Precision Full-wave Rectifier Research Articles

New Current-Mode Precision Full-Wave Rectifier Employing Single Inverted Z-Copy Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier

This paper aims to introduce a new current-mode precision full-wave rectifier configuration using a single inverted Z-copy current differencing buffered amplifier (IZC-CDBA) and two nMOSFETs. The unique feature of the proposed configuration is that it can simultaneously produce both the inverting and non-inverting rectified outputs without changing its architecture. Only active components make the configuration more suited for IC implementation. Moreover, it features low input impedance and high output impedance, making it fully cascadable. In addition, the new design enjoys extremely high-frequency operations. The effects of non-ideal transfer gain and parasitic impedances on the designed circuit are also explored. PSPICE simulations test the functionality of the proposed circuit for two distinct types of IZC-CDBA realization. The CMOS-based realization is checked through TSMC 0.18 μm level-7 technology parameters. The average DC current output, input dynamic range (± 450 μA), power consumption, temperature, total harmonic distortion, noise, and Monte-Carlo studies are performed to judge the efficiency level. The findings of the simulations match up nicely with the theoretical analysis. RMS and average value computation for a sinusoidal signal are also provided as an application of the suggested full-wave rectifier.

Novel Resistorless, Cascadable Current-Mode Precision Rectifier Using CFDITA

The paper introduces a new circuit structure of precision full-wave rectifier, without the requirement of any diode(s) and passive component(s), which operates in current mode. The proposed structure of the rectifier employs a single current follower differential input transconductance amplifier and two MOS transistors only. The use of the least number of active components makes the circuit structure simple and favorable to the contemporary integration technology. The proposed rectifier has wider input current dynamic range (±1.6 mA), lower current offset (84 pA), and can operate up to 30 MHz frequency. Additionally, the circuit is easily cascadable, temperature insensitive, and less affected by process variation, MOS transistors mismatch, and supply voltage variation. The rectifier circuit is verified through 0.18 µm gpdk technology-based post-layout simulation results using the cadence Virtuoso tool. The rectification accuracy is examined through the parameters, such as average value ratio and root mean square error. The proposed rectifier’s layout measures 31.95 µm × 31.35 µm in size.

Electronically Tunable Full Wave Precision Rectifier Using DVCCTAs

This work presents a voltage mode scheme of a full-wave precision rectifier circuit using an analog building block differential voltage current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DVCCTA) including five NMOS transistors. The proposed design is essentially suited for low voltage and high-frequency input signals. The operation of the proposed rectifier design depends upon the region of operation of NMOS transistors. The output waveform of the presented rectifier design can be made electronically tunable by controlling the bias voltage. The functional correctness and verification of the presented design are performed using 0.25-µm TSMC technology under the supply voltage of ±1.5 V. The absence of a resistor leads to a minimal parasitic effect. To obtain further insight on the robustness of the circuit, a Monte Carlo simulation and corner analysis are also presented. The circuit is verified experimentally by incorporating a breadboard model with the help of commercially available ICs CA3080 (operational transconductance amplifier) and AD844AN (current feedback operational amplifier) and offers remarkable compliance with both theoretical and simulation outcomes. The presented design has been laid out on Cadence virtuoso, which consumes a chip area of 9044 µm2.

Current-Mode MOS Only Precision Full-Wave Rectifier

The paper deals with the realization of a current-mode precision full-wave rectifier using one extra-X second generation current conveyor and two metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) switches. The structure of the circuit is simple as it is implemented using fewer MOS transistors and does not use any external resistor. The linearity range of the presented rectifier is good i.e. ±300 µA and its higher operating frequency is 30 MHz which is also quite good. Moreover, the circuit performance is less affected by temperature variations. Additionally, the proposed rectifier circuit is suited to low-voltage and low-power applications as it dissipates only 0.2 mW power at ±0.9 V power supplies. The theoretical presumptions are validated through simulation results which are performed via HSPICE using the 0.13 µm IBM technology. Furthermore, experimental results are also included to validate the practicality of the circuit.

Full-Phase Operation Transresistance-Mode Precision Full-Wave Rectifier Designs Using Single Operational Transresistance Amplifier

This study proposed the designs of two full-phase operation transresistance-mode (TRM) precision full-wave rectifiers. The first circuit consisted of a single operational transresistance amplifier (OTRA), four diodes, and a resistor. The second scheme was an OTRA combined with a full metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor-based design, which is preferable for integrated circuit implementation because no passive components are used in the circuit topology. Based on our literature review, this is the first study that discussed a full-phase operation transresistance-mode precision full-wave rectifier consisting of a single OTRA and few passive components. In this paper, several previously reported precision full-wave rectifiers consisting of various active devices are first reviewed followed by the proposed OTRA-based transresistance-mode precision full-wave rectifiers and an analysis of nonideal effects. Furthermore, computer simulations and experimental results are presented to verify the validity of the proposed circuits, which were consistent with the theoretical predictions.

Realization of ASK/BPSK Modulators and Precision Full-Wave Rectifier using DXCCII

This paper introduces two new circuits which are capable of realizing digital modulation schemes namely, amplitude shift keying (ASK) and binary phase shift keying (BPSK). First circuit named as ASK/BPSK modulator-1 employs one dual-X second generation current conveyor (DXCCII), three MOS switches and three resistors. On the other hand, second circuit named as ASK/BPSK modulator-2 comprises one DXCCII, three MOS switches and one grounded resistor. Both ASK and BPSK schemes are simultaneously realizable with both proposed circuits. In communication systems, both ASK and BPSK schemes are commonly used. Furthermore, a little modification in ASK/BPSK modulator-1 enables the realization of full-wave precision rectifier. The circuit of rectifier comprises one DXCCII, two resistors and two MOS switches. The non-ideal considerations of proposed circuits including non-ideal transfer gains as well as parasitic of DXCCII are also explored. HSPICE simulation results using 0.13 µm process parameters of IBM CMOS technology are given to validate proposed circuits.

Voltage-mode full-wave precision rectifier and an extended application as ASK/BPSK circuit using a single EXCCII

A novel full-wave precision rectifier circuit employing a single EXCCII, a MOS switch and one resistor is proposed. The proposed voltage-mode full-wave precision rectifier is simple and operates with a supply voltage of ±1.25 V. The circuit provides rectification for a wide range signal amplitudes of −150 mV to 150 mV. The proposed circuit is easily adapted as an extended application in ASK and BPSK generation. Non-idealities of building blocks and parasitic effects are analyzed, Simulations using 0.25 µm parameters are given and comparisons drawn with most recent works, to support the new proposed circuit.

Current-Mode Precision Full-Wave Rectifier Circuits

In this paper, a new current-mode precision full-wave rectifier is presented. The proposed circuit employs a single active element namely extra-X current conveyor and two NMOS transistors without using any passive element which is suitable for IC implementation. The circuit exhibits low input impedance and high output impedance, so it is easily cascadable. The non-idealities and the parasitics effects on the circuit are also discussed. The detailed Monte Carlo analysis and distortion study is also carried out along with supporting results. The functionality of the proposed current-mode precision full-wave rectifier is verified through PSPICE simulation using 0.25 \(\upmu \hbox {m}\) TSMC CMOS technology parameters. The proposal is also supported by experimental result.

Estimating π using an electrical circuit

The constant pi, or π, is one of the oldest and most recognizable irrational constants. It was known from the earliest days of mathematics and the sciences. Over the ages, many methods of varying complexity have been used to estimate π. This article presents a novel experimental method to estimate π using direct, digital voltmeter measurements on a simple precision full-wave rectifier circuit. We discuss the method in the context of error encroachment, and suggest the possibility to estimate total harmonic distortion simply. The experiment is repeatable and of value to the undergraduate physics and electronics laboratory, while adding to a celebration of π.

A Complete System Modelling of Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEH) with Silicon Carbide (SiC) Used as Cantilever Base

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a material that possesses hardness and robustness to operate under high temperature condition. This work is a pilot in exploring the feasibility of cubic piezo element on the SiC wafer with integrated proof mass as horizontal cantilever with perpendicular displacement with respect to the normal plane. With the advance of electronic circuitry, the power consumption is reduced to nano-watts. Therefore, harvesting ambient energy and converting into electrical energy through piezoelectric material will be useful for powering low power devices. Resonance is a property which able to optimize the generated output power by tuning the proof masses. The damping ratio is a considerable parameter for optimization. From analytical study, small damping ratio will enhance the output power of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH). This paper will present mathematical modelling approach, simulation verification and the conditional circuit named versatile precision full wave rectifier.

Precision Full-Wave Rectifiers with Current Active Elements and Current Biasing

This article discusses universal precision rectifiers using current active elements and current sources for the diode excitation. The paper introduces circuit solution of the universal precision full-wave rectifier with intention to reduce negative effect of diode reverse recovery time. Furthermore, experimental results are given and a comparison of new circuit of precision full-wave rectifier and its known variant is presented.

Wide bandwidth Pythagorean rectifier

It has recently been proposed by a few authors that the trigonometric Pythagorean identity can be used for the implementation of precision full-wave rectifiers for sinusoidal signals with advantages with respect to diode-based rectifiers for amplitudes in the hundreds of mV range. The approaches proposed so far require a 90° phase shifter and this results in the obvious limitation that the input signal frequency must be known prior to amplitude measurement. In this study, the authors propose a new precision full-wave rectifier, capable of overcoming this limitation. Starting from the sinusoidal input, a squared co-sinusoidal signal is obtained in a wide frequency range by multiplying the output signals of an integrator and of a differentiator. The signal thus obtained is added to the input signal squared, and a square root extractor is employed for obtaining a DC signal proportional to the amplitude of the input signal. A prototype capable of operating within a two decades frequency range across 3200 Hz has been realised and tested with an accuracy better than 2% and a residual ripple of less than 0.3% for input amplitudes larger than 100 mV. A configuration capable of operating in the MHz frequency range is also proposed.

Precision Full-Wave Rectifier Using Two DDCCs

A new precision full-wave rectifier employing only two differential difference current conveyors, which is very suitable for CMOS technology implementation, is presented. The proposed rectifier is the voltage-mode circuit, which offers high-input and low-output impedance hence it can be directly connected to load without using any buffer circuits. PSPICE is used to verify the circuit performance. Simulated rectifier results based-on a 0.5 µm CMOS technology with ±2.5 V supply voltage demonstrates high precision rectification and excellent temperature stability. In addition, the application of proposed rectifier to pseudo RMS-to-DC conversion is also introduced.

A Novel Versatile Precision Full-Wave Rectifier

In this paper, we have proposed and realized a novel precision full-wave rectifier using an all-pass filter as a 90° phase shifter. The circuit gives a dc output voltage that is almost the same as the peak input voltage over a frequency range of 50 Hz-1 MHz with a very low ripple voltage and low harmonic distortion. Oscilloscope traces of the rectified waveform for the proposed circuit show a ripple voltage of 12 mV obtained with an input voltage of amplitude 1 V and frequency 100 kHz.

Minimal configuration precision full-wave rectifier using current and voltage conveyors

In this paper, new minimal configuration precision full-wave rectifier is presented. The structure employs one current and one voltage conveyor and only two diodes. It enables to process both low-voltage and low-current signals. Compared to the op amp based circuit, the proposed circuit is able to rectify signals up to 500kHz and beyond with no or small distortion. Experimental measurements are performed that show the feasibility of the new precision full-wave rectifier.

Temperature independent current conveyor precision full-wave rectifier for low-level signal

A circuit that provides precision rectification low-level input signal with low temperature sensitivity is presented in this paper. It utilizes an improved second type current conveyor based around current-steering output stage and voltage biased silicon diodes, rather than more usual current mirrors. Proposed design of the precision rectifier ensures good current transfer linearity in the range that satisfy class A of the amplifier and good voltage transfer characteristic for low level signals. Distortion during the zero crossing of the input signal is practically eliminated. Design of the proposed rectifier is realized with usual components that can be bought in the market. .

CURRENT CONTROLLED PRECISION RECTIFIER CIRCUITS

A novel full-wave precision rectifier employing a single current controlled conveyor (CCCII) with three outputs, two complementary MOS transistors, and a resistor is proposed. The circuit enjoys high input impedance, current controlled output, good zero-crossing performance, and linearity. Another current controlled precision rectifier with no external resistor is also derived from the proposed circuit. RSPICE simulations using real device parameters are included to verify the proposed circuits.

High frequency and high precision CMOS full-wave rectifier

This paper describes a high frequency and high precision full-wave rectifier using a fully differential input and output operational transconductance amplifier (FDIO-OTA), which is very suitable for CMOS technology implementation. The system comprises a voltage to current converter, precision full-wave rectifier and a current-to-voltage converter. An input voltage signal is converted into two symmetrical current signals by using a FDIO-OTA. Two current signals will be rectified by using MOS diodes and convert into output voltage by using grounded MOS resistor. The circuit exhibits a very precise rectifier and very high operating frequency. The simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed circuit.

A high-accuracy, high-speed interface circuit for differential-capacitance transducer

A novel high-accuracy and high-speed interface circuit based on lock-in detector is presented for differential-capacitance transducer. In the interface, the feedback capacitance rather than feedback resistance is used in the current detector to reduce the noise due to large resistance. Capacitor–array circuit proposed makes possible to cover a wide range of capacitance changes by choosing feedback capacitor close to the measurand, which results in transfer coefficient of the current sensing circuit about −1. A precision full-wave rectifier based on phase-sensitive-detector (PSD) incorporated in demodulator eliminates the effect due to threshold voltage of diode to improve the accuracy and suppress noise. A second-order low-pass filter is incorporated in demodulator, which allows high-speed and high-accuracy interface for differential-capacitance transducers. Moreover, the circuit is immune to parasitic capacitance, resistances and exciting source. It is capable of detecting the capacitance change as small as 0.005% of the total capacitance up to 16 pF with the speed higher than 5 ksps. A capacitance diaphragm pressure transducer and a standard pressure source (RUSCA 2465 piston gauge) are connected to the circuit to confirm the analysis.

A low-voltage wide-band CMOS precision full-wave rectifier

A simple integrable circuit for implementing a precision full-wave rectifier circuit in CMOS technology, which can be operated from a low-voltage power supply, is described. The realization method is based on the use of a MOS class AB configuration to improve the high frequency performance. The circuit exhibits a very sharp corner in the dc transfer characteristic. Simulation results showing the performance of the proposed circuit are also presented.