Precise Loss Research Articles

Comments on “A new heuristic approach for optimal reconfiguration in distribution systems” in 81 (2011) 282–289

This short communication is a discussion of the paper entitled “A new heuristic approach for optimal reconfiguration in distribution systems” introduced a new approach for optimal reconfiguration of radial distribution systems. Besides, a load flow algorithm based on graph theory was presented in order to give precise branch currents, node voltages and system power losses. In the abstract and in the conclusion section of the above mentioned study, the author stated that the results show that the performance of the proposed method is better than that of several methods available in other published articles, and that the proposed technique represents an improved, more efficient method which can easily solve the distribution network reconfiguration problem compared with those other methods. However, this conclusion can not be deduced from the results given by the author because with the optimal radial configuration given for the test system used, the power losses obtained are higher than those obtained by some of the other methods. So, the proposed final solution is worse.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in rats.

Over the past 25 years, the reverse genetic approach including precise and conditional replacement or loss of gene function at a specific locus was considered possible only in mice due to the absence of embryonic stem (ES) or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines in other species. Recently, however, stem cell technology in rats has become available for biomedical research. In this paper we overview the recent progress of rat ES and iPS cell technology. Starting from the establishment of rat ES cells, the use of ES cells for foreign gene transfer and endogenous gene knock-out is discussed, followed by the successful establishment of rat iPS cells and the generation of an iPS cell-derived organ via interspecific blastocyst complementation. Finally, the possible contribution of rat stem cell technology to reproductive medicine is described.

Modeling of Core Loss Resistance for $d\hbox{-}q$ Equivalent Circuit Analysis of IPMSM considering Harmonic Linkage Flux

This paper presents modeling of core loss resistance for d-q equivalent circuit analysis of IPMSM considering harmonic linkage flux. High efficiency is one of the major advantages of IPMSM, therefore precise loss analysis is required for high efficiency design. However, there is practical limitation of d-q equivalent circuit analysis in the calculation of core loss due to harmonic components of flux especially in high speed region where field weakening is generally applied. Harmonic components of linkage flux leads to the underestimation of core loss. Especially operation with high constant speed power range results in severe underestimate of core loss. Harmonic components of linkage flux are added to the general d-q axis equivalent circuits in this paper, therefore core losses due to harmonic components are considered by increased voltage drop across core loss resistance. From the presented modeling of core loss resistance, precise core loss can be obtained. Verification with FEA and experiments are presented.

Counter-examples of regularity behavior for σ-evolution equations

In this paper, we mainly discuss the infinite loss of regularity and μ-loss for a σ-evolution type model with oscillating in time coefficients. On the one hand, an explicit counter-example has been constructed in the frequency space to show the precise infinite loss of regularity. On the other hand, due to the finite propagation speed property for σ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ] , we construct the counter-example of a sequence of solutions in R by applying state of art techniques.

Continuous Automatic Measurement of Water Uptake and Water Loss of Cut Flower Stems

In studying the postharvest water relations of cut flowers, researchers aim to determine rates of water uptake and water loss along with changes in fresh weight. An automatic apparatus was devised for continuous monitoring of these indices. The novel apparatus consists of two balances automatically recording mass at a relatively high data acquisition rate (min−1), a personal computer, two containers, and plastic tubing. The apparatus is accurate, labor-saving, and real-time. It enabled dynamic synchronous recording of water uptake as well as fresh weight of the cut flower stem, from which precise water uptake loss rates during vase life can be accurately determined. Rates of water uptake and water loss of individual cut rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Movie Star) stems were measured using the apparatus under alternating 12-h light and dark periods. Both water uptake and water loss rates fluctuated with the light to dark shift over 120 h of observation. Stem fresh weight increased rapidly over the first 40 h of vase period and decreased gradually thereafter. Cut lily (Lilium hybrida cv. Yellow Overlord) stems showed similar trends in water uptake and water loss rate to cut rose stems. The accuracy and sensitivity of the new apparatus was validated by comparison with manual weighing using a balance at 2-h intervals under alternating 12-h light and dark periods over 108 h. The apparatus described here constitutes a suitable method for direct measurement of water uptake and fresh weight, including capturing relatively rapid water balance responses to changes in the postharvest environment.

