Method For Precise Measurement Research Articles

A Precise Oxide Film Thickness Measurement Method Based on Swept Frequency and Transmission Cable Impedance Correction.

Accurately measuring the thickness of the oxide film that accumulates on nuclear fuel assemblies is critical for maintaining nuclear power plant safety. Oxide film thickness typically ranges from a few micrometers to several tens of micrometers, necessitating a high-precision measurement system. Eddy current testing (ECT) is commonly employed during poolside inspections due to its simplicity and ease of on-site implementation. The use of swept frequency technology can mitigate the impact of interference parameters and improve the measurement accuracy of ECT. However, as the nuclear assembly is placed in a pool for inspection, a cable several dozen meters in length is used to connect the ECT probe to the instrument. The measurement is affected by the transmission line and its effect is a function of the operating frequencies, resulting in errors for swept frequency measurements. This paper proposes a method for precisely measuring oxide film thickness based on the swept frequency technique and long transmission line impedance correction. The signals are calibrated based on a transmission line model of the cable, effectively eliminating the influence of the transmission cable. A swept frequency signal-processing algorithm is developed to separate the parameters and calculate oxide film thickness. To verify the feasibility of the method, measurements are conducted on fuel cladding samples with varying conductivities. It is found that the method can accurately assess oxide film thickness with varying conductivity. The maximum error is 3.42 μm, while the average error is 1.82 μm. The impedance correction reduces the error by 66%. The experimental results indicate that this method can eliminate the impact of long transmission cables, and the algorithm can mitigate the influence of material conductivity. This method can be utilized to measure oxide film thickness in nuclear power maintenance inspections following extensive testing and engineering optimization.

NADH Reductive Stress and Its Correlation with Disease Severity in Leigh Syndrome: A Pilot Study Using Patient Fibroblasts and a Mouse Model.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a critical cofactor in mitochondrial energy production. The NADH/NAD+ ratio, reflecting the balance between NADH (reduced) and NAD+ (oxidized), is a key marker for the severity of mitochondrial diseases. We recently developed a streamlined LC-MS/MS method for the precise measurement of NADH and NAD+. Utilizing this technique, we quantified NADH and NAD+ levels in fibroblasts derived from pediatric patients and in a Leigh syndrome mouse model in which mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit Ndufs4 is knocked out (KO). In patient-derived fibroblasts, NAD+ levels did not differ significantly from those of healthy controls (p = 0.79); however, NADH levels were significantly elevated (p = 0.04), indicating increased NADH reductive stress. This increase, observed despite comparable total NAD(H) levels between the groups, was attributed to elevated NADH levels. Similarly, in the mouse model, NADH levels were significantly increased in the KO group (p = 0.002), further suggesting that NADH elevation drives reductive stress. This precise method for NADH measurement is expected to outperform conventional assays, such as those for lactate, providing a simpler and more reliable means of assessing disease progression.

Sustainable Evolution of China’s Provincial New Quality Productivity Based on Three Dimensions of Multi-Period Development and Combination Weights

In this study, we aim to construct an evaluation system to accurately measure the development status and trends of China’s new quality productivity, which is pivotal for the sustainable development of the Chinese economy. In light of the current lack of a standardized evaluation index system and precise measurement methods, we have established an evaluation index system comprising three dimensions—scientific and technological innovation, industrial upgrading, and factor transformation—in alignment with the essence and traits of new quality productivity. By the combination of the entropy method and multi-period weights, we assess the development level of new quality productivity across China’s 31 provinces from 2013 to 2022. The findings reveal the following: (1) Substantial regional disproportions exist among provinces in the advancement of new quality productivity, with Shanghai and Beijing demonstrating a notable first-mover advantage. (2) While the levels of new quality productivity in most provinces are generally modest, an overall positive development trajectory is observed. Drawing upon these outcomes, a set of targeted development strategies are put forward, such as leading scientific and technological innovation, promoting industrial upgrading, and realizing the transformation of elements. This article can enhance our understanding of the spatiotemporal development pattern of China’s new quality productivity, offering a novel theoretical framework and practical approach for fostering new quality productivity tailored to unique circumstances. Consequently, it may facilitate the promotion of economic sustainability.

