I am honored to have been selected to deliver the 40th Annual Emery A. Rovenstine Memorial Lecture. At previous Rovenstine lectures, I learned about his pioneering efforts as the Director of the Anesthesia Service at Bellevue Hospital (New York City, New York) where he served from 1935 to 1960; his Presidency of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), 1943–1944; and as the recipient of the ASA’s Distinguished Service Award in 1957. In the past year, however, two outstanding articles have been written that present material I was unaware of. Lucien Morris, M.D. (Professor Emeritus, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio) authored the fascinating article “Ralph M. Waters’ Legacy: The Establishment of Academic Anesthesia Centers by the ‘Aqualumni’.” The ’aqualumni,’ is defined as Waters’ own trainees. The article was written to commemorate the 75th Anniversary of Waters accepting an academic appointment to the medical faculty of the University of Wisconsin (Madison, Wisconsin). I found particularly interesting the section describing Professor Waters’ concern that when Dr. Rovenstine, one of his aqualumni, went to Bellevue Hospital, New York University (NYU, New York City, New York), he might not have sufficient staff to establish a new academic training center for anesthesia. As a result, Waters split his Wisconsin group, sending both staff and residents to New York City to ensure the success of Dr. Rovenstine at NYU. Waters had enough confidence in Dr. Rovenstine to predict that he would succeed. He would not disappoint Dr. Waters. David Waisel, M.D. (Department of Anesthesia, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts) provided a comprehensive review of “The Role of World War II and The European Theater of Operations in the Development of Anesthesiology as a Physician Specialty in the USA.” In 1942, Waters and Rovenstine and others teamed up to train “90-day wonders” in 12-week courses “to prepare medical officers to take charge of the anesthesia sections of the various types of hospitals of the U.S. Army.” Courses were given at several institutions, including Bellevue, and were developed by the Subcommittee on Anesthesia of the National Research Council. The latter was chaired by Dr. Waters. Dr. Rovenstine was the Secretary. Many future anesthesiologists were attracted to the specialty as a result of their initial exposure to the field in World War II and the influence of role models such as Dr. Rovenstine. Although I did not know Dr. Rovenstine personally, I was trained by another aqualumnus of Dr. Waters, Robert D. Dripps, M.D. (Professor and Chair, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Dr. Dripps was interested in attracting medical students into the field of Anesthesiology. One of his efforts led to the establishment of the ASA Preceptorship Program and the Committee on which I first served the ASA. In the 36 yr in which I have been involved in the activities of the ASA, 20 yr have been spent on developing guidelines for sedation for nonanesthesiologists. It has been the most challenging, frustrating, and contentious issue I have had to address. Even though ASA’s efforts have been exemplary, the results have been misunderstood by not only the groups we have attempted to educate but also by our own members. I have decided to set the record straight by discussing the history of “ASA’s Efforts in Developing Guidelines for Sedation and Analgesia for Nonanesthesiologists.” Some of the comments that follow are my own thoughts and interpretations; however, most of the statements are documented in the literature or are part of my own collection of documents. The latter will be donated to the Wood Library Museum (Park Ridge, Illinois) together with the script of this lecture. The formal process of ASA’s evidence-based guideline development for members did not begin until 1990, and for nonanesthesiologists, in 1993. Other specialty groups began setting guidelines earlier and their efforts must be acknowledged before proceeding with ASA’s efforts. It is not intended to provide a comprehensive or complete review of these accomplishments but rather to attempt Professor Emeritus in Pediatrics and Anesthesiology. Received from the Department of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.
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May 1, 2005
Jerome H Modell 
Open Access
