting AXL and TBK1 on the recruitment of CD8+ T cells. We performed a mouse chemokine array to identify intratumoral chemokines involved in regulating infiltrating immune cells and used RT-PCR to validate these findings. Results: Compared with AXL or TBK1 suppression alone, the genomic or pharmacological suppression of both AXL and TBK1 resulted in a significantly greater reduction of TNBC and TN-IBC cell growth and colony-forming ability (P < 0.01). In our syngeneic 4T1.2 TNBC mouse tumor model, TP-0903 was more effective at controlling tumor growth from TBK1-KO cells than from control cells (P < 0.0005). TBK1-KO 4T1.2 tumors treated with TP-0903 had a significantly higher population of functional cytotoxic T cells (GranzymeB+CD3+CD8+) than control KO tumors treated with vehicle or TP-0903. Furthermore, our migration assay showed that TBK1-KO/AXL-KD SUM149 cell-conditioned media attracted more CD8+ T cells than control cell-conditioned media, suggesting the inhibition of AXL/TBK1 signaling enhances the recruitment of CD8+ T cells through a paracrine effect. Our chemokine array revealed increased CXCL16 levels in TP-0903-treated TBK1-KO tumors. Conclusion: Targeting TBK1 could enhance the sensitivity of aggressive breast cancer cells to AXL-targeted therapy in vitro and in vivo. Our preliminary TME data suggest that combined AXL and TBK1 inhibition enhances the anti-tumor immune environment by upregulating secretion of CXCL16 by tumor cells, resulting in the increased recruitment of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. In future studies, we will further elucidate the role that CXCL16 upregulation plays in this novel synergy. Significance of this findings: This study will enable us to develop hypothesis-driven novel combination therapies for patients with aggressive breast cancer that can be rapidly tested as a clinical trial, leading to an improvement of treatment and patients’ outcome. Citation Format: Lan Phi, Takashi Semba, Jason Foulks, Steven Warner, David Bearss, Savitri Krishnamurthy, James Long, James Reuben, Debu Tripathy, Naoto Ueno, Xiaoping Wang. TBK1 inhibition potentiates the efficacy of AXL-targeted therapy in aggressive breast cancer preclinical models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-08-10.

Abstract P5-08-09: Characterization of the Rac/Cdc42 inhibitor MBQ-168 as an anti-cancer compound

Abstract Metastasis continues to be the primary cause of cancer-related death in women with breast cancer, needing targeted therapies to inhibit this process. Therefore, we developed inhibitors targeting the homologous Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, which direct the actin cytoskeletal changes required for cell migration/invasion; and thus, metastasis. We characterized the potent inhibitor, MBQ-167 that blocks both Rac1 and Cdc42 at IC50s 103 nM and 78 nM, respectively, in human HER2 (+) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Consequently, MBQ-167 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by ~90% in pre-clinical mouse models of breast cancer (Humphries-Bickley, et al., 2017). To improve the activity and solubility of MBQ-167, we synthesized a panel of derivatives, maintaining the 9-ethyl-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-9H-carbazole as the core for each derivative. Of the derivatives tested, MBQ-168 demonstrated improved solubility and comparable efficacy. Similar to MBQ-167, MBQ-168 induced actin cytoskeletal disintegration, cell rounding, and detachment to ultimately undergo anoikis. In 120hrs, MBQ-168 significantly inhibited the viability of MDA-MB-231 at a GI50 of 228nM and HER2+ MDA-MB-435 cells with a GI50 of 137 nM, without affecting the viability of Human Mammary Epithelial Cells (HMEC). In apoptosis assays, MBQ-168 treatment, at 500nM for 48 hrs, demonstrated a similar response to MBQ-167 by >4-fold increase in Caspase 3/7 activity in HER2 (+), and MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 TNBC cells. In wound healing assays, MBQ-168 also responded similar to MBQ-167 by a ~80% inhibition of breast cancer cell migration at 250nM and 500nM for 24hrs. Moreover, as quantified from Rac1.GTP pulldown assays, following 250nM treatment for 24hrs, MBQ-168 inhibited Rac1 activation in the attached cell population by ~70%, and in the detached cell population by ~100%, demonstrating a potent inhibition of Rac1 activation. In a preliminary study for relative efficacy in mice, MBQ-168 significantly reduced HER2+ MDA-MB-435 mammary tumor growth (~90%) at 5mg/kg BW via IP administration. In conclusion, MBQ-168 is an effective Rac inhibitor that reduces breast cancer cell viability, induces apoptosis, and inhibits breast cancer cell migration, actin cytoskeletal extensions, and Rac1 activation to result in a drastic reduction in mammary tumor growth in mice. We predict that the increased solubility of MBQ-168 will make it more bioavailable than MBQ-167. Thus, we have demonstrated that small structural modifications of MBQ-167 can affect the cytotoxic activity of carbazole derivatives with potential as anti-cancer drugs, and as tools to block Rac/Cdc42 activities in biological systems. Citation Format: Julia Medina, Tatiana Matos, Luis Velazquez, Michael Rivera, Ailed Cruz-Collazo, Eliud Hernandez, Cornelis Vlaar, Suranganie Dharmawardhane. Characterization of the Rac/Cdc42 inhibitor MBQ-168 as an anti-cancer compound [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-08-09.