Development of a Framework for the Flood Economic Risk Assessment Using Vector GIS Data

This paper proposes a flood economic risk assessment framework using vector GIS data, expressing individual house and paddyfield, prepared by a municipal Japanese government. Flood inundation is first simulated with a structured grid, then the simulated flood inundation depth, expressed in grid cells, is assigned to vector data house and paddyfield polygons as attributes. Flood-damage ratios of houses and paddyfields are then calculated using relationships of the flood depth, duration, and damage ratio opened by the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourisms (MLIT). Economic loss involving building and paddyfield damages due to flooding is then calculated by multiplying the damage ratio, evaluation price per area, and the asset area. The advantage of using such vector data is that it yields the area of each house and paddyfield precisely, which also realizes, on average, the precise economic loss estimation. As the results, the spatial distribution of economic loss on an individual house/paddyfield scale is also identified. Since vector data shows area characteristics, the framework proposed here is useful in communitybased flood management. A workshop presenting the framework showed that the system potentially induces workshop participants to consider community-based flood hazard management.

DNA double-strand break repair and the evolution of intron density

The density of introns is both an important feature of genome architecture and a highly variable trait across eukaryotes. This heterogeneity has posed an evolutionary puzzle for the last 30 years. Recent evidence is consistent with novel introns being the outcome of the error-prone repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Here we suggest that deletion of pre-existing introns could occur via the same pathway. We propose a novel framework in which species-specific differences in the activity of NHEJ and homologous recombination (HR) during the repair of DSBs underlie changes in intron density.

전자기파 부분방전 신호의 권선 투과 특성

Frequency domain measurement of propagation loss for ultra high frequency (UHF) partial discharge in the winding of power transformer using a spectrum analyzer and pulse generator is presented. We compared the performance of the method using a network analyzer with and without a winding. Using a network analyzer simplifies the measurement and offers better dynamic range and frequency range. It also provides precise propagation loss within the winding in frequency domain at UHF range. We applied this method to measure UHF propagation loss of transformer mock-up, modeled 154 kV 20 MVA power in KEPCO substation.

Instability in Chromosomes 9, 7, and 5 Correlate with Lymph Node Metastasis at Presentation in Basal Phenotype Carcinoma.

Abstract Introduction: Basal phenotype breast carcinoma has been described as an aggressive variant with comparatively poor prognosis; however, increasing experience suggests that only a subset show increased mortality. We performed microarray analysis of DNA from 11 basal phenotype carcinomas (from 10 patients) and paired normal breast tissue with copy number and loss of heterozygosity analysis with hierarchical clustering to see if characteristic genetic changes were present that correlated to lymph node metastasis at presentation.Materials and Methods: Electronic search of the medical records from 2006-2008 of our institution by an honest broker for all cases of basal phenotype carcinoma (based on medullary-like histology and immunohistochemistry positive for at least two of CK14, CK17, CK5/6 and EGFR) with known lymph node status at presentation and archived snap frozen fresh and tumor samples returned 10 cases (one with bilateral basal phenotype carcinoma), which were de-identified. 5 of these cases had lymph node metastasis at presentation. DNA isolation by column extraction was performed on 0.25 g of paired tumor and normal samples (confirmed by pathologist review before extraction). An Affymetrix 5.0 mapping microarray was performed on isolated DNA per manufacturer's protocols, and analyzed with Partek Genomics Suite software using copy number/LOH workflows using hidden Markov model and genomic segmentation in separate analyses with unsupervised hierarchical clustering.Results: Copy number and LOH analysis using hidden Markov model and genomic segmentation methods gave equivalent hierarchical clustering for our data set. Adjusting the obtained cluster analysis for known lymph node metastasis showed that changes in chromosomes 9, 7, and 5 that differentially clustered 4 of 5 cases which presented with lymph node metastasis (and 2 closely related initially lymph node negative cases).Discussion: Our results suggest that changes on chromosomes 9, 7 and 5 may correlate with the most important prognostic indicator in breast cancer, lymph node status, in basal phenotype carcinomas. Globally suboptimal amplification prevented accurate quantitation of copy number changes or precise loss of heterozygosity localization on these chromosomes. Additional studies to confirm these results using separate molecular techniques are underway, as well as correlation with 5 year survival when the cohort reaches that milestone. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6133.

