Method For Precise Measurement Research Articles

Dietary patterns, physical activity, and nutritional status of medical students at Udayana University

Background: Indonesia faces a significant nutritional challenge among adolescents, termed the double burden, involving both undernutrition and overnutrition, notably central obesity. Lifestyle factors such as irregular dietary patterns and inadequate physical activity contribute to these issues, impacting physical and mental growth and development, particularly the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to examine the dietary patterns, physical activity, and nutritional status of medical students at Udayana University. Methods: This descriptive observational cross-sectional study involved 165 students, selected using simple random sampling. Dietary patterns were assessed using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), physical activity was evaluated using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and nutritional status was determined through anthropometric measurements. Results: Most respondents exhibited dietary pattern close to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) (53.9%), followed by low (40%) and over (6.1%). In terms of physical activity, 51.5% had insufficient activity, while 48.5% had sufficient activity. Regarding nutritional status, 55.2% were classified as normal, 10.3% underweight, 15.8% overweight, and 18.8% obese, comprising obesity I (12.7%), obesity II (6.1%), and central obesity (12.7%). Conclusion: The study highlights prevalent abnormal dietary patterns and nutritional status among respondents, alongside inadequate physical activity. Recommendations include implementing interventions to improve dietary habits and increase physical activity among medical students at Udayana University. Further research utilizing more precise measurement methods is warranted to explore the relationship between dietary patterns, physical activity, and nutritional status.

Correlation between electrical conductivity in saturated paste extracts and different diluted extracts (1/2.5, 1/5) of coarse-textured soils

Soil salinity poses a significant challenge to agricultural productivity, necessitating precise measurement methods. Rather than relying on complex determinations like saturated paste extracts (ECe), a practical alternative involves assessing soil salinity through the Electrical Conductivity (EC) of soil-water extracts. This simplified yet reliable method is crucial for understanding the impact of soil salinity on agricultural yields. To improve accuracy in representing soluble salts relevant to plant growth, the conversion of EC from soil water extracts to ECe becomes pivotal.In an experimental study, a clear relationship was sought between the Electrical Conductivity (EC) of saturated paste extracts (ECe) and the ratios found in soil-water extracts (1/2.5 and 1/5). Fifty samples of coarse-textured soil were collected from the Djamâa palm grove in Sidi Yahia village, located in the Oued Righ region within the Djamaa Zone. The analysis of the collected data revealed compelling findings, indicating a robust and statistically significant correlation between values obtained from ECe and those derived from EC1/2.5 and EC1/5 (correlation coefficient of R = 0.93 and 0.91, at a significance level of P = 0.05). These results highlight the promising potential of accurately estimating ECe in coarse-textured soils by employing EC1/2.5 and EC1/5, paving the way for streamlining assessment methodologies for soil salinity. This study not only elucidates the correlation between conductivity measures but also proposes a practical means to estimate soil salinity more efficiently. The findings contribute to informed decision-making in agricultural practices within the Northern Sahara's Djamâa palm grove and similar regions, offering valuable insights for sustainable soil management.

Mid-infrared-near-infrared double-resonance spectroscopy of molecules with kilohertz accuracy.

Precision measurements of molecular transitions to highly excited states are needed in potential energy surface modeling, state-resolved chemical dynamics studies, and astrophysical spectra analysis. Selective pumping and probing of molecules are often challenging due to the high state density and weak transition moments. We present a mid-infrared and near-infrared double-resonance spectroscopy method for precision measurements. As a demonstration, Doppler-free stepwise two-photon absorption spectra of 13CO2 were recorded by pumping the fundamental transition of R14 (00011)-(00001) and probing the P15 (00041)-(00011) transition enhanced by a high-finesse optical cavity, and the transition frequencies were determined with an accuracy of a few kilohertz.

