Abstract
By treating time as an independent variable free of space-time the role of time in cosmic expansion is clarified. We show that this treatment of time is consistent with General Relativity, and addresses the quandaries of dark or vacuum energy. We consider the current of time to be composed of many time waves. As the current flows, the number of its waves keeps increasing. It is shown that the cumulative sum of the periods of these waves represents the stretching-time, the redshift, <i>Z</i> represents the stretching velocity, and the quantity <i>Z<sup>2</sup></i>/<i>t</i> represents the stretching acceleration of the stretching-time. By isolating time from space-time we find a simple equation which is developed based only on time and its kinematics. The validity of this equation is confirmed first through the conformity of its predictions with Einstein’s three predictions, namely the precession of Mercury’s orbit, the bending of light by the sun’s gravity, and the gravitational time dilation. Second, its validity is further confirmed through its consistency with three different sets of observational data as well as with the recent LIGO/Virgo gravitational waves measurement. It is shown that the flow of stretching-time is propelled by the energy released at the big bang. Further, the Hubble constant is estimated analytically. Also a possible source and the quantity of what is called dark energy are identified. It is concluded that the time model may clear the way to a quantum mechanical description of the cosmos.
Highlights
Ever since Edwin Hubble [1], through observations, showed that the universe is expanding, there have been tremendous research efforts to develop a realistic model of the universe that is consistent with observational measurements
By summing up all the periods of the time waves corresponding to the axial frequencies of this time rod, we find the value of the stretching-time, between the point O and the earth
The time model offers an alternative to the standard and the inflationary models of cosmology
Summary
Ever since Edwin Hubble [1], through observations, showed that the universe is expanding, there have been tremendous research efforts to develop a realistic model of the universe that is consistent with observational measurements. Summing up the periods of all the axial frequencies of the free vibration of this time-rod yields the stretching-time, which is multiplied by its spatialvelocity to yield the spatial-distance between a point source and the earth. This model offers an alternative to the standard and the inflationary models of cosmology. It will be shown that the time wave propagation is fueled by the energy released at the big bang This model of time leads us to identify both the source and the quantity of what is called dark or vacuum energy.
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