Precipitation Conditions Research Articles

Ionospheric Conductances Due To Electron and Ion Precipitations: A Comparison Between EISCAT and DMSP Estimates

AbstractEnergetic particle precipitation is the major source of electron production that controls the ionospheric Pedersen and Hall conductances at high latitudes. Many studies use empirical formulas to estimate conductances. The particle precipitation spectra measured by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor J are often used as the input to the empirical formulas. In this study, we evaluate the empirical formulas of ionospheric conductances during four different types of auroral precipitation conditions based on 63 conjugate events observed by DMSP and EISCAT. The conductances calculated from the DMSP data with the empirical formulas are compared with those based on EISCAT measurements with the standard equations. The best correlation between these two is found when the empirical Robinson formulas (Robinson et al., 1987, https://doi.org/10.1029/ja092ia03p02565) are used in the presence of diffuse electron precipitation without ions. In the presence of ion precipitation, the correlation coefficients are smaller, but the correlation improves when the Galand formulas (Galand & Richmond, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999ja002001) are used to estimate the contribution of ion precipitation to the conductances. We also found that pure ion precipitation can cause the increase of conductances up to 2–7 S for Pedersen and 2.5–10 S for Hall conductances, which is positively correlated with the auroral electrojet index. Overall, the empirical formulas applied to the DMSP particle spectra underestimate the ionospheric conductances.

Case study of optimizing Low Impact Development Strategy in School: Allocation by the Drainage Distance

Under the concept of urban stormwater management, integrated efficiency of runoff and pollutant control via low impact development facilities came into focus, whereas a few specific descriptions are provided to quantify the strategy of these facilities, including the selection patterns of the locations and sizes and the connection of LID facilities and the drainage system, which is of important for the evolvement of LID strategy. Based on the weighted multi-object goal, the optimizing LID strategy reduces of runoff, pollutant, peak flow, and flooding time under required precipitation conditions, respectively. This paper concluded LID strategy under local requirements and tougher conditions in the aspect of the size and drainage distance of each facility, a new quantified index of locations of specific types of facilities. Then interpret the adjustment pattern based on the feature of rainfalls by correlation analysis. Correlation results show that the drainage distance of green roofs and the storage tank correlated to stormwater management indicators while the retention facilities did not, and the correlation respectively weakened and stronger when storm intensity increased, helping designers to establish better LID planning for schools.

Modeling Extreme Precipitation Data in a Mining Area

In recent decades, extreme precipitation events have increased in frequency and intensity in Greece and across regions of the Mediterranean, with significant environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Therefore, extensive statistical analysis of the extreme rainfall characteristics on a dense temporal scale is crucial for areas with important economic activity. For this reason, this paper uses the daily precipitation measurements of four meteorological stations in a mining area of northeastern Chalkidiki peninsula from 2006 to 2021. Three statistical approaches were carried out to develop the best-fitting probability distribution for annual extreme precipitation conditions, using the maximum likelihood method for parameter estimation: the block maxima of the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution and the peak over threshold of the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) based on extreme value theory (EVT), and the gamma distribution. Based upon this fitting distribution procedure, return periods for the extreme precipitation values were calculated. Results indicate that EVT distributions satisfactorily fit extreme precipitation, with GPD being the most appropriate, and lead to similar conclusions regarding extreme events.

Uneven evolution of regional European summer heatwaves under climate change

Heatwaves (HWs) are extreme events magnified under climate change with critical implications for the human and environmental systems they impact. These phenomena are generally investigated as a large-scale effect over extensive regions. However, their regional-to-local characteristics and trends are responsible for the specific effects on local communities. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics and evolution of regional HWs covering the 1950 to 2021 period across different European climates, central Europe (CE), France (FR), and the Iberian Peninsula (IP), including an analysis of the local and remote relationship between summer heat periods and winter-spring precipitation conditions. Our results confirm the general increase in frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial extent of the HW phenomena over the three domains but point out their uneven evolution under climate change. While a larger frequency increase in the number of heat periods affects IP and FR, it is over CE, where the largest frequency change is observed in the most recent decades. Over north-western FR and CE the most intense HW events have recently registered, further over CE HWs’ long-lasting durations between five to six days have tripled from the sixties to recent decades. It is indeed over the latter that a substantial increase in human exposure to HW phenomena is observed. Probably, the unalike progressions are related to the proven differential rate of warming between the mean and hottest days at northern and southern European domains and the influence of soil conditions over IP on the development of summer heat periods over FR and CE.