The Log-effect for 2 by 2 hyperbolic systems

In the present paper we are interested to extend the Log-effect from wave equations with time-dependent coefficients to 2 by 2 strictly hyperbolic systems ∂ t U − A ( t ) ∂ x U = 0 . Besides the effects of oscillating entries of the matrix A = A ( t ) and interactions between the entries of A we have to take into consideration the system character itself. We will prove by tools from phase space analysis results about H ∞ well- or ill-posedness. The precise loss of regularity is of interest. Finally, we discuss the cone of dependence property.

A rule based comprehensive approach for reconfiguration of electrical distribution network

This paper proposes a rule based comprehensive approach to study distribution network reconfiguration (DNRC). The DNRC model with line power constraints is set up, in which the objective is to minimize the system power loss. In order to get the precise branch current and system power loss, a power summation based radiation distribution network load flow (PSRDNLF) method is applied in the study. The rules that are used to select the optimal reconfiguration of distribution network are formed based on the system operation experiences. The proposed rule based comprehensive approach is implemented in distribution network in Guiyang South Power Supply Bureau. For the purpose of illustrating the proposed approach, two distribution network systems are tested and analyzed in the paper.

Site-Specific Decision-Making Based on RTK GPS Survey and Six Alternative Elevation Data Sources: Soil Erosion Predictions

Precision farming equipment based on Global Positioning Systems (GPS) enables landowners to gather spatially distributed topographic data in real-time kinematic (RTK) mode, which has the potential to be used in addition to or as substitute for commonly available topographic data sources (e.g., U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) topographic contour lines and/or digital elevation models). The latter are considered insufficiently accurate in their topographical representation of watershed boundaries, slopes, and upslope contributing areas to be able to meaningfully apply detailed process-based soil erosion assessment tools at the field scale. In this second of two articles discussing the usefulness of the available data sets from a decision-maker's perspective, the same comprehensive accuracy tests that were used for these topographical parameters are applied to the spatially distributed soil erosion assessment results simulated by the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model supported by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The impact of the accuracy of six alternative topographical data sources on predicting soil erosion rates using WEPP is compared to on-site soil erosion predictions using elevation measurements from a survey-grade RTK GPS with centimeter accuracy. Results show that the more precise topographic measurements with a photogrammetric survey or any differential GPS units yield more precise on-site soil loss predictions for individual raster cells (0.01 ha) and hillslope areas of interest (0.5 ha). However, the best WEPP predictions for average annual off-site runoff (-18.3% error) and sediment yield (-2.7% error) from upslope contributing areas of about 4 ha within the 30 ha watershed were achieved using the USGS 10 ft contours. These results demonstrate that in this case, the runoff and sediment yield predictions using DEMs based on the commonly available contour lines can be even better than those from the more precise and costly topographic data sets. The contours also allowed successful application of the WEPP model to identify all 11 hillslope areas of interest (0.5 ha) with soil loss (10) or deposition (1) problems that were initially mapped in the field as larger rills and sedimentation areas, respectively.

Sub‐domain finite element method for efficiently considering strong skin and proximity effects

PurposeThis paper seeks to develop a sub‐domain perturbation technique to efficiently calculate strong skin and proximity effects in conductors within frequency and time domain finite element (FE) analyses.Design/methodology/approachA reference eddy current FE problem is first solved by considering perfect conductors. This is done via appropriate boundary conditions (BCs) on the conductors. Next the solution of the reference problem gives the source for eddy current FE perturbation sub‐problems in each conductor then considered with a finite conductivity. Each of these problems requires an appropriate volume mesh of the associated conductor and its surrounding region.FindingsThe skin and proximity effects in both active and passive conductors can be accurately determined in a wide frequency range, allowing for precise losses calculations in inductors as well as in external conducting pieces.Originality/valueThe developed method allows one to accurately determine the current density distributions and ensuing losses in conductors of any shape, not only in the frequency domain but also in the time domain. Therefore, it extends the domain of validity and applicability of impedance‐type BC techniques. It also offers an original way to uncouple FE regions that allows the solution process to be lightened, as well as efficient parameterized analyses on the signal form and the conductor characteristics.