Research on Nanometer Precision Measurement Method of High Order Even Aspheres

Optical aspheres are demanded with extremely high precision to meet functional requirements in space telescopes, extreme ultraviolet lithography, and other modern large optical systems. The nano-precision fabrication of optical aspheres requires high-precision measurements to guide deterministic optical processing. Null test is the preferred method for high-precision measurements. Null optics are required to compensate for the incident wavefront in the null test of optical aspheres. However, wavefront aberrations caused by the transmission flat or transmission sphere of interferometer and null optics can limit measurement accuracy and need to be separated. A nano-precision measurement method is proposed for the even optical aspheres of high order in this paper. A computer-generated hologram is used as a null optic to realize a null test on optical aspheres. Mapping distortion correction is performed on the measurement results to ensure that the transverse coordinates of the measurement results correspond correctly to those of the test surface. Absolute testing is applied to separate the wavefront aberrations caused by the computer-generated hologram and interferometer optics. Finally, the results obtained by this method were used to guide deterministic optical processing, enabling the nano-precision fabrication of optical aspheres.

Precise and accurate speed measurements in rapidly flowing dense suspensions

We introduce a method for precise and accurate measurements of particle speeds in dense suspensions flowing at high rates and demonstrate the utility of the approach for revealing complex flow fluctuations during shearing in a setup that combines imaging with a confocal microscope and shearing with a rheometer. We scan the focal point in one dimension, aligned with direction of flow, producing absolute measurements of speed that are independent of suspension structure and particle shape. We compare this flow-direction line scanning approach with a complementary method we introduced previously, measuring speed using line scanning in the vorticity direction. By comparing results in various flow conditions, including shear-thinning and thickening regimes, we demonstrate the efficacy of our new approach. We find that both approaches exhibit qualitatively similar flow profiles, but a comparative analysis reveals a 15%–25% overestimation in speed measurement using vorticity line scanning, with discrepancies generated by anisotropic suspension microstructure under flow. Moreover, in the thickening regime where complex flow fields are present, both approaches capture local speed fluctuations. However, line scanning in the flow direction reveals and precisely captures stagnation and backflows, a capability not achievable with vorticity line scanning. The approach introduced here not only provides a refined technique for speed measurement in fast-flowing suspensions but also emphasizes the significance of accurate measurement techniques in advancing our understanding of flow behavior in dense suspensions, particularly in contexts where strong non-affine flows are prevalent.

7708 Navigating Thyroid Cancer With Differences in Thyroglobulin Assessment Techniques

Abstract Disclosure: M.S. Shah: None. S. Humayon: None. N.A. Mungo: None. This case report delves into the diagnostic journey of a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma, emphasizing the importance of precise thyroglobulin measurement methods. The case highlights the differences between immunoassay and mass spectrometry in monitoring disease progression and treatment response.A 42-year-old female with a family history of thyroid-related issues, was found to have a thyroid nodule on physical exam. She underwent fine-needle aspiration (FNA) revealing papillary thyroid carcinoma, Bethesda category VI. Lymphatic invasion was present necessitating total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection. Left level 3 and 4 lymph node excision showing 2 of 15 positive for metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma without extranodal extension. Left superficial jugular lymph node excision showing 1 of 3 lymph node being positive for metastatic thyroid carcinoma without extranodal extension. RAI therapy and post-ablative scan showed focal moderate increased activity adjacent to the left hyoid bone. CT scan of the neck later showed stable appearance of the thyroidectomy bed with no new suspicious soft tissue mass. A small crescentic focus of enhancing soft tissue medial to the left common carotid artery is favored to represent residual thyroid tissue. Multiple small enhancing lymph node in the left neck at level llB and junction of levels ll and lll. Several of these are new or increased in size from prior examination and somewhat acidly enhanced. Although these are within normal limits by size criteria, recurrent diseases cannot be excluded. She underwent another surgical neck dissection with no cancer found. Given the negative findings, a shift from checking thyroglobulin (TG) from immunoassay to mass spectrometry was ideal.Patient was found to have persistent thyroglobulin elevation with Immunoassay, thyroglobulin level (60.5 ng/mL, n<35 ng/ml), without the presence of TG antibodies, whereas liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) showing (<0.5 ng/mL), highlighting the methodological divergence. To date she has no imaging concerns and repeat testing from different labs similarly demonstrated undetectably Tg by LC-MS/MS and varying levels when tested by Immunoassay. Her levels by Immunoassay have trended down to her most recent level of (38 ng/ml).This case emphasizes the critical role of accurate thyroglobulin assessment in thyroid carcinoma follow-up. Immunoassay and mass spectrometry present divergent results, with LC-MS/MS proving more reliable in monitoring disease progression but more expensive and time consuming. Clinicians should consider the implications of methodological choices on patient management, particularly in cases of persistent elevation despite treatment. The potential discrepancies between these methods should be emphasized considering the impact on treatment decisions. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Micron-resolved quantum precision measurement of magnetic field at the Tesla level