Automated zooplankton size measurement using deep learning: Overcoming the limitations of traditional methods

Zooplankton size is a crucial indicator in marine ecosystems, reflecting demographic structure, species diversity and trophic status. Traditional methods for measuring zooplankton size, which involve direct sampling and microscopic analysis, are laborious and time-consuming. In situ imaging systems are useful sampling tools; however, the variation in angles, orientations, and image qualities presented considerable challenges to early machine learning models tasked with measuring sizes.. Our study introduces a novel, efficient, and precise deep learning-based method for zooplankton size measurement. This method employs a deep residual network with an adaptation: replacing the fully connected layer with a convolutional layer. This modification allows for the generation of an accurate predictive heat map for size determination. We validated this automated approach against manual sizing using ImageJ, employing in-situ images from the PlanktonScope. The focus was on three zooplankton groups: copepods, appendicularians, and shrimps. An analysis was conducted on 200 individuals from each of the three groups. Our automated method's performance was closely aligned with the manual process, demonstrating a minimal average discrepancy of just 1.84%. This significant advancement presents a rapid and reliable tool for zooplankton size measurement. By enhancing the capacity for immediate and informed ecosystem-based management decisions, our deep learning-based method addresses previous challenges and opens new avenues for research and monitoring in zooplankton.

A Novel Method for Precision Measurement and Result Optimization of Detuning Angle for KDP Crystals.

In this paper, we investigate the theory of energy distribution when divergent light undergoes harmonic conversion in KDP crystals, and based on this theory, we design and construct a precision measuring instrument for the detuning angle of (KDP) Crystals (MIDC). The device can obtain the detuning angle of the crystal by a single measurement with an average measurement error of 72.78 urad. At the same time, it also has the function of scanning the full aperture of the crystals. Using the MIDC, it is possible to quickly measure the KDP crystal at a single point and quickly scan the crystal detuning angle at full aperture. In addition, we conduct a theoretical study on the variation of detuning angle caused by gravity-influencing factors under online conditions, propose an optimization formula for the offline measurement results of detuning angle, and calculate the optimized values of detuning angle for two kinds of crystals under 45° online conditions. We finally study the error source of the MIDC device, analyze the trend of the influence of positioning errors of the crystal and optical elements on the detuning angle measurement results, and provide theoretical support for the error monitoring and correction of MIDC.

Rapid assessment of the dependence of flexural elastic modulus on temperature through in‐situ image analysis

AbstractThis study aimed to develop a method for rapid and precise measurement of the elastic modulus at high temperatures. High‐temperature in‐situ microscopy was used in conjunction with a testing apparatus to measure the deformation of a specimen in three‐point bending test. The bending deflection was determined in situ by measuring the relative change between the test point on the specimen and a fixed reference point. The deflection was correlated with the elastic modulus to obtain the dependence of the elastic modulus on temperature. The ratio between high‐ and room‐temperature deflection of the bending beam was measured using the relative method and image analysis, with an identical scene and focal length for each photograph and a resolution of less than 1 µm. The deflection ratio was then converted into the ratio between high‐ and room‐temperature elastic modulus, enabling the high‐temperature modulus to be quickly derived. The experiments were performed on a sample made of silicon carbide fiber braided layered composite. The results showed that the elastic modulus changed little within 1100°C, remaining between 80 and 84 GPa. Contrarily, constant‐load tests indicated that the creep of this material was noticeable, making it difficult to obtain reliable elastic modulus.

Exotic spin-dependent interactions through unparticle exchange

The potential discovery of unparticles could have far-reaching implications for particle physics and cosmology. For over a decade, high-energy physicists have extensively studied the effects of unparticles. In this study, we derive six types of nonrelativistic potentials between fermions induced by unparticle exchange in coordinate space. We consider all possible combinations of scalar, pseudo-scalar, vector, and axial-vector couplings to explore the full range of possibilities. Previous studies have only examined scalar-scalar (SS), pseudoscalar-pseudoscalar (PP), vector-vector (VV), and axial-axial-vector (AA) type interactions, which are all parity even. We propose SP and VA interactions to extend our understanding of unparticle physics, noting that parity conservation is not always guaranteed in modern physics. We explore the possibilities of detecting unparticles through the long-range interactions they may mediate with ordinary matter. Dedicated experiments using precision measurement methods can be employed to search for such interactions. We discuss the properties of these potentials and estimate constraints on their coupling constants based on existing experimental data. Our findings indicate that for some particular values of the scaling dimension dU\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {d}_{\\mathcal{U}} $$\\end{document}, the coupling between scalar or vector unparticles and fermions is constrained by several orders of magnitude more tightly than the previous limits. The underlying reason for this improvement is analyzed. Limits are also set on the newly proposed SP and VA interactions for continuous dU\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {d}_{\\mathcal{U}} $$\\end{document} values, allowing the exploration of the dU\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {d}_{\\mathcal{U}} $$\\end{document} dependence of the constraints. It turns out that the bounds exhibit an exponential decay trend with the increasing dU\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ {d}_{\\mathcal{U}} $$\\end{document}.

