Precautionary Principle Research Articles

The Precautionary Principle of Running Foundation Activities In the Perspective of the Foundation Law and the National Criminal Code

<p>This research aims to examine the principle of prudence in managing Foundation activities. The urgency of this research is so that the foundation can maintain its sustainability, develop, and be able to provide broad benefits according to the objectives of its establishment. This research uses qualitative methods with a statutory and conceptual approach. The novelty of this research is that in managing Foundation activities, the precautionary principle is required. The results of this research are the principle of prudence in carrying out Foundation activities consisting of Firstly, in managing the Foundation, it must always be guided by applicable legal provisions to avoid problems, whether problems in the form of civil disputes or criminal violations. Second, it must based on the principle of non-profit oriented, where foundations are not prohibited from running business entities, but the results are aimed at the interests of society and the sustainability of the Foundation to succeed in its social goals, because the Foundation is not oriented towards profit or gain, but rather towards benefit. Third, the organs of the Foundation must avoid conflicts of interest that could harm the interests of the Foundation and other parties. Fourth, foundations must apply the principles of Good Corporate Governance (GCG), namely: independence, transparency, accountability, and fairness.</p>

Analyzing Innovation through Bibliometrics: A Comparative Study of Sustainable Practices in Leading Economies

Abstract This research is initiated by analyzing the post-pandemic period through digitalization and economic growth. In this research, we reopened the topics such as digitalization, sustainable development, and innovation. This research has also brought new sustainable development horizons, particularly in Europe. We are investigating the significance of innovation and research in pursuing sustainable development and digitalization in the social impact of economic innovations. It also examines specific innovative solutions that have positively impacted sustainable development. It marks a new phase with a gradual shift towards a retrospective analysis of COVID-19. For example, Switzerland has implemented a comprehensive recycling program. Federal measures to promote the circular economy are based on the principles of precaution and “polluter pays”, technological progress and innovation, and cooperation with industry under the Law on environmental protection. Sweden has pioneered renewable energy solutions; the country boasts seven municipalities that are 98% fossil-free. The UK has introduced innovative financial instruments to support green investments. This phase assessed how economic recovery and sustainability initiatives were influenced in these nations, considering their advanced level of innovation and ability to implement innovative solutions to post-pandemic challenges. This interest is demonstrated through increased resource allocation and support for initiatives that foster technological progress and sustainability, indicating a clear trend toward integrating innovative solutions into economic strategies. It delves into how these countries have balanced and incorporated these elements in the aftermath of the pandemic, highlighting specific strategies and outcomes in each case of countries. This research, bolstered by bibliometric analysis, underscores the importance of innovation in navigating the complexity of post-pandemic economic recovery and sustainability and compares leading nations. This research thoroughly delves into how countries have balanced and incorporated various elements in the aftermath of the pandemic. It meticulously highlights specific strategies and outcomes in each case, using bibliometric analysis to emphasize the importance of innovation in navigating post-pandemic economic recovery and sustainability. It compares the approaches and achievements of leading nations, providing insights into how innovation has driven their progress during this challenging period. This research looks at the effects of regional crises, such as the European debt post-pandemic destabilization, on economic environments through digitalization and the sustainable economy. For instance, the pandemic led to a significant decline in tourism revenue in Switzerland, a disruption in global supply chains for Sweden, and a decrease in foreign direct investment in the United Kingdom. Thus, following these goals, many beneficial reforms emerged. Our exploration into how innovation and research drive sustainable development and impact society through economic advancements is an ongoing journey. By analyzing the innovation indicator (GII 2023), this study highlights the critical importance of blending innovative research with economic policies to boost resilience and adaptability as the world shifts to a post-pandemic reality. This study spotlights the social dimensions of financial innovation and explores how sustainable practices can help alleviate unemployment, inequality, and other socioeconomic gaps while fostering a circular economic culture. It delves into how these practices foster a circular economy mindset and provide practical frameworks for sustainable economic development growth in a post-pandemic world.