Abstract We develop a quantum precision measurement method for magnetic field at the Tesla level by utilizing a fiber diamond magnetometer. Central to our system is a micron-sized fiber diamond probe positioned on the surface of a coplanar waveguide made of nonmagnetic materials. Calibrated with a nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometer, this probe demonstrates a broad magnetic field range from 10 mT to 1.5 T with a nonlinear error better than 0.0028% under a standard magnetic field generator and stability better than 0.0012% at a 1.5 T magnetic field. Finally, we demonstrate quantitative mapping of the vector magnetic field on the surface of a permanent magnet using the diamond magnetometer.

Mathematical Models of Diffusion in Physiology.

Diffusion is a mass transport phenomenon caused by chaotic thermal movements of molecules. Studying the transport in specific domain is simplified by using evolutionary differential equations for local concentration of the molecules instead of complete information on molecular paths [1]. Compounds in a fluid mixture tend to smooth out its spatial concentration inhomogeneities by diffusion. Rate of the transport is proportional to the concentration gradient and coefficient of diffusion of the compound in ordinary diffusion. The evolving concentration profile c(x,t) is then solution of evolutionary partial differential equation deltac/deltat=DDeltac where D is diffusion coefficient and Delta is Laplacian operator. Domain of the equation may be a region in space, plane or line, a manifold, such as surface embedded in space, or a graph. The Laplacian operates on smooth functions defined on given domain. We can use models of diffusion for such diverse tasks as: a) design of method for precise measurement of receptors mobility in plasmatic membrane by confocal microscopy [2], b) evaluation of complex geometry of trabeculae in developing heart [3] to show that the conduction pathway within the embryonic ventricle is determined by geometry of the trabeculae.

Background radiation compensation calibration method for film cooling infrared temperature measurement based on BP neural network

The precise non-contact temperature measurement method is essential for studying gas turbine component heat transfer. While infrared thermal imaging provides high-resolution two-dimensional temperature fields, errors arise from the measurement environment's complexity, emissivity variations, and reflection radiation effects. This study utilizes BP neural networks to correct infrared radiation on gas film cooled plates. By modeling background radiation and analyzing infrared emission processes, factors influencing temperature distribution are identified. Experimental data from uncooled plate are used for network training. Experimental measurements were conducted on uncooled plates to obtain training data. A BP neural network was established based on Planck's law and the radiation transmission process to relate the mainstream temperature to the background radiation. Calibration analysis was performed based on experimental data from the cooled plate, achieving the restoration of the two-dimensional temperature field under multiple operating conditions and significantly reducing measurement errors. This method comprehensively considers the entire process of radiation transmission, thereby eliminating background radiation embedded in the infrared images. The obtained measurement results vividly depict the real temperature distribution, offered significant support for gas turbine engineering applications.

M13 bacteriophage-based high-sensitivity Fabry-Pérot etalon for detecting humidity and volatile organic compounds.