Influence of Precipitation Conditions on Properties of Ceria and their Implications on the Mars‐van‐Krevelen Active Surface Area

AbstractQuantifying the active surface area of Mars‐van‐Krevelen catalysts is paramount for the elucidation of structure‐property relationships and the knowledge‐based catalyst development. Different cerium oxides were prepared via precipitation‐based techniques. By altering conditions during precipitation, materials with a wide span of material properties were prepared. The influence of temperature during ammonia‐based precipitation was investigated. When using Ce(IV) precursors an increase in precipitation temperature decreases the crystallite size while increasing specific surface area, attributed to an increase in nucleation rate. Sintering stability is also increased for materials precipitated at higher temperature. Measuring the total oxygen storage capacity (TOSC) values of the prepared materials showed that the TOSC is not strictly a function of BET surface area. Our results suggest that crystallites with a domain size under a certain threshold are not reduced via oxygen release but rather hydroxyl formation. A method was proposed with which the redox active surface area for polycrystalline ceria can be estimated on basis of the domain size obtained from Rietveld refinement. These findings were corroborated by CO oxidation light‐off experiments in which the light‐off temperature was found to correlate with the surface that can release oxygen reversibly, the Mars‐van‐Krevelen active surface area, rather than BET surface area.

Hydrogen in magnetite from asteroid Ryugu

AbstractIn order to gain insights on the conditions of aqueous alteration on asteroid Ryugu and the origin of water in the outer solar system, we developed the measurement of water content in magnetite at the micrometer scale by secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) and determined the H and Si content of coarse‐grained euhedral magnetite grains (polyhedral magnetite) and coarse‐grained fibrous (spherulitic) magnetite from the Ryugu polished section A0058‐C1001. The hydrogen content in magnetite ranges between ~900 and ~3300 wt ppm equivalent water and is correlated with the Si content. Polyhedral magnetite has low and homogenous silicon and water content, whereas fibrous magnetite shows correlated Si and water excesses. These excesses can be explained by the presence of hydrous Si‐rich amorphous nanoinclusions trapped during the precipitation of fibrous magnetite away from equilibrium and testify that fibrous magnetite formed from a hydrous gel with possibly more than 20 wt% water. An attempt to determine the water content in sub‐μm framboids indicates that additional calibration and contamination issues must be addressed before a safe conclusion can be drawn, but hints at elevated water content as well. The high water content in fibrous magnetite, expected to be among the first minerals to crystallize at low water–rock ratio, points to the control of water content by local conditions of magnetite precipitation rather than large‐scale alteration conditions. Systematic lithological variations associated with water‐rich and water‐poor magnetite suggest that the global context of alteration may be better understood if local water concentrations are compared with millimeter‐scale distribution of the various morphologies of magnetite. Finally, the high water content in the magnetite precursor gel indicates that the initial O isotopic composition in alteration water must not have been very different from that of the earliest magnetite crystals.