Using passive acoustic monitoring to assess the overlap between endemic endangered Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) and mussel farms in the Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary, New Zealand

Abstract Aquaculture has maintained a sustained growth trend over the last 50 years, worldwide and in Aotearoa New Zealand. This industry is known to have environmental consequences, such as impacts on benthos, water column and higher trophic levels. Some of these impacts have been thoroughly studied, while others, such as the effects on cetaceans, are not well understood. This study used passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) to assess, for the first time, the overlap between kūtai—New Zealand greenlipped mussel (Perna canaliculus)—farms and habitat use by endemic endangered Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) within the Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary. T‐PODs were deployed in six bays, three with mussel farms and three without, between 2018 and 2019. Occurrence of dolphins, expressed as ‘dolphin positive minutes per day’ (DPM/day), was modelled using generalized linear mixed models. Results showed a strong interaction between farm (presence/absence) and season (summer/winter), with fewer acoustic detections of dolphins in winter if farms were present. Furthermore, in bays with mussel farms, there were significantly more click train detections on the opposite side of the bay, compared to the side by the mussel farm. Considering that results from this study suggest potential displacement of the dolphins due to the mussel farms, the recommendation is a precautionary approach. Further expansion of aquaculture in Hector's dolphin habitat should be done carefully, taking into account their habitat use, and conducting intensive monitoring including a robust ‘before and after’ design prior to the establishment of new farms.

Philosophical Interpretation of Article 24 of the Medicines Act: Drug Safety, Efficacy, and Quality Control

Article 24 of the Medicines Act serves as a cornerstone in the regulatory framework governing pharmaceuticals in the United Kingdom. This article emphasizes the rigorous evaluation of drug safety, efficacy, and quality through a structured, multi-phase process involving pre-clinical studies, clinical trials, and post-marketing surveillance. This paper explores the philosophical underpinnings of Article 24, delving into its ethical, epistemological, and regulatory dimensions. The ethical analysis focuses on balancing public health and individual rights, the principle of informed consent, and equitable access to high-quality medicines. The epistemological discussion highlights the commitment to evidence-based medicine, scientific rationalism, and the critical role of regulatory bodies like the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). The regulatory perspective examines the comprehensive and precautionary approach to drug approval and quality control, emphasizing global harmonization and collaboration. By integrating these perspectives, the paper underscores the significance of Article 24 in ensuring that only safe, effective, and high-quality medicinal products are available in the UK, thereby setting a model for global regulatory practices.

The Role of Precautionary Approach and Sustainable Development in International Environmental Law: A Comparative Analysis

The Role of Precautionary Approach and Sustainable Development in International Environmental Law: A Comparative Analysis

Uncertainty in Environmental Micropollutant Modeling.

Water pollution policies have been enacted across the globe to minimize the environmental risks posed by micropollutants (MPs). For regulative institutions to be able to ensure the realization of environmental objectives, they need information on the environmental fate of MPs. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to further improve environmental decision-making, which heavily relies on scientific data. Use of mathematical and computational modeling in environmental permit processes for water construction activities has increased. Uncertainty of input data considers several steps from sampling and analysis to physico-chemical characteristics of MP. Machine learning (ML) methods are an emerging technique in this field. ML techniques might become more crucial for MP modeling as the amount of data is constantly increasing and the emerging new ML approaches and applications are developed. It seems that both modeling strategies, traditional and ML, use quite similar methods to obtain uncertainties. Process based models cannot consider all known and relevant processes, making the comprehensive estimation of uncertainty challenging. Problems in a comprehensive uncertainty analysis within ML approach are even greater. For both approaches generic and common method seems to be more useful in a practice than those emerging from ab initio. The implementation of the modeling results, including uncertainty and the precautionary principle, should be researched more deeply to achieve a reliable estimation of the effect of an action on the chemical and ecological status of an environment without underestimating or overestimating the risk. The prevailing uncertainties need to be identified and acknowledged and if possible, reduced. This paper provides an overview of different aspects that concern the topic of uncertainty in MP modeling.