Various sensor applications have been developed for protection against hazardous environments, and research on functional materials to enhance performance has also been pursued. The M13 bacteriophage (M13) has found utility in sensor applications like disease diagnosis and detection of harmful substances due to its potential for controlling interaction with target substances through adjustments in electrochemical and mechanical properties via genetic engineering technology. However, while optimizing reactivity or binding affinity between M13 and target materials is crucial for sensor performance enhancement, precise dynamic measurement methods for this were lacking. This study demonstrates the application of an M13-based dynamic actuator in a Fabry-Pérot etalon (M13-FPE) as a spacer for precise measurement of humidity and reactivity to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The transmission spectrum is optimized by adjusting the reflectance and cavity gap size (dM13) of the two mirrors comprising the M13-FPE, and changes are measured in a rainbow-color-dotted (RCD) pattern using a customized spectrometer. Utilizing the peak wavelengths of the RCD pattern, the change in dM13 is dynamically and precisely measured, revealing approximately 3% and 0.3% swelling for ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, respectively. M13 demonstrates binding affinities of 827 ppb and 158 ppb for ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, respectively, with its low reactivity measured precisely, exhibiting an error of 0.03 nm using the peak wavelength change rate.

An efficient and quantitative approach for fracture toughness measurement of Micron-Thick hard coatings based on crack spacing

Micron-thick hard coatings find widespread applications, with fracture toughness being a crucial property that ensures their usability. However, measuring the fracture toughness of hard coatings is time-consuming and costly due to the susceptibility to cracking and small sample size. Thus, developing a simple, effective and precise measurement method is necessary. This work presents an analytical model that calculates KC from crack spacing induced by uniaxial tension. By measuring the variation of crack spacing, this model determines the fracture toughness from the energy difference during the coating fracture, and residual stress can also be estimated. This simple method overcomes the limitations of uniaxial tension methods, does not require any in-situ observations, and offers low-cost and user-friendly testing. The KC of TiN coatings with 2 μm thickness were tested and found to match the micro-cantilever beam test results from the literature. This model used data from other literature to calculate the toughness of diamond and a-C:H thin coatings, showing its generality. Additionally, our model’s estimation of residual stress in coatings, as reported in the literature, is accurate to within 0.1 ∼ 1 GPa.

Optimization for hydrogen gas quantitative measurement using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

Gas sensors are vital for safety, quality control, and environmental preservation across diverse industries. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is widely employed for gas analysis due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. However, quantifying low concentrations of hydrogen gas using TDLAS in the infrared region proves challenging due to its lower absorption compared to other gases in the NIR region. This study introduces an innovative method for precise hydrogen gas measurement through the analysis of absorption spectra at different pressures and the employment of a high-pressure gas cell. By applying these methodologies to a calibration-free technique, we can realize the optimal measurement conditions for increasing the gas detection limit and stabilizing the wavelength lock for the laser diode. As a result, a linear relationship between hydrogen gas concentration and sensor response is achieved in the wide detection range of 0.01% to 100%. Under the optimal measurement conditions, our TDLAS system’s stability is demonstrated with minimum detection limits of 0.2866% and 0.0055% at integration times of 1 s and 30 s, respectively.

Efficient Mercury Ion Detection in Water: CdTe/CdS/ZnS Quantum Dots as a Simple, Sensitive, and Rapid Fluorescence Sensor.

Mercury (Hg), a notorious heavy metal with detrimental impacts on human health and the environment, necessitates the development of precise measurement methods. This study introduces an expeditious and straightforward photochemical approach to synthesize thioglycolic acid (TGA)-stabilized CdTe/CdS/ZnS core/multi-shell quantum dots (QDs). The synthesized CdTe/CdS/ZnS QDs were comprehensively characterized using fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). XRD and EDS results confirmed the successful formation of CdTe/CdS/ZnS structure. Also, FESEM and TEM results showed that CdTe/CdS/ZnS QDs were spherical. Results showed that synthesized Exhibiting vibrant green fluorescence and notable quenching in the presence of Hg2+ ions, these QDs emerge as promising candidates for fabricating a fluorescent sensor. The proposed sensor demonstrates notable sensitivity to Hg2+, featuring a detection limit of 16.32 nM and a linear range from 20 nM to 70 nM. The sensor's selectivity was confirmed by analyzing various anions and cations. Moreover, when tested with tap water, river water, and agricultural samples, the sensor exhibited reliable performance, validated by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis. Additionally, CdTe/CdS/ZnS QDs immobilized on micro pads proved effective for on-site water sample analysis, presenting a versatile solution for environmental monitoring.