Developing a sorptive material of cadmium from pyrolysis of hen manure

A large amount of manure is generated from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), leading to serious environmental issues and hazardous risks from pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, developing an effective method for manure disposal is essential. Thus, in this study, we suggest the use of CO2 in pyrolysis of hen manure (HM) as an effective method to convert the carbon in HM into syngas (especially carbon monoxide (CO)). HM was used and tested as the model compound. From the results of thermo-gravimetric analysis, the decarboxylation of CaCO3 in HM in the presence of N2 was realized at temperatures ranging from 638 to 754 °C. The Boudouard reaction was observed at ≥ 664 °C in the presence of CO2. Despite the lack of occurrence of the Boudouard reaction, more CO formation was observed in the presence of CO2 at ≥ 460 °C. This was deemed as a homogeneous reaction induced by CO2. Considering the high Ca content of HM, HM biochar in N2 and CO2 were used as adsorbent for removal of Cadmium (Cd), which is toxic heavy metal. The adsorption capacities of HM_N2 and HM_CO2 were 302.4 and 95.7 mg g−1, respectively. The superior performance of HM_N2 is mainly attributed to the presence of Ca(OH)2, which provides favorable (alkaline) conditions for precipitation and ion exchange. Our results indicate the environmental benefits from using CO2. Specifically, CO2 (representative greenhouse gas) converted into fuel. Given this, pyrolysis of HM in the presence of CO2 was achieved at ≤ 640 °C, and the atmospheric condition should be switched from CO2 to N2 at ≥ 640 °C to ensure the decarboxylation of CaCO3.

Efficient separation and recovery of Co and Ni from ammonium sulfate roasting‐water leaching solutions of oceanic cobalt‐rich crusts by sulfide precipitation and P507–Cyanex 272 synergistic extraction

AbstractOceanic cobalt‐rich crusts contain many valuable metals including Co, Ni, Cu, and Mn, of which Co and Ni are scarce metal resources on terrestrial land. Co, Ni, Cu, and Mn in cobalt‐rich crusts can be efficiently extracted by the ammonium sulfate roasting‐water leaching (ARWL) process, but separating and recovering Co and Ni from the leaching solution containing high concentrations of Mn is a challenging problem. In this study, a combination of sulfide precipitation and P507–Cyanex 272 synergistic extraction is proposed for the separation and recovery of Co and Ni from the ARWL solutions of oceanic cobalt‐rich crusts. Under the optimum sulfide precipitation conditions, Co and Ni were precipitated with 99.85% and 99.63% efficiency, respectively, while Mn was coprecipitated with only .79% efficiency. The Co–Ni mixed sulfides were dissolved by dilute sulfuric acid under oxidative conditions to obtain a solution containing 12.584 g/L Co, 11.012 g/L Ni, and a small amount of Mn. Subsequently, Co and Mn were extracted from this solution using P507–Cyanex 272 synergistic extraction, the single‐stage extraction efficiencies of Co and Mn were 95.76% and 99.73%, respectively, and the coextraction efficiency of Ni was 3.02%, under the conditions of a feed solution pH of 3.0, an extractant saponification degree of 70%, a total extractant concentration of 20% (P507 to Cyanex 272 ratio of 3:7), and an O/A ratio of 1.1:1. The results of the thermodynamic study showed that the reaction of Co extraction by this mixed extraction system was exothermic. Ni in the organic phase was washed with an H2SO4 concentration of .12 mol/L, followed by stripping of Co and Mn with an H2SO4 concentration of .6 mol/L. Mn in the stripping solution was removed by oxidative precipitation with (NH4)2S2O8, after which the Co3O4 product was obtained by precipitation with (NH4)2C2O4 and calcination. Similarly, NiC2O4·2H2O can be obtained from the raffinate by (NH4)2C2O4 precipitation. Finally, a flowsheet was developed for the separation and recovery of Co, Ni, Cu, and Mn from the ARWL solutions of oceanic cobalt‐rich crusts. The study provides a promising scheme for the recovery of various valuable metals from deep‐sea cobalt‐rich crusts or manganese nodules.

Varying precipitation conditions allow directing the composition and physical properties of soy protein concentrates.