International Legal Content of the Concept "Renewable Energy Sources" Revisited

Introduction. The expansion of the use of renewable energy sources (RES) is recognized as one of the means to solve the issue of climate change. At the same time, RES is considered an "antagonist" to traditional natural resources, the latter being unevenly distributed among states, so the formation of an international legal regime for renewable energy requires a balanced approach. In this article, the author analyzes the key component of such a regime, namely, the legal content of the term "renewable energy sources". Based on the documents adopted within international organizations containing definitions of RES, the author establishes the main criteria of RES and formulates a list of energy sources that are universally recognized as such, namely, wind energy, water energy, solar energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, ocean and river energy.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the research was formed by general scientific techniques (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, classification, systematization, forecasting) and private scientific techniques (formal legal and comparative legal method).The research is based on the documents of universal international organizations (UN, IEA, IRENA), in which the definition of RES is formulated. The author also resorts to the sources of the EU law governing cooperation in the area of renewable energy as well as documents adopted within the CIS.Research results. The article analyzes the concept of RES in the international law. It is established that it is based on a quantitative criterion (i.e. the speed of reproduction of an energy source should exceed the speed of its consumption) and a qualitative one (its "sustainability" in terms of environmental impact). Since no known energy source is completely environmentally neutral, the "sustainability" criterion is used to identify sources that have significantly less environmental impact than others. The author also identifies a number of energy sources that meet the criterion of renewability, but are not recognized as RES (e.g. nuclear energy), or are not included in the RES, in respect of which states wish to develop international cooperation (e.g. certain types of hydropower, traditional biomass). The author also identifies RES, with regards to which states choose to apply the precautionary principle due to insufficient knowledge of their compliance with the sustainability criterion (e.g. geothermal energy).Discussion and conclusion. The author concludes that the international community has developed an understanding of the criteria for classifying energy sources as RES, and their list is agreed within different interstate communities depending on the actual needs of interaction (for universal organizations, the aim is to mainly the exchange of "best practices" for encouraging RES, for regional ones it also includes developing cooperation mechanisms within the framework of transnational projects and harmonization of state laws). This gives grounds for optimism about reaching a consensus on the concept of renewable energy for the development of an international legal regime.

Implementation of Precautionary Principles in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Indonesia

This article aims to find out about the implementation of the precautionary principle in environmental impact assessment (EIA). The method used in this article is a normative research method. The results obtained from this research are that in terms of environmental approval requirements in Indonesia, one of the requirements is EIA. In the process of preparing EIA, implementation, as well as monitoring and evaluation, all stages require the principle of caution in their implementation. Permits issued by the government should not cause harm to the community as the holder of the highest state power. In EIA there is an obligation to examine the opinions of people who are directly affected by an activity. This is a form of implementing the precautionary principle, but there are still weaknesses in it. EIAs that have passed the assessment must also continue to monitor, evaluate and be evaluated by the government so that the risks arising from an activity can still be monitored for solutions. In this way, the precautionary principle can be implemented from planning to implementation.

Normative Review of Economic Democracy In The Indonesian Sharia Banking Legal Framework

This research is a normative review of economic democracy within the legal framework of Indonesian sharia banking. In this context, this article aims to explore how the principles of economic democracy are reflected in the legal regulation of Islamic banking in Indonesia. The research method used is a normative approach involving a literature review and legal analysis of sharia banking regulations in Indonesia. The research results show that bank regulations in Law no. 7 of 1992, Law no. 10 and 21 of 1998, as well as other regulations, consistently promote democratic principles in Indonesia's national financial system. The Indonesian sharia banking institutional system which began in December 1983 marked an important first step in integrating sharia principles into the national banking system. Apart from that, the importance of the prudential principle in regulating sharia banking in Indonesia is also emphasized in this research. The precautionary principle aims to ensure that banks operate legally and in accordance with the principles of sharia law, as well as to protect consumer interests. This research provides valuable insight into how economic democracy is reflected in Indonesia's Islamic banking legal framework. The implications of these findings can be used to increase understanding of the importance of economic democracy in building an inclusive and sustainable financial system in Indonesia.

Analysis of Liability and Legal Protection of Land Deed Officials (PPAT) Review of Court Decision No. 43/Pdt.G/2017/PN. Slt

This research aims to explore the legal protections and responsibilities assumed by Land Deed Officials (PPATs), particularly in the context of Court Decision No. 43/Pdt.G/2017/PN. Slt. Using a case study approach, we identify factors that affect the legal responsibilities of PPATs under the judgment. While evaluating whether the existing legal system has provided adequate protection to them. This research uses a juridical sociological approach method with a descriptive analytical nature, as well as primary data collection techniques through interviews and secondary data through an inventory of books, documents, and articles. The results of the analysis show that Court Decision No. 43/Pdt.G/2017/PN. Slt provides an important insight into the responsibility of PPAT in making land deeds. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of improving a more effective legal system to ensure adequate protection for PPATs and the public interest in property transactions. The results show that PPATs must be responsible for the validity of the deeds they make in accordance with the rules and principles, and they are responsible for attending the trial. However, based on the precautionary principle, PPATs need to increase caution in making land payment settlement notes. In relation to the legal protection of PPATs, they are entitled to both mental and physical protection from interference and threats from any party.