Determination of the difference between the mean and the most probable energy loss of low-energy proton beams traversing thin solid foils

Precise determinations of the energy loss of ion beams in solid targets in the low-energy range (typically a few keV/u) using the transmission technique, require, among other things, a fine analysis of the energy distributions of the transmitted ion beams. In particular, it is known that possible asymmetries in the energy distributions – and related differences between the mean and the most probable energy loss – may be a source of discrepancies or uncertainties in stopping power determinations. We have performed detailed analyses of the energy-loss distributions of proton beams traversing various thin foils (12–24nm) of metallic elements (Al, Au and Bi) including mono and polycrystalline foils. The differences between the mean and the most probable energy losses in these conditions were analyzed. The analysis has been extended to the first three moments of the energy loss spectra and the results have been compared with theoretical predictions. The magnitude of the differences so obtained were in all cases very small and give good support to the use of the transmission method for precise energy loss determinations in the few-keV region.

Analyticity for singular sums of squares of degenerate vector fields

Recently J. J. Kohn (2005) proved C ∞ hypoellipticity for P k = LL + L|z| 2k L = -L*L-(z k L)* -k z L with L = ∂ ∂z + iz∂ ∂t, (the negative of) a singular sum of squares of complex vector fields on the complex Heisenberg group, an operator which exhibits a loss of k - 1 derivatives. Subsequently, M. Derridj and D. S. Tartakoff proved analytic hypoellipticity for this operator using rather different methods going back to earlier methods of Tartakoff. Those methods also provide an alternate proof of the hypoellipticity given by Kohn. In this paper, we consider the equation P m,k = L m L m + L m |z| 2k L m with L m = ∂ ∂z + iz|z| 2m ∂ ∂t, for which the underlying manifold is only of finite type, and prove analytic hypoellipticity using methods of Derridj and Tartakoff. This operator is also subelliptic with large loss of derivatives, but the exact loss plays no role for analytic hypoellipticity. Nonetheless, these methods give a proof of C ∞ hypoellipticity with precise loss as well, which is to appear in a forthcoming paper by A. Bove, M. Derridj, J. J. Kohn and the author.

Determination of the energy loss of various elements in metal foils with the TOF-ERDA setup at the ISL Berlin

The TOF-ERDA setup at the ISL Berlin was used to perform precise energy loss measurements of scattered ions. Different samples were irradiated with a 350MeV Au beam and the TOF of the recoiled elements was measured without and with an additional metal stopping foil (Fe, Ag or Au) behind the target. The energy loss of the different elements in these foils was derived from the shift of the high energy edges of the spectra. The values are mainly consistent with the semi-empirical Ziegler/Biersack data. Deviations, trends and possible errors are discussed.

Fine-Mapping Loss of Gene Architecture at the CDKN2B (p15INK4b), CDKN2A (p14ARF, p16INK4a), and MTAP Genes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

To identify the extent and the smallest region of loss for CDKN2B(INK4b), CDKN2A(ARF,INK4a), and MTAP. Homozygous deletions of human chromosome 9p21 occur frequently in malignant cell lines and are common in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). This complex region encodes the tumor suppressor genes cyclin-dependent kinase 2B (CDKN2B) (p15(INK4b)) and CDKN2A (p14(ARF), p16(INK4a)) and the housekeeping gene methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP). A targeted probe panel designed to finely map the region of 9p21 loss comprised 3 probes for CDKN2B(INK4b), 7 for CDKN2A(ARF, INK4a), and 3 for MTAP and was interrogated using the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay (MLPA). The MLPA genomic copy number alterations for CDKN2A were validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Six HNSCC primary (A) and recurrent or metastatic (B) cell lines were examined: UMSCC-11A/11B, UMSCC-17A/17B, and UMSCC-81A/81B. Cell line UMSCC-11B retained all 9p loci tested in the region. Cell lines UMSCC-17A/B indicated homozygous deletion of CDKN2A(ARF, INK4a) starting at p16(INK4) exon 1alpha to include exons 2 and 3. Homozygous loss was indicated for CDKN2B(INK4b) and CDKN2A(ARF,INK4a) in UMSCC-11A, and UMSCC-81A. Cell line UMSCC-81B indicated retention of all 9p loci except for exon 1alpha (p16(INK4a)). Selective loss of the 3' end of MTAP was observed in UMSCC-11A. Genomic alterations by fine-mapping MLPA were validated at the DNA level for CDKN2A. We identified exon 1alpha (p16(INK4a)) as the smallest region of loss in the CDKN2A(ARF, INK4a) gene. The frequency and precise loss of CDKN2B(INK4b), CDKN2A(ARF, INK4a), and MTAP in the prognosis of 9p21-deleted HNSCC may provide impetus for use of these targets as therapeutic biomarkers in head and neck cancer.