Soy protein concentrates (SPCs) are common food ingredients. They typically contain 65% (w/w) protein and ∼30% (w/w) carbohydrate. SPCs can be obtained with various protein precipitation conditions. A systematic study of the impact of these different protein precipitation protocols on the SPC protein composition and physical properties is still lacking. Here, SPCs were prepared via three different protocols, that is, isoelectric (pH 3.5-5.5), aqueous ethanol (50%-70% [v/v]), and Ca2+ ion (5-50mM) based precipitations, and analyzed for (protein) composition, protein thermal properties, dispersibility, and water-holding capacity. SPCs precipitated at pH 5.5 or by adding 15mM Ca2+ ions had a lower 7S/11S globulin ratio (∼0.40) than that (∼0.50) of all other SPC samples. Protein in SPCs obtained by isoelectric precipitation denatured at a significantly higher temperature than those in ethanol- or Ca2+ -precipitated SPCs. Precipitation with 50%-60% (v/v) ethanol resulted in pronounced denaturation of 2S albumin and 7S globulin fractions in SPCs. Additionally, increasing the precipitation pH from 3.5 to 5.5 and increasing the Ca2+ ion concentration from 15 to 50mM caused a strong decrease of both the dispersibility of the protein in SPC and its water-holding capacity at pH 7.0. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the SPC production process can be directed to obtain ingredients with versatile protein physicochemical properties toward potential food applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study demonstrates that applying different protein precipitation protocols allows obtaining SPCs that vary widely in (protein) composition and physical properties (such as protein dispersibility and water-holding capacity). These varying traits can greatly influence the suitability of SPCs as functional ingredients for specific applications, such as the production of food foams, emulsions, gels, and plant-based meat alternatives. The generated knowledge may allow targeted production of SPCs for specific applications.

Assessment of Blue Water Migration and Efficiency in Water-Saving Irrigation Paddy Rice Fields Using the Water Flow Tracking Method

Although irrigation systems largely sustain global agricultural production, their efficiency is often alarmingly low. While irrigation water (blue water) is critical for the water-saving irrigation of rice with a high water demand, the process and efficiency of irrigation water utilization need clarification. In this study, we examined the three commonly used irrigation and drainage patterns (frequent shallow irrigation (FSI), wet and shallow irrigation (WSI), and rain-catching and controlled irrigation (RCI)) in rice fields. We developed a tracking method for irrigation water flow decomposition, which includes irrigation water evapotranspiration (IET), irrigation water drainage (IDR), irrigation water leakage (IPC), and irrigation water field residual (IRE). Using this method, we established an irrigation water efficiency evaluation index system and a comprehensive evaluation method. Our tracking method is relevant to describing the irrigation water performance under varying irrigation and drainage patterns. The results revealed that the average irrigation water input for the three irrigation and drainage patterns between 2015 and 2018 was roughly 312.5 mm, wherein IET accounted for 148 mm. However, more than 50% of the irrigation water outflow, comprising IDR, IPC, and IRE, exceeded the total amount of irrigation water input. The mean values of the gross irrigation efficiency (GIE), net irrigation efficiency (NIE), and effective consumption ratio (ECR) for all treatments in the three-year period were 0.63, 0.47, and 0.75, respectively. Additionally, the irrigation water use efficiency was significantly higher in dry years compared to wet years. The fuzzy composite rating values of the three irrigation and drainage models from 2015 to 2018 were RCI, WSI, and FSI, in descending order, under varying precipitation conditions. The RCI patterns maintained a high composite rating value (greater than 3.0) under different precipitation conditions. Previous efficiency calculations disregarded the blue–green water migration process and did not differentiate the blue–green water flow direction in agricultural fields, creating significant biases in the outcomes. This study’s method offers a new approach to evaluate the use of blue water resources in farmland.

Operational Risk Assessment of Check Dams in Ningxia Considering the Impact of Extreme Precipitation in the Future

To analyze the operation risk of check dams under extreme precipitation conditions, taking Ningxia area as an example, this paper carried out a risk assessment of check dams under extreme precipitation conditions in Ningxia through data collection, hydrological statistics, numerical simulation, and other methods. The conclusions are the following: (1) By the end of 2020, about 40% of the silt reservoir capacity of check dams in various water and soil conservation zones in Ningxia has been accumulated. During 1966–2020, the extreme precipitation and frequency of extreme precipitation in Ningxia increased while the intensity of extreme precipitation decreased. The extreme precipitation in Ningxia increased year by year and lasted longer. (2) Under two future scenarios of RCP4.5 (the full name of RCP is Representative Concentration Pathway) and RCP8.5, the extreme precipitation threshold in Ningxia is gradually decreasing from south to north. Extreme precipitation in the future will bring high risk to the operation of check dams in Ningxia. The results of this paper can provide a scientific basis for the operation and management of check dams in Ningxia.