How social-ecological systems resilience unfolds from distinct worldviews

Resilience is a critically important factor to consider for sustainably managing natural resources and social-ecological systems (SESs). Each social system will, collectively, have its own goals for how resources are perceived and the principles that underpin their resilience, and, multiple actors, individually, will approach the question with different perspectives. Here, we represent these plural perspectives in terms of worldviews, using the typologies from cultural theory. We combined the underpinning resilience principles from a previously built SES model to assess the extent to which these worldviews influence the results. Resilience was measured using a prototype Dynamic Resilience Index (DRI) validated in a previous publication. The results show the resilience of our SESs will behave in three different ways depending on each worldview used. Free markets (individualists) start the simulation period with a higher resilience. Strong governance (hierarchy) will take a higher position around 2025 and maintain the best value to the end of the simulation in 2100. The precautionary principle (egalitarians) starts with the lowest values for the DRI but ends closer to the strong governance, and it is the only worldview that increased its resilience throughout the simulation. Each worldview couples better to a particular management approach, and the SES behavior responds accordingly. The relevance for the governance of the SES is great as each worldview brings flawed contributions to resilience and wellbeing. Our research also shows that a possible negotiated solution between these worldviews would locate resilience inside the “solution space,” which is graphically determined and discussed. Adopting each worldview is then discussed in terms of contributions and problems they imply to the system's resilience.

Regional Government Cooperation with Business Entities for Efficiency in the Public Street Lighting Sector for the Potential to Increase Purwakarta Regency's Original Regional Income

This research aims to analyze the implementation of Regional Government Cooperation with Business Entities (KPBU) in the Public Street Lighting (PJU) sector in Purwakarta district. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach with secondary data from books and other sources that support the discussion of this research, as well as media and internet documents, included in the data category. This research shows that if government collaboration with PPP is successful, several things must be considered. Relationships, resources, networks, organizations. In other words, this collaboration is strategically important for both parties. parties and must complement each other, information from both parties must be considered and maintained. Mutual trust is important, especially the efficiency of PJU costs/budgets in the APBD. The implementation of the PPP policy is included in the category of complex cooperation because the mechanism for payment of services is based on payment from savings, the Government does not bear the initial costs (no investment) and does not bear the risk of state losses (zero risk). PPP scheme PJU business entities with unsolicited projects have so far not found any potential complaints or indications of state financial losses because so far they have still complied with the precautionary principle.

Establishing marine protected areas in the southern ocean, lessons for the BBNJ agreement

This paper first gives a brief overview of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)’s struggle to establish Antarctic Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The paper then addresses the question: what lessons can countries learn from CCAMLR’s experience in establishing high seas MPAs under the Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement? The paper finds that the final text of the BBNJ Agreement did largely reflect CCAMLR’s experience when it comes to MPAs. This is particularly so with respect to 1) clarification of the relationship between conservation and use; 2) the interpretation and application of a science-based precautionary approach; and 3) consensus-based decision-making process. The paper concludes that the insights CCAMLR provides for navigating geopolitical tensions between major powers is an important reference for the future operation of the BBNJ Agreement.

Merits of Multi-Indicator Precautionary Approach Management in a Male-Only Crab Fishery

Snow crab replaced groundfish fisheries as the primary focus of the Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) fishing industry in the mid-1990s. Over the past three decades, management philosophies in this male-only fishery have shifted from promoting industry expansion to promoting industry rationalization to implementing Precautionary Approach (PA) management. Until the mid-2010s, there were regionalized management strategies characterized by higher exploitation rates in northern than southern sub-stock units along the NL marine shelves. However, in the late 2010s, exploitation rates were permitted to elevate to high levels across the entire stock range in association with a large resource decline, and evidence of biological harm through fishing emerged in chronically depleted areas. In 2019, when stock and fishery productivity were near historical lows, a multi-indicator PA system was informally introduced into the management of the resource. This event coincided with anticipated improvements in stock and fishery performance. This paper examines the extent to which the multi-indicator PA management system, focused on the promotion of both biological protection and maximization of fishing efficiency, may have contributed to recent improvements in stock and fishery status. A suite of indicators from areas implementing PA guidance into management in 2019 prior to the formal adoption of the PA system in 2023 suggest the system has been highly beneficial in promoting rapid recovery and improving stock and fishery performance metrics to levels matching or exceeding historical levels under similar conditions. We discuss the capacity of the system to better safeguard biological aspects of resource and fisheries productivity moving forward under a scenario of an expectant resource decline.