Rapid and Precise Measurement Method for Track Static Geometry of Large-Span Bridge Railway

Track geometry is an important parameter reflecting the safety of bridge railway, which is of great significance for the structure control of railway track. The measurement of track geometry is an indispensable part of structural health monitoring for bridge railway. However, existing methods for track static track geometry measurement are inadequate in terms of accuracy and efficiency. In order to improve the measurement method, this paper proposes a rapid and precise measurement method based on IMU/odometer aided by multiple total stations, which has the advantages of high efficiency, high accuracy, and is less affected by the environment. The proposed method uses a track measurement trolley (TMT) integrated with IMU and an odometer to collect railway track data on the bridge, and multiple total stations are used to synchronously measure the three-dimensional coordinates of the TMT. After coordinate system registration and time synchronisation, the data are then fused using a filtering algorithm to finally obtain the static geometry of the railway track. The proposed method was validated on the NanSha Port Railway Bridge across the Xijiang River in Foshan, China, and the results showed that the proposed method can make a single on-orbit measurement of a 1000 m length of large-span bridge railway track within half an hour, with an accuracy on the order of millimetres. The proposed method has obvious advantages in terms of efficiency and accuracy and is therefore an effective new measurement method with practical significance.

New Method for Precise Measurement of Clamping Plate Deformations on Forming Presses

The deformation of press bolster plates under load can significantly impact the quality of manufactured workpieces. Consequently, press manufacturers are usually obliged to provide the metric proof of the permissible deformation values during the press commissioning process. Unfortunately, the existing measurement methods for determining bolster plate deformations present flaws in the measurement accuracy, the application flexibility, the metrological effort, and other aspects. These issues have been addressed through the development of a new measurement method using multiple inclination profiles on the surface of the measured object. Based on the difference in the inclination between the unloaded and loaded states, the method approximates the inclination surface and calculates the deformation of the measured object through integration. The measurement method was first used for commissioning tests of forming presses. A comparison with the results obtained with a measurement frame equipped with high-resolution measurement probes demonstrates an accuracy of the new method of less than 20 µm.

An Adaptive Beam-Steering-Distortion-Compensated TDLAS Method for Precise and Robust Temperature Measurement

An Adaptive Beam-Steering-Distortion-Compensated TDLAS Method for Precise and Robust Temperature Measurement

Validation of the dew point chilled mirror method for the measurement of water activity on solid pharmaceutical products, testing the effect of different temperatures, sample preparations, and environment exposure times

Abstract Objective The objective of this investigation is to validate the dew point chilled mirror method for quantifying water activity in tablets and capsules, evaluating the effects of different temperatures, sample preparations, and local environmental exposure times. Key findings The validation of an acute and precise water activity measurement method has become an important goal in the pharmaceutical industry, because it may help to predict the microbiological bioburden on solid products, since most xerophilic and osmophilic microorganisms are unable to grow at water activity levels below 0.60, to safely reduce the frequency of routine microbiological analysis using conventional methods. For all the solid samples tested, a suitability of method was carried out, considering the sample preparation, environmental exposure times, and different measuring temperatures. Following USP guidelines, essential parameters such as precision (SD < 0.5), accuracy (% recovery in the 95%–105% range), linearity (R2 > 0.99), ruggedness (ANOVA, P < .05), robustness, operative range (aw 0.17–1), limits of detection (aw = 0.17), and limit of quantification (aw = 0.25) were met by the dew point methodology. Conclusion The dew point chilled mirror method was proven to yield accurate, precise, and robust data, making it an outstanding methodology to be implemented in the pharmaceutical industry for measuring the water activity status in tablets and capsules as a direct assessment of the microbial burden.

A Method of Precise Measurement to Distinguish the Insertion-Loss Variance of Microstrip Lines With Different Metal Strips

A Method of Precise Measurement to Distinguish the Insertion-Loss Variance of Microstrip Lines With Different Metal Strips

Precision measurement method of full-cycle torsion angle based on Moiré fringe

Precision measurement method of full-cycle torsion angle based on Moiré fringe

Research on the Dynamic Range of Silicon Photodiodes for Optical Pyrometry Applications

Optical pyrometry is one of the main non-contact methods for precise temperature measurement of semiconductor wafers for vapour-phase epitaxy from metal-organic compounds (MOCVD). The requirements for the photocell of the pyrometer are due to the peculiarity of the process. In the pyrometer, the silicon photodiode operates in a mode that is characterized by a small bias voltage value, high sensitivity to weak light radiation, and low noise level. The main temperatures used in vapour-phase epitaxy technology depend on the semiconductor material being grown and the process parameters. Typically, process temperatures range from 500 to 1200 °C. A study of the dynamic range of a silicon photodiode for use in optical pyrometry was conducted. It was established that the minimum value of the dark current and the maximum value of the spectral sensitivity are key to obtaining the desired characteristics, namely, sensitivity to thermal radiation at a temperature of 450 °C. The peculiarities of the manufacturing technology of the planar-diffusion structure of the photodiode to achieve the necessary characteristics that ensure the production of photodiode structures with improved parameters are also considered.

(Digital Presentation) A Novel Method for Precise Measurement of Displacement Using Eddy Currents at High Temperature

In this paper, a novel method of measuring displacement using eddy currents at high temperature is presented. The measurement system consists of a sensing coil created on a PCB by patterns, a parallel turning circuit and a microcontroller including a signal processing unit. When the gap distance between the conductive target and the sensing coil changes, the inductance value of the coil varies by the influence of the eddy current. By detecting the change in the inductance, we have proposed a novel method to precisely measure the displacement of the coil. In order to make the optimal coil, a theoretical analysis was conducted using the inductance calculation theory, and the magnetic field distribution and inductance variation of the coil were analyzed using ANSYS Maxwell. Then, the coil was fabricated as a PCB, and the measured result value was compared with each analysis result, and the coil most suitable for the system was selected. The circuit was designed so that the characteristics of the synchronization amplification circuit in the detection system were minimized in temperature change, and the temperature characteristics were primarily corrected in hardware by adding a temperature correction circuit. The output value of the primarily corrected tuning amplification circuit improved the temperature characteristics of the sensor by secondarily correcting the temperature characteristics in firmware, and is designed to meet the IPC class 3 specification. The sensing range of the implemented measurement system was 0.0 ~ 3.8 mm, the nominal value of the fabricated sensing coil was 11.2uH, and the resonance frequency of the tuning circuit including the sensing coil was 300Khz. The operating temperature of the system is – 40 ~ 150 ℃ and the resolution is 0.15 mm within the range of 0.0 ~ 3.8 mm. From the experimental results, Comparing the change in inductance with respect to the moving distance of the measurement system and the displacement signal measured by the system, it can be seen that as the inductance increases, the displacement output increases, and as the inductance decreases, the displacement also decreases. Considering this, it was found through the system that inductance and output of displacement are correlated, and is seen operates stably at high temperature and has linearity. Figure 1

AESTRA: Deep Learning for Precise Radial Velocity Estimation in the Presence of Stellar Activity

Stellar activity interferes with precise radial velocity measurements and limits our ability to detect and characterize planets, in particular Earth-like planets. We introduce AESTRA (Auto-Encoding STellar Radial-velocity and Activity), a deep-learning method for precise radial velocity measurements. It combines a spectrum autoencoder, which learns to create realistic models of the star’s rest-frame spectrum, and a radial-velocity estimator, which learns to identify true Doppler shifts in the presence of spurious shifts due to line-profile variations. Being self-supervised, AESTRA does not need “ground truth” radial velocities for training, making it applicable to exoplanet host stars for which the truth is unknown. In tests involving 1000 simulated spectra, AESTRA can detect planetary signals as low as 0.1 m s−1 even in the presence of 3 m s−1 of activity-induced noise and 0.3 m s−1 of photon noise per spectrum.

Multi-target automatic positioning based on angle and distance parallel measurement

Precisely and efficiently measuring three-dimensional coordinates of key points on large-scale components in the manufacturing process of aircraft and ships is critically essential. This study presents a multi-target automatic positioning method based on rapid angle and distance measurement in parallel. The measurement processes for angles and distances are decoupled and, when executed simultaneously, aims to enhance the measurement efficiency and automation compared with conventional metrology systems. A cooperative target is devised to realize the rotary-laser scanning angle measurement and absolute distance measurement in parallel. The method of multi-target rough positioning based on rotary-laser scanning and then the precise coordinate measurement method introducing absolute distance constraint are detailed. Especially for the distance measurement, we propose a method to determine the internal zero length and compensate for the distance error caused by mirror offset. A real-site experiment is implemented to verify the method's feasibility and demonstrate that the 3D coordinate measurement accuracy is better than 0.17 mm compared with laser tracker.

How Do Isothermal Calorimeters Age? Repeatability and Reproducibility Across Calorimeter Generations

AbstractReliable experimental data is essential for reproducible science. As our lab has access to five instruments of the isothermal (heat conduction) type of different age and product generations, we became interested in the quality of experimental data obtained from the different instruments. Each instrument consists of 8 individual calorimeters. An intralaboratory study of the first 72 hours of cement hydration was conducted with all five instruments. The objective was to determine the differences between the available instruments with respect to repeatability (precision of the 8 calorimeters within one instrument) and reproducibility (precision between the different instruments). The experimental program comprises 120 calorimetry runs in total (5 instruments each with 8 calorimeters, triple measurement performed). Results show that the oldest instrument version with its 8 calorimeters has a stronger higher standard deviation of the heat released after 72 hours compared to the latest state‐of‐the‐art instrument model (246.7 ± 2.7 vs. 232.3 ± 0.5 Jg–1). This is attributed to the technical design differences of the instruments and continuous use over time. In terms of reproducibility, an increasing standard deviation for the heat released from 1 day to 3 days (136.2 ± 2.6 and 236.4 ± 5.9 J g–1) is observed. From our point of view, this test study indicates that isothermal heat conduction calorimetry is a robust and precise measurement method to determine the heat of cement hydration for 72 hours.

Enhancing lithic analysis: Introducing 3D-EdgeAngle as a semi-automated 3D digital method to systematically quantify stone tool edge angle and design.

In stone tool studies, the analysis of different technological and typological features is known to provide distinct but interrelated information on the design and use of artefacts. The selection of these features can potentially influence the understanding and reconstruction of past human technological behaviour across time. One feature frequently part of a standard lithic analysis is the measurement of edge angles. The angle of an edge, unmodified or shaped by retouch and an integral part of the overall tool design, is certainly a parameter that influences the interpretation of an artefact. The acuteness of an edge angle is often linked to aspects such as cutting, carving, or scraping efficiency and durability and thus, tool performance. Knowing the actual edge angle of a stone tool can therefore have important implications for its interpretation. In the case of edge angle analyses, manual measuring techniques have been established for many years in lithic studies. Here, we introduce a new method for accurate and precise edge angle measurements based on 3D data (hereafter 3D-EdgeAngle). 3D-EdgeAngle consists of a script-based, semi-automated edge angle measuring method applicable to 3D models. Unlike other methods, 3D-EdgeAngle illustrates an objective way of measuring the edge angle at cross sections along the entire tool edge in defined steps and, moreover, allows measurements at different distances perpendicular to the edge by controlling three involved parameters. Thus, with this method, the edge angle can be measured at any point in a high resolution and scale of analysis. Compared to measurements taken manually, with this method random and systematic errors can be reduced significantly. Additionally, all data are reproducible and statistically evaluable. We introduce 3D-EdgeAngle as a standard method to calculate edge angles with a highly accurate and systematic approach. With this method, we aim to improve the process of studying lithics and thus to increase the understanding of past human tool design.

Thickness measurement of bimetallic film using surface plasmon resonance holographic microscopy.

Bimetallic film with high stability and sensitivity is often used to excite surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The thicknesses of the bimetallic film play an important role in quantitative retrieval of the sample's parameters, and a precise measurement method is not available until now. In this paper, we propose a method for measuring the thicknesses of bimetallic film using surface plasmon resonance holographic microscopy (SPRHM). Considering that the refractive index of the dielectric upon the bimetallic film sensitively modulates the SPR phase response, the two thickness parameters of bimetallic film can be calculated by two phase-contrast SPR images with two different liquid dielectrics. The capability of this method was verified with several Ag-Au film couples by using a compact SPRHM setup. Our work provides a precise characterization method for the parameters of SPR configuration and may find wide applications in the research fields of SPR sensing and imaging.