Summer long-lived heatwaves in Northeast Asia promote heavy precipitation in South China

Heatwaves interact with various extreme weather events, amplifying their impacts beyond the risks associated with high temperatures alone. However, previous research has often overlooked the extent to which heatwaves influence regions beyond their origin. In this study, we introduce a classification of heatwaves in Northeast Asia, distinguishing between long-lived heatwaves (LHWs) lasting five days or more and short-lived heatwaves (SHWs) lasting less than five days. The study highlights the significant role of LHWs in triggering heavy precipitation in South China. The anticyclonic anomalies associated with LHWs are influenced by a slow-moving wave train, initiating and sustaining cyclonic anomalies over South China, resulting in upward airflow anomalies. Additionally, easterly wind anomalies in the southern region of the anticyclonic anomalies facilitate moisture transport to South China, creating favorable conditions for precipitation. The findings underscore that LHWs could account for a noticeable portion (17.6%) of total summer extreme precipitation days in South China. The study highlights the significant role of LHWs-related circulations in triggering heavy precipitation in South China.

Rapid and high recovery isolation of mRNA from in vitro transcription system by ammonium sulphate precipitation at room temperature

Messenger RNA (mRNA) technologies have shown great potential in prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic medicines. Rapidly and effectively separating mRNA from in vitro transcription (IVT) products is important to reduce the accumulation of byproducts and avoid degradation of the mRNA. In this study, the salting out of mRNA encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) by ammonium sulfate (AS) that was widely employed in protein precipitation was examined. Effects of precipitation conditions, including AS concentration, pH, temperature, and time, on the precipitation rate and re-dissolution yield of mRNA were first investigated by the design of experiments (DOE) method, using LiCl-purified mRNA. The optimal condition was determined to be 2 M AS, pH 7.0, 20 °C, and 2 h of precipitation time, under which almost 100 % precipitation rate and nearly 100 % dissolution rate could be reached. This optimal condition was then applied to separate mRNA from IVT and co-transcriptional capping system, overall recovery of about 80 % of mRNA was obtained; meanwhile, more than 80 % DNA template and 99.0 % residual NTP were removed. In co-transcriptional capping system, >90 % dsRNA was removed. The mRNA purified by AS precipitation was transfected into HEK293T cells to successfully express EGFP with efficiency of 45.65 % which was similar to that by LiCl-purified mRNA (43.85 %). Though the removal rate for T7 polymerase was low (about 30 %) due to protein-mRNA interaction induced co-precipitation in 2 M AS, our results demonstrated significant advantages of AS precipitation over conventional LiCl precipitation in terms of biosafety and energy cost. Thus, the AS precipitation provides a cost-effective method to rapidly separate, concentrate, and store the mRNA from the IVT system, as well as during subsequent downstream processes.

Increasing the protein content of seeds as a factor in increasing the efficiency of soybean production

The article analyzes the production of soybeans in Russia and the Ryazan region. Identified, that the main production is concentrated in the Far Eastern and Central Federal Districts. During the analysis it was determined, that in all subjects of the Russian Federation there is an increase in sown areas and gross levies. In the Ryazan region for 2018-2022. Sown area increased by 5 times, The gross amount of 7,7 times. The article analyzes the factors, Impact on Soy Crops. During the study identified, that in order to obtain a potential yield, precipitation must occur exclusively during the growing season. Light mode is another factor in soybean yield. For complete ripening in the Ryazan region, soybean varieties should be chosen, for which the light day lasts 19-20 hours. In the Ryazan region, varieties that do not meet these conditions are used. If the conditions for precipitation are met, the duration of daylight hours and the duration of vegetation can be ensured to increase the yield and protein content of soybeans. The work was clarified, What if you increase the protein content of soy by 5%, This will result in an efficiency increase of 37 percentage points.

Reduction of Nitrate Leaching and Threats to Surface Water Under Conservation Tillage

Highlights Conservation agriculture practice (NT) improved soil organic matter, a principal indicator of soil health, soil health score (SHS) and CO2 respiration, and other soil physical and chemical properties vs. conventional till (CT) practice. Conservation agriculture practice (NT) promoted soil health functions under sufficient precipitation distribution and ample temperature conditions and aided the soil's retention ability to resist nitrate leaching and loads in subsurface drainage discharge systems. Uneven weather conditions, drought, and other variable agronomic practices rendered soil conditions unfavorable to retain nitrate and induced adverse effects by increasing the nitrate leaching and loads in NT vs. CT. The limited experiment period presented significant challenges for the evaluation and synthesizing of soil health motivations and barriers in the NT vs. CT. Abstract. An edge-of-field subsurface drainage discharge system removes excess subsurface water from agricultural fields to improve the conditions of the soil system making them favorable for plant growth. Conversely, edge-of-fields can increase the nitrate (NO3 -) offsite movement to surface water bodies, which ultimately impacts water quality. In St. Johns, MI. Two on-farm large areas were initiated in 2013 for conservation (NT) and conventional till (CT) practices, of which two microscale fields, an area of 4 acres for each, were delineated in 2019 for NT and CT practices under a corn/soybean crop rotation. NT and CT fields were monitored and evaluated through full water years (WYs) 2019-2022. The objective was to use an innovative approach in coupling edge-of-field with soil health assessments to learn how improved soil health functions are influencing nitrate leaching and loads. NT practice enhanced SOM, other physical properties, and soil health parameters, promoting soil health functions compared to CT practice under conditions of adequate precipitation and favorable temperatures. Additionally, it improved the soil's ability to retain and resist nitrate loads in the 2020 water year, with reductions of 9.6 and 18.3 kg/ha, respectively. In 2021, WY nitrate loads reported nearly an equal value in NT vs. CT (4.8 and 4.4 kg/ha, respectively). Factors of uneven weather conditions and drought, variable agronomic practices, and residual nitrogen after corn, rendered soil conditions unfavorable to retain nitrate and induced adverse effects by increasing the nitrate leaching and loads in NT vs CT in 2022 WY (8.1 and 5.8 kg/h, respectively). Therefore, the limited evaluation period (2019-2022 WYs) presented significant challenges and revealed no affirmative evidence that the improved soil health functions under NT reduced the nitrate leaching loads in all WYs of this research. Further research is needed to prove the impact of NT on improving soil health functions to sustainably reduce nitrate leaching and loads in edge-of-fields. Keywords: Conservation no-till (NT), Conventional till (CT), Nitrate load, Soil health functions, Subsurface drainage discharge, Water quality.

An Investigation into Microstructure Evolution and High-temperature Deformation Behavior during the Instability of In-service Welding

It is of great significance to reveal deformation behavior coupling with both the high-temperature effect and microstructure for the in-service welding instability zone. In the present paper, microstructure evolution and high-temperature deformation behavior at the representative temperatures 900 °C and 1100 °C inside the in-service welding instability zone were investigated based on the in-situ high-temperature laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The results indicated that a sufficient condition of carbide precipitation is to hold it at 900 °C for a certain time. However, the phenomenon of carbide precipitation failed to be presented during continuous heating to 1150 °C. Although the slip and twining deformation occurred inside austenite grain, the fracture mechanism gave priority to intergranular cracking, which could be ascribed to the carbides with higher hardness and the grain boundary weakening caused by the temperature effect.

Impacts of a Cold‐Wave Event on Civil Aviation in China: A November 2022 Case Study

A cold wave is a hazardous event experienced in the middle latitudes during the winter that significantly influences civil aviation. This study utilized the fifth‐generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data and aerodrome routine meteorological reports (METARs) from 36 airports in China to analyze the impacts of a cold‐wave event from November 26 to 30, 2022. We assessed the effects on wind, visibility, thunderstorms, precipitation, ground‐icing conditions, in‐flight aircraft icing conditions, and clear air turbulence. The results indicated that regions affected by the cold wave shifted from northwest to southeast, with notable impacts on wind, precipitation, and icing conditions. Strong winds, particularly crosswinds, affected airports in coastal regions and narrow valleys, enhancing wind speeds and creating hazardous conditions. Ground‐icing conditions were prevalent, with 23 out of 36 airports experiencing significant icing, notably in Northeast, Central, southern, and eastern China. In‐flight icing conditions were identified in the lower and middle troposphere, primarily affecting Northwest, Northeast, and Central China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. At cruising levels, the cold wave introduced light clear air turbulence. This study provides valuable insights for improving civil aviation operations during cold‐wave events, emphasizing the need for preventive measures and early warning systems to mitigate potential risks.

No-tillage enhances soil water storage, grain yield and water use efficiency in dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) cropping systems: a global meta-analysis.

Climate change significantly affects crop production and is a threat to global food security. Conventional tillage (CT) is the primary tillage practice in rain-fed areas to conserve soil moisture. Despite previous research on the effect of tillage methods on different cropping systems, a comparison of tillage methods on soil water storage, crop yield and crop water use in wheat (Triticum aestivum ) and maize (Zea mays ) under different soil textures, precipitation and temperature patterns is needed. We reviewed 119 published articles and used meta-analysis to assess the effects of three conservation tillage practices (NT, no-tillage; RT, reduced tillage; ST, subsoil tillage), on precipitation storage efficiency (PSE), soil water storage at crop planting (SWSp), grain yield, evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) under varying precipitation and temperature patterns and soil textures in dryland wheat and maize, with CT as the control treatment. Conservation tillage methods increased PSE, SWSp, grain yield, ET and WUE in both winter wheat-fallow and spring maize cropping systems. More precipitation water was conserved in fine-textured soils than in medium-textured and coarse-textured soils, which improved ET. Conservation tillage increased soil water conservation and yield under high mean annual precipitation (MAP) and moderate mean annual temperature (MAT) conditions in winter wheat. However, soil water conservation and yield were greater under MAP <400mm and moderate MAT. We conclude that conservation tillage could be promising for increasing precipitation storage, soil water conservation and crop yield in regions with medium to low MAPs and medium to high MATs.

The influence of changes in agrometeorological conditions on the interphase periods of Hordeum vulgare l. sensulat and its productivity in the center of the European part of Russia

The studies were conducted in 2006-2022. in the Ryazan branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution FNATS VIM. The object of research was released varieties and promising lines of Hordeum vulgare L. Sensulato. The purpose of the research is to establish the influence of changing weather conditions on the development phases and productivity of Hordeum vulgare L. Sensulato in the center of the European part of Russia. It was established that in the region there was an increase in the average daily air temperature during the growing season from 16.3 to 20.9°C (4.6°C/17 years, CV = 4.7%). The length of the growing season is closely related to the conditions of the hydrothermal regime of the year (r=+0.507...+0.508). The data obtained revealed a negative effect of the sum of air temperatures on the yield in the sprouting-tillering phase r = - 0.364, but the correlation with the amount of precipitation in this period was r = + 0.331, HTCM r = + 0.300. A closer relationship between the yield and the amount of precipitation (r=+0.308) and the hydrothermal coefficient (r=+0.337) is manifested in the interphase period of tillering and heading. The duration of the interphase period of germination-tillering has an average direct relationship with the HTC (r = +0.361) and a high inverse relationship with the sum of temperatures (r = -0.804), a similar picture is observed in the interphase period of earing-filling (r = +0.320 and r = -0.813 , respectively). The decisive weather factors that determine the size of the harvest and the duration of interphase periods of Hordeum vulgare L. Sensulato in the conditions of the Ryazan region are precipitation and thermal conditions from the second decade of May to the second decade of July.

Application of flood catastrophe model to estimate revenue and insurance losses under unpredictable precipitation conditions

Application of flood catastrophe model to estimate revenue and insurance losses under unpredictable precipitation conditions