Applying the Precautionary Principle to Hidden Collapse

There is growing evidence around the world of serious decline in biodiversity requiring urgent application of precautionary risk management. A better regulatory regime for precautionary management of long-term risk is now an urgent priority. This article addresses the prioritization of long-term risk management by examining risk management of ecosystems that may be experiencing hidden collapse. Hidden collapse refers to the existence of environmental indicators indicative of future collapse of forests, even though the forest appears intact and not at risk of ecosystem collapse. Professor David Lindenmayer and Dr Chloe Sato (Lindenmayer) first identified hidden collapse in 2018 in Mountain Ash forests of Victoria, Australia. The risk of hidden collapse represents a long-term environmental threat and is a potential trigger for application of the precautionary principle (principle). Implicit in hidden collapse are two preconditions for application of the principle; the risk of a serious or irreversible environmental threat, and the existence of scientific uncertainty about the nature of the risk. Despite hidden collapse satisfying these essential preconditions for applying the principle, decision makers did not apply it in respect hidden collapse of Mountain Ash forests in Victoria. This article considers the current status of the principle in regulation and how it can be adjusted to address long term environmental risk.

Balancing Bioethics and Legal Frontiers: А Case Study of Brazil’s Supreme Federal Court Decision on Embryonic Stem Cell Research

Background. The present work focuses on the need to protect prenatal life, which is intricately entwined with delineating the precise biological and legal juncture marking an embryo’s transition into personhood. Drawing upon bioethical insights from domestic frameworks and international jurisprudence, we compare diverse perspectives on the moral and legal standing of the embryo, including its right to life, and invoking legal principles in the context of cellular and regenerative medicine.Aim. The goal of this article is to investigate the various biosafety policy approaches governing embryonic stem cell research, ranging from outright prohibition to authorization solely for therapeutic or scientific ends. Through our analysis, we focus on the unique national context of Brazil to scrutinize the underlying rationale behind a specific legal challenge questioning the constitutionality of the BiosafetyLaw. This law, which permits the utilization of human embryonic cells for research and therapeutic purposes, raises concerns about potential infringement upon the inviolability of the right to life.Methodology. The research is based on deductive reasoning alongside formal-legal methodologies, including textual interpretation and comparative-legal analysis. The research process involved documentary, bibliographic, and virtual analytical inquiries utilizing a variety of resources such as legislative texts, monographs, academic articles, databases, and online libraries. Results. Through our examination in a distinct national context, we delineate the theoretical-philosophical and normative-ethical foundations underpinning the stances of Brazilian Supreme Court justices concerning the utilization of embryonic stem cells. Their arguments predominantly invoked significant constitutional liberties such as freedom of family planning, scientific research, and academic pursuits, intertwined with considerations of human dignity and the sanctity of life. Additionally, some justices cautioned against the potential hazards inherent in genetic manipulation.Implications. The legal and ethical ramifications of Brazil’s approach to biosafety legislation concerning embryo rights invoke the necessity for conducting neutral, unfettered scientific inquiry and regenerative therapies according to specific operational parameters. These include safeguarding the integrity of genetic inheritance, preemptive evaluation of potential risks and benefits (adherence to the precautionary principle), and ensuring informed consent for treatments. A significant hurdle consists in the need to establish robust mechanisms for overseeing research involving human embryos within the domains of biomedicine and regenerative cell therapy

Risk Stratification of Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis for Treatment with Tofacitinib: A Review of Current Clinical Data.

In this commentary, we review clinical data which helps inform individualized benefit-risk assessment for tofacitinib in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). ORAL Surveillance, a safety trial of patients ≥ 50years of age with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cardiovascular risk factors, found increased rates of safety outcomes (including major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE], malignancies excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, and venous thromboembolism) with tofacitinib versus tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi). Post hoc analyses of ORAL Surveillance have identified subpopulations with different relative risk versus TNFi; higher risk with tofacitinib was confined to patients ≥ 65years of age and/or long-time current/past smokers, and specifically for MACE, patients with a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In patients without these risk factors, risk differences between tofacitinib and TNFi could not be detected. Given differences in demographics, pathophysiology, and comorbidities, we sought to examine whether the risk stratification observed in RA is also appropriate for PsA and AS. Data from the PsA tofacitinib development program show low absolute risk of safety outcomes in patients < 65years of age and never smokers, and low MACE risk in patients with no history of ASCVD, consistent with results from ORAL Surveillance. No MACE, malignancies, or venous thromboembolism were reported in the tofacitinib AS development program. The mechanism of the ORAL Surveillance safety findings is unknown, and there are no similar prospective studies of sufficient size and duration. Accordingly, it is appropriate to use a precautionary approach and extrapolate differentiating risk factors identified from ORAL Surveillance (age ≥ 65years, long-time current/past smoking, and history of ASCVD) to PsA and AS. We recommend an individualized approach to treatment decisions based on these readily identifiable risk factors, in line with updated labeling for Janus kinase inhibitors and international guidelines for the treatment of PsA and AