Precession Of Mercury Research Articles

Absurd: Einstein’s special relativity (SR) causes an inconstant speed of light, claiming to explain the consequences of a constant speed c

Einstein was led astray by a physically incorrect calculation by Michelson and Morley in the context of the Michelson‐Morley experiment. For the light beam in the horizontal light path, their calculation yields the claim that [(1 − v/c) × c] + [(1 + v/c) × c] = 2[(1 − v2/c2) × c]. This is incorrect and mathematically increases the horizontal light path 2d 0 by the factor [(1 + v2/c2)], which Einstein’s theory of special relativity corrects by introducing the time dilation factor γ and the length contraction factor 1/γ. When we calculate correctly, the mathematical increase in the length of horizontal light path no longer happens and Einstein’s mathematical corrections of the horizontal light path imply an inconstancy of the speed of light. This means that Einstein’s special relativity is just a mathematical correction of a physical calculation error, not a true physical theory, and it was thus pure chance that Einstein found the physically real kinematic time dilation factor γ. The null result of the Michelson‐Morley experiment, along with the kinematic and gravitational time dilation, must instead be explained by a constant value for the speed c of light with respect to the gravitational potentials of predominant gravitational fields, resulting from the principles of minimum energy and energy conservation. On this basis, it becomes possible to predict so-called general relativistic phenomena, e.g., the precession of Mercury’s perihelion or the phenomena observed in the binary pulsar PSR B1913 + 16, just by applying Kepler’s second law and simple quantum physical considerations. [R. G. Ziefle, Phys. Essays 33, 99 (2020)].

On the Unification of the Precession of the Foucault Pendulum, the Earth’s “Precession” and the Mercury Precession by Constructing the Vortex Gravitational Mechanism

Gravitation is generated between static objects, while vortex gravity is generated between moving objects. Forming the integrity and completeness of gravity theory, these complement each other. The vortex gravity mechanism of moving objects is established to solve the objective problem of vortex gravity. The precession of Foucault’s pendulum, the precession of the Earth and the precession of Mercury are objective phenomena, for which there are many different explanations. The author suggests, only by the mechanism of vortex gravity can reveal their operation law and unity of operation. Through the analysis and calculation in this paper, the precession value of mercury produced by vortex gravity is 5025.6", which is different from the observed value 5600", the deviation is -10.26%. which also proves the rationality and effectiveness of establishing the mechanism of vortex gravity. Therefore, the explanation that Mercury precession is caused by planets such as earth is fetched and unreasonable. The establishment of vortex gravitation mechanism can generally solve the kinematic problems of vortex gravitation caused by the motion of objects in physics, geophysics and astronomy. Furthermore, the problem about the determination of the vortex gravitational field strength Bg and the vortex gravitational constant kg in the solar system is put forward. Vortex gravity is the attraction between moving objects, The construction of vortex gravity theory is construction of the basic theory.

Investigating bounds on the extended uncertainty principle metric through astrophysical tests

In this paper, we consider the gravitational tests for the extended uncertainty principle (EUP) metric, which is a large-scale quantum correction to Schwarzschild metric. We calculate gravitational redshift, geodetic precession, Shapiro time delay, precession of Mercury and S2 star's orbits. Using the results of experiments and observations, we obtain the lower bounds for the EUP fundamental length scale . We obtain the smallest bound for gravitational redshift, and the largest bound for the precession of S2's orbit.

Four Mistakes in the Original Paper of Einstein in 1915 to Calculate the Precession of Mercury’s Perihelion

Four Mistakes in the Original Paper of Einstein in 1915 to Calculate the Precession of Mercury’s Perihelion

The Relation between General Relativity’s Metrics and Special Relativity’s Gravitational Scalar Generalized Potentials and Case Studies on the Schwarzschild Metric, Teleparallel Gravity, and Newtonian Potential

This paper shows that gravitational results of general relativity (GR) can be reached by using special relativity (SR) via a SR Lagrangian that derives from the corresponding GR time dilation and vice versa. It also presents a new SR gravitational central scalar generalized potential V=V(r,r.,ϕ.), where r is the distance from the center of gravity and r.,ϕ. are the radial and angular velocity, respectively. This is associated with the Schwarzschild GR time dilation from where a SR scalar generalized potential is obtained, which is exactly equivalent to the Schwarzschild metric. Thus, the Precession of Mercury’s Perihelion, the Gravitational Deflection of Light, the Shapiro time delay, the Gravitational Red Shift, etc., are explained with the use of SR only. The techniques used in this paper can be applied to any GR spacetime metric, Teleparallel Gravity, etc., in order to obtain the corresponding SR gravitational scalar generalized potential and vice versa. Thus, the case study of Newtonian Gravitational Potential according to SR leads to the corresponding non-Riemannian metric of GR. Finally, it is shown that the mainstream consideration of the Gravitational Red Shift contains two approximations, which are valid in weak gravitational fields only.

On a new field theory formulation and a space-time adjustment that predict the same precession of Mercury and the same bending of light as general relativity

This article introduces a new field theory formulation. The new field theory formulation recognizes vector continuity as a general principle and begins with a field that satisfies vector continuity equations. Next, independent of the new formulation, this article introduces a new space-time adjustment. Then, we solve the one-body gravitational problem by applying the space-time adjustment to the new field theory formulation. With the space-time adjustment, the new formulation predicts precisely the same precession of Mercury and the same bending of light as general relativity. The reader will find the validating calculations to be simple. The equations of motion that govern the orbital equations are in terms of Cartesian coordinates and time. An undergraduate college student, with direction, can perform the validations.

Relativistic Newtonian Gravitation That Gives the Correct Prediction of Mercury Precession

In the past, there was an attempt to modify Newton’s gravitational theory, in a simple way, to consider relativistic effects. The approach was “abandoned” mainly because it predicted only half of Mercury’s precession. Here we will revisit this method and see how a small logical extension can lead to a relativistic Newtonian theory that predicts the perihelion precession of Mercury correctly.

Orbital dynamics of a two-body system in the context of a nonlocally mixed IR–UV field theory of gravity

We have recently suggested a set of nonlocally extended field equations in which Newton’s constant [Formula: see text] was promoted to a covariant differential operator [Formula: see text] composed by two different contributions. These two terms independently operate in the infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) energy regimes. Considering the recent spectacular direct gravitational radiation measurements, we aim to compute the nonlocally modified orbital dynamics of a two-body system. In a first attempt, we determine the effective Newtonian potential from the nonlocal UV-wave equation to work out the modified Kepler orbits. In addition, we use data obtained from the perihelion precession of Mercury in order to derive an upper bound for the dimensionless UV-parameter [Formula: see text]. Finally, we determine the energy per unit time (power) released by a binary system in the form of gravitational waves. In this context, we observe that in the limit of vanishing UV-parameters, we eventually recover the result obtained in the context of the standard quadrupole formula.

The Role of Time in Cosmic Expansion

By treating time as an independent variable free of space-time the role of time in cosmic expansion is clarified. We show that this treatment of time is consistent with General Relativity, and addresses the quandaries of dark or vacuum energy. We consider the current of time to be composed of many time waves. As the current flows, the number of its waves keeps increasing. It is shown that the cumulative sum of the periods of these waves represents the stretching-time, the redshift, <i>Z</i> represents the stretching velocity, and the quantity <i>Z²</i>/<i>t</i> represents the stretching acceleration of the stretching-time. By isolating time from space-time we find a simple equation which is developed based only on time and its kinematics. The validity of this equation is confirmed first through the conformity of its predictions with Einstein’s three predictions, namely the precession of Mercury’s orbit, the bending of light by the sun’s gravity, and the gravitational time dilation. Second, its validity is further confirmed through its consistency with three different sets of observational data as well as with the recent LIGO/Virgo gravitational waves measurement. It is shown that the flow of stretching-time is propelled by the energy released at the big bang. Further, the Hubble constant is estimated analytically. Also a possible source and the quantity of what is called dark energy are identified. It is concluded that the time model may clear the way to a quantum mechanical description of the cosmos.

Explanation of Rotation Curves in Galaxies and Clusters of them, by Generalization of Schwarzschild Metric and Combination with MOND, eliminating Dark Matter

Schwarzschild Metric is the first and the most important solution of Einstein vacuum field equations. This is associated with Lorentz metric of flat spacetime and produces the relativistic potential (Φ) and the field strength (g) outside a spherically symmetric mass or a non-rotating black hole. It has many applications such as gravitational red shift, the precession of Mercury’s orbit, Shapiro time delay etc. However, it is inefficient to explain the rotation curves in large galaxies and clusters of them, causing the necessity for dark matter. On the other hand, Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) has already explained these rotation curves in many cases, using suitable interpolating function (μ) in Milgrom’s Law. In this presentation, we initially produce a Generalized Schwarzschild potential and the corresponding Metric of spacetime, in order to be in accordance with any isotropic metric of flat spacetime (including Galilean Metric of spacetime which is associated with Galilean Transformation of spacetime). From this Generalized Schwarzschild potential (Φ), we calculate the corresponding field strength (g), which is associated with the interpolating function (μ). In this way, a new relativistic potential is obtained (let us call 2nd Generalized Schwarzschild potential) which describes the gravitational interaction at any distance and for any metric of flat spacetime. Thus, not only the necessity for Dark Matter is eliminated, but also MOND becomes a pure Relativistic Theory of Gravitational Interaction. Then, we pass to the case of flat spacetime with Lorentz metric (Minkowski space), because the experimental data have been extracted using the Relativistic Doppler Shift and the gravitational red shift of Classic Relativity (CR). Thus, we Explain the Rotation Curves in Galaxies (e.g. NGC 3198) and Clusters of them as well as the Solar system, eliminating Dark Matter. This relativistic potential and the corresponding metric of spacetime have been obtained by the light of Euclidean Closed Linear Transformations of Complex Spacetime endowed with the Corresponding Metric. Of course, may also be applied by scientists who prefer the hyperbolic geometry of Classic Relativity (CR).

Projection Gravitation, a Projection Force from 5-dimensional Space-time into 4-dimensional Space-time

A new gravity theory. Gravity is a projection force from 5-dimensional space-time into 4-dimensional space-time. The Lorentz symmetry is a projection of particle-wave symmetry from 5-dimensional space-time into 4-dimensional space-time. The gravity is an additional projection force of Lorentz symmetry. The new gravity is an extension to Lorentz symmetry. The new gravity can be seen as some kind of symmetry. Gravity only exists in 4-dimensional space-time. In 5-dimensional space-time, there not have gravity. Equivalence principle is invalid in the new gravitation. In the new gravitation, there does not have gravitational acceleration. In the new gravitation, there only have inertial coordinates, not have non-inertial coordinates. In the new gravitation, the gravity source is only the rest mass, not energy. The particle can’t be the gravity source if the particle not has rest mass. The photon not has gravity. But any particle can be affected by gravity. The photon is affected by gravity also. The gravitational mass is only equivalent to the rest mass. Under approximate weak gravity and approximate circular orbit condition, the new gravitation is equivalent to the General Relativity. The four classic experimental tests, the deflection of light by the sun, the precession of mercury, the red shift of light by the sun, the radar echo delay, are experimental tests to the new gravitation also. But even under approximate weak gravity condition, if the orbit is not approximate circular, if the orbit has higher eccentricity, there exists obvious difference between the General Relativity and the new gravitation. This difference can be a experimental test to distinguish which one is more realistic. The space-time is flat in the new gravitation, not is curved. In the new gravitation, the energy is conserved. The new gravitation is simpler than the General Relativity. In the new gravitation, the photon’s equivalent gravitational acceleration is twice of the acceleration in Newton Gravitation. In the new gravitation, there not exists black hole, but exists empty hole, and not exists space-time singularity and energy singularity. The new gravity has obvious scale effect. The new gravity has the scale factor. In gravity field, the scale factor determines the quantization results of particle’s motion. The new gravity perhaps is a force that inhibits the uncertainty of macroscopic objects. The new gravitation can derive out the result of the Planck Energy.

Calculation of the Precession of the Perihelion of Mercury’s Orbit Within the Framework of a Generalized Law of Universal Gravitation with Refined Data

The precession of the perihelion of Mercury’s orbit for 100 years in the gravitational field of the Sun and the planets has been numerically modeled within the framework of a generalized law of universal gravitation with refined data on the parameters of the orbits of the planets (including the asteroid belt and Pluto), and also the gravitational constant and with a smaller iteration step (0.0002 s). The calculations were performed with enhanced computational accuracy. It has been shown that the average precession of Mercury’s orbit in 100 years within the framework of the generalized law of universal gravitation comprises ~565.3''. This is less than the observed shift of the perihelion by about 8.8''. The observed shift of the perihelion, as is well known, comprises ~574.1''. It is not ruled out that inside Mercury’s orbit some unknown undetected object (or several such objects) of small size remains to be found.

JUMPING JUPITER CAN EXPLAIN MERCURY’S ORBIT

ABSTRACT The orbit of Mercury has large values of eccentricity and inclination that cannot be easily explained if this planet formed on a circular and coplanar orbit. Here, we study the evolution of Mercury’s orbit during the instability related to the migration of the giant planets in the framework of the jumping-Jupiter model. We found that some instability models are able to produce the correct values of Mercury’s eccentricity and inclination, provided that relativistic effects are included in the precession of Mercury’s perihelion. The orbital excitation is driven by the fast change of the normal oscillation modes of the system corresponding to the perihelion precession of Jupiter (for the eccentricity) and the nodal regression of Uranus (for the inclination).

Net Force &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;F&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; = &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;γ&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;ma&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; at High Velocity

Newton’s theory of gravitation has been outdated by relativity theory explaining specific phenomena like perihelion precession of Mercury, light deflection and very recently the detection of gravitational waves. But the disappearance of the obvious gravitational force and the variation of time are arguable concepts difficult to directly prove. Present methodology is based on hypotheses as expressed in a previous article: a universal time and an inertial mass variable according to the Lorentz factor (which could not be envisioned at Newton’s age). Because this methodology is mainly stood on Newtonian mechanics, it will be called neo-Newtonian mechanics. This theory is in coherence with the time of the Quantum Mechanics. In Newtonian mechanics, all forces, including gravitational force, are deducted from the linear momentum. Introducing the variable inertial mass, the result of the demonstration is an updated expression of the net force at high velocity: F = γ3mga. If such a factor in γ3 can look a bit strange at first sight for a force, let us remind that the lost energy in a synchrotron is already measured in γ4. Next article will be on the perihelion precession of Mercury within neo-Newtonian mechanics.

Motion of particles on a four-dimensional asymptotically AdS black hole with scalar hair

Motivated by black hole solutions with matter fields outside their horizon, we study the effect of these matter fields on the motion of massless and massive particles. We consider as background a four-dimensional asymptotically AdS black hole with scalar hair. The geodesics are studied numerically and we discuss the differences in the motion of particles between the four-dimensional asymptotically AdS black holes with scalar hair and their no-hair limit, that is, Schwarzschild AdS black holes. Mainly, we found that there are bounded orbits like planetary orbits in this background. However, the periods associated to circular orbits are modified by the presence of the scalar hair. Besides, we found that some classical tests such as perihelion precession, deflection of light, and gravitational time delay have the standard value of general relativity plus a correction term coming from the cosmological constant and the scalar hair. Finally, we found a specific value of the parameter associated to the scalar hair, in order to explain the discrepancy between the theory and the observations, for the perihelion precession of Mercury and light deflection.

Newtonian Computation of Perihelion Precession of Mercury—An Update

A updated numerical evaluation of the Newtonian component of Mercury’s perihelion advance over more than two centuries starting from about the year 2000 is made using the Euler’s algorithm as well as a modified Euler algorithm. Results are given for about the last 30 years of this interval which show that the precession rate may be substantially higher than what it is believed to be.

Angular Precession of Elliptic Orbits. Mercury

The relativistic precession of Mercury -43.1 seconds of arc per century, is the result of a secular addition of 5.02×10-7 rad. at the end of every orbit around the Sun. The question that arises in this paper, is to analyse the angular precession at each single point of the elliptic orbit and determine its magnitude and oscillation around the mean value, comparing key theoretical proposals. Underline also that, this astronomical determination has not been yet achieved, so it is considered that Messenger spacecraft, now orbiting the planet or the future mission BepiColombo, should provide an opportunity to perform it. That event will clarify some significant issues, now that we are close to reach the centenary of the formulation and first success of General Relativity.

Exact Solution to Geodesic Motion Equation in the Braneworld Black Hole Spacetime and the Perihelion Precession of Mercury

The exact solution to geodesic equation in the braneworld black hole spacetime is found by method of Jacobian elliptic function, and the angle of perihelion precession is obtained by the zero point of Jacobian elliptic function for Mercury. Comparing numerical result with observation data, we give the value range of tidal charge.

Least-action perihelion precession

The precession of Mercury's perihelion is reinspected by the principle of least action. The anomalous advancement of the apside line that is customarily accounted by the theory of general relativity, is ascribed to the gravitational effect due to the entire Universe. When the least action is written in the Sun's frame of reference, the residual rotation is seen to stem from inertia due to all bodies in the Universe. Since mass corresponds to a bound form of energy, gravity, as any other force, can be described as an energy density difference between a system of bodies and its surrounding energy densities that are dispersed throughout the Universe. According to the principle of least action the Universe is expanding by combustion of mass to radiation in the quest of equilibrating the bound forms of energy with "zero-density surroundings" in least time. Keywords: cosmological principle; energy density; energy dispersal; evolution; gravity; the principle of least action

Cosmological implications of massive gravitons

The van Dam–Veltman–Zakharov (vDVZ) discontinuity requires that the mass m of the graviton is exactly zero, otherwise measurements of the deflection of starlight by the Sun and the precession of Mercury’s perihelion would conflict with their theoretical values. This theoretical discontinuity is open to question for numerous reasons. In this paper we show from a phenomenological viewpoint that the m>0 hypothesis is in accord with Supernova Ia and CMB observations, and that the large scale structure of the universe suggests that m∼10-30eV/c2.