Complete, precise, and innocuous loss of multiple introns in the currently intronless, active cathepsin L-like genes, and inference from this event

Retrotransposition typically generates pseudogenes. Here we demonstrate a different fate of the retro-processed genes through a novel mechanism in which the retro-processed genes still maintain their sequence intactness and the original functions. We show that the shrimp cathepsin L ( CatL) gene MeCatL has lost all of its five introns. Also, ProEPB, the ancestor of the CatL-like barley EPBs and rice REP1, has lost all of its three introns. The multiple introns in a gene might have been eliminated simultaneously and precisely at the original locus for the CatL-like genes of shrimp, barley, rice, Drosophila, and Theileria. We reason that retrotransposition is not responsible for the generation of a processed active intronless (PAI) gene when the gene product retains its sequence intactness and its original function. We propose that double-strand-break repair (DSBR) machinery might play a role in cDNA-mediated homologous recombination (cDMHR) that causes the loss of introns. The cDMHR/DSBR pathway is probably a fundamental mechanism for intron loss in PAI genes and in some asymmetric-intron genes.

AN ENERGETIC COMPARISON BETWEEN VALVELESS AND VALVE CONTROLLED ACTIVE VIBRATION DAMPING FOR OFF-ROAD VEHICLES

This paper presents a comparison of the energetic consumption of a valveless and a valve controlled active oscillation damping system for off-road machinery. Today only passive oscillation damping systems are subject to off-road machine series production. These systems offer the advantage of no additional primary energy use for damping. However, the disadvantages are the high costs and no adaptation possibility to the operating parameters. The recent developments where valve controlled linear actuators have been used for active damping had to face several problems with too low dynamics of today’s implemented control valves and the high additional energy need. These disadvantages can be avoided by using valveless linear actuators for working functions and for active damping. In fact, throttling losses are omitted and, energy recovery is possible. It will be shown based on measurement and simulation results that a suitable damping quality can be achieved with valveless linear actuators. Therefore, some aspects of the controller design will be given. Hereby, a simple acceleration sensor and standard control hardware are used. The main part will describe the energetic modelling, whereby especially precise pump loss models have been developed. The energy consumption of both systems performing active damping is compared in detail.

Advanced Optics for the Remote Steering ITER ECRH Upper Launcher

The optics of the ECRH Upper Launcher in ITER based on the Remote Steering concept needs special attention, since any focussing element in front of the waveguide has combined effects on the range of steering angles achievable and the beam width in the plasma region. The effects are studied in detail for a setup composed by 8 beams per port (three ports), for a spherical and a hyperbolic mirror surface. Gaussian beam analysis is compared to beam pattern calculations with the optical physics code GRASP, in order to verify the validity of gaussian optics approximation. The standard description with simply astigmatic beams, not adequate in more complex systems as the proposed two-mirror set-up, requires approximations, which are compared with the generalized astigmatic beam description. The ohmic losses at the end mirrors and the related localized heating due to the very large power density cause deformations that depends on the design of the cooling circuit. The distortion of the beam shape has been evaluated in a realistic case of mirror cooling with a small-channel system. The quantification of the effect depends on the precise evaluation ohmic losses and their enhancement in the long term due to the surface deterioration.