Non-relevant segment recognition via hard example mining under sparsely distributed events

We propose on/offline hard example mining (HEM) techniques to alleviate the degradation of the generalization performance in the sparse distribution of events in non-relevant segment (NRS) recognition and to examine their utility for long-duration surgery. Through on/offline HEM, higher recognition performance can be achieved by extracting hard examples that help train NRS events, for a given training dataset. Furthermore, we provide two performance measurement metrics to quantitatively evaluate NRS recognition in the clinical field. The existing precision and recall-based performance measurement method provides accurate quantitative statistics. However, it is not an efficient evaluation metric in tasks where false positive recognition errors are fatal, such as NRS recognition. We measured the false discovery rate (FDR) and threat score (TS) to provide quantitative values that meet the needs of the clinical setting. Finally, unlike previous studies, the utility of NRS recognition was improved by applying our model to long-duration surgeries, instead of short-length surgical operations such as cholecystectomy. In addition, the proposed training methodology was applied to robotic and laparoscopic surgery datasets to verify that it can be robustly applied to various clinical environments.

Role of waist circumference-to-height ratio in assessing adiposity, predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus and other cardiometabolic diseases.

Although body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a simple tool to assess obesity, it has certain limitations and inaccuracies. It is known that visceral adipose tissue is closely related to cardiometabolic risks and all-cause mortality; however, precise measurement methods for visceral fat (magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography) cannot be widely used. Thus, simple but accurate alternatives are valuable. Studies have shown that waist circumference-to-height ratio (WHtR) might be a superior and more accurate variable in assessing central or visceral adiposity as well as predicting risks of diabetes and other cardiometabolic diseases. Furthermore, WHtR cutoff values can be consistent across different races, age, and genders, making it a universal metric worth promoting and applying.

Weak Value Amplification Based Optical Sensor for High Throughput Real-Time Immunoassay of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein.

The demand for accurate and efficient immunoassays calls for the development of precise, high-throughput analysis methods. This paper introduces a novel approach utilizing a weak measurement interface sensor for immunoassays, offering a solution for high throughput analysis. Weak measurement is a precise quantum measurement method that amplifies the weak value of a system in the weak interaction through appropriate pre- and post-selection states. To facilitate the simultaneous analysis of multiple samples, we have developed a chip with six flow channels capable of conducting six immunoassays concurrently. We can perform real-time immunoassay to determine the binding characteristics of spike protein and antibody through real-time analysis of the flow channel images and calculating the relative intensity. The proposed method boasts a simple structure, eliminating the need for intricate nano processes. The spike protein concentration and relative intensity curve were fitted using the Log-Log fitting regression equation, and R2 was 0.91. Utilizing a pre-transformation approach to account for slight variations in detection sensitivity across different flow channels, the present method achieves an impressive limit of detection(LOD) of 0.85 ng/mL for the SARS-CoV-2 the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein, with a system standard deviation of 5.61. Furthermore, this method has been successfully verified for monitoring molecular-specific binding processes and differentiating binding capacities.

Structure information analysis and relative content determination of protein and chitin from yellow mealworm larvae using Raman spectroscopy

Insect protein extract is one of the high-quality protein sources and is frequently viewed as a potential nutrition alternative. However, a more precise method for protein measurement is still needed due to protein overestimation by the Kjeldahl method due to the presence of a large amount of chitin in insects. Therefore, we demonstrated the monitoring of chitin and protein extracted from yellow mealworm larvae through the information on molecular vibration obtained using Raman spectroscopy and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The NH vibration at 3475 cm−1 is the characteristic peak of chitin in defatted product observed in the Raman spectra. The nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor in protein extracted from larvae by the Raman method was determined based on the NH vibration and found to be 5.66 ± 0.01. We also compared these experimental data to theoretical Raman and IR spectra and determined the possible reasons for why nitrogen elements in chitin affect the determination of protein content. The method of sequentially removing fat and protein could provide more accurate quantification of protein and chitin. Raman spectroscopy is feasible for various types of insects with high chitin content. Compared with the Kjeldahl method, the Raman method is a faster and more accurate measurement method. Moreover, it provides the content of impurities, purity, and structural information.