The Potential Effect of Lidocaine, Ropivacaine, Levobupivacaine and Morphine on Breast Cancer Pre-Clinical Models: A Systematic Review.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common types of cancer and the second leading cause of death in women. Local anaesthetics (LAs) and opioids have been shown to influence cancer progression and metastasis formation in several pre-clinical studies. However, their effects do not seem to promote consensus. A systematic review was conducted using the databases Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science (2010 to December 2021). Search terms included “lidocaine”, “ropivacaine”, “levobupivacaine”, “morphine”, “methadone”, “breast cancer”, “breast carcinoma” and “breast neoplasms” in diverse combinations. The search yielded a total of 784 abstracts for initial review, 23 of which met the inclusion criteria. Here we summarise recent studies on the effect of analgesics and LAs on BC cell lines and animal models and in combination with other treatment regimens. The results suggest that local anaesthetics have anti-tumorigenic properties, hence their clinical application holds therapeutic potential. Regarding morphine, the findings are conflicting, but this opioid appears to be a tumour-promoting agent. Methadone-related results are scarce. Additional research is clearly required to further study the mechanisms underlying the controversial effects of each analgesic or LA to establish the implications upon the outcome and prognosis of BC patients’ treatment.

Mammary Tumor–Derived Transplants as Breast Cancer Models to Evaluate Tumor–Immune Interactions and Therapeutic Responses

In breast cancer, the type and distribution of infiltrating immune cells are associated with clinical outcome. Moreover, cancers with abundant tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are more likely to respond to immunotherapy, whereas those in which CD8+ T cells are completely absent (deserts) or excluded are less likely to respond. Detailed understanding of this biology is limited by a lack of preclinical breast cancer models that recapitulate TIL distributions and their associated biology. Here we established mammary tumor-derived transplants (mTDT) from 12 Trp53-null mammary tumors in syngeneic BALB/cJ mice and examined the stability of their growth rate, TIL distribution, and transcriptomic profiles. All mTDTs were estrogen receptor negative. Half of the parental tumors were classified as infiltrated, and the rest were divided between excluded and desert phenotypes. After two orthotopic passages, most (70%) mTDT from infiltrated parents recapitulated this pattern, whereas the desert or excluded parental patterns were maintained in about half of daughter mTDT. Approximately 30% of mTDT gave rise to lung or liver metastases, although metastasis was not associated with a TIL phenotype. Unsupervised transcriptomic analysis clustered mTDT according to their TIL spatial patterns. Infiltrated mTDT transplanted subcutaneously or orthotopically were resistant to anti-PD-L1. Profiling implicated prolonged antigen stimulation and loss of effector function of lymphocytes rather than T-cell exhaustion in the lack of response of infiltrated mTDT to checkpoint blockade. In summary, the molecular diversity and immune complexity of mTDT should facilitate the dissection of mechanisms of breast cancer response to immunotherapies. SIGNIFICANCE: A set of diverse preclinical models of breast cancer is characterized to enable mechanistic dissection of tumor-immune interactions and to improve the efficacy of immunotherapies.