Research and Application on High Precision Measurement Method of Large Mesh Antenna Surface

Abstract The development process of large mesh antennas requires a significant investment of time and resources for iterative measurements and adjustments to achieve high precision in the large mesh reflector. In this paper, a novel measurement method for the precision of large mesh antenna surfaces is proposed to reduce the development process. Multiple measurement cameras have been utilized to set up a network system, enabling data integration for comprehensive analysis and computational calculations. In this approach, the implementation of a one-click and the rapid measurement function represent substantial advancements. The single measurement time has been successfully reduced from 40 minutes to 2 minutes, which addresses the challenge of high efficiency and precision measurement application on the complex mesh antenna surface. Then the optimization of calibration is accomplished through the meticulous measurement of network patterns, marker points, and reference bars to improve the precision accuracy on the foundation of rapid measurements, combined with the simulation analysis. The final results have been practically verified and successfully applied to model development, which provides a crucial reference for subsequent endeavors involving the rapid and automated measurement of similar antennas.

Validation of the Interpersonal Forgiveness Indonesian Scale: An examination of its psychometric properties using confirmatory factor analysis

In recent years, research has highlighted the essential role of forgiveness in fostering interpersonal relationships and preserving social harmony. However, more precise measurement methods are necessary, particularly in the Indonesian context. The purpose of this study was to develop the Interpersonal Forgiveness Indonesian Scale. The investigation rigorously explores the construct by implementing confirmatory factor analysis. To evaluate the instrument's reliability, we used McDonald's omega coefficient. This study included 549 adults aged 18 to 35 from Yogyakarta, with a mean age of 23.09, including 258 males and 291 females. The loading values for revenge and avoidance factors were .724 to .841 and .796 to .845, respectively; while benevolence varied more, ranging from .538 to .824. The McDonald's omega value of .953 indicated excellent reliability. Robust correlations between the items and factors on the Interpersonal Forgiveness Indonesian Scale demonstrate its effectiveness and relevance in Indonesia. Future research should explore the dynamics of interpersonal forgiveness across diverse regions in Indonesia to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon within distinct cultural contexts.

Hollow multi-shelled MOF derivative adsorbent for efficient magnetic solid-phase extraction of several typical endocrine disrupting compounds from water

Bisphenols and benzophenones are two typical kinds of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that have been extensively detected in water environments, posing unanticipated risks to aquatic organisms and humans. It is urgent to develop efficient sample pretreatment methods for precise measurement of such EDCs. In this study, a magnetic and multi-shelled metal-organic framework derivative material has been prepared to extract and enrich trace bisphenols and benzophenones from water. Via a solvothermal reaction induced by sodium citrate followed by a carbonization treatment, a ZIF-67@ZIF-8 derived CoZn-magnetic hierarchical carbon (CoZn-MHC) material has been synthesized as a high-performance magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent. This adsorbent exhibited a good specific surface area (213.80 m2⋅g−1) and a saturation magnetization of 63.2 emu·g−1. After the optimization of several parameters (including adsorbent dosage, extraction time, pH, ionic strength, desorption solvent, and solvent volume), an efficient MSPE method for several EDCs (comprising bisphenols and benzophenones) was developed with a good linear range (R2 ≥ 0.990), a high sensitivity range (LODs: 0.793–5.37 ng⋅L−1), and good reusability (RSD ≤4.67 % in five consecutive tests). Furthermore, the material exhibited commendable resistance to matrix interference in natural water samples with the recovery rates of target compounds ranging from 74.8 % to 107 %. We envision that the preparation strategy of this functional metal-organic framework (MOF)-based adsorbent for EDCs may provide insights for relevant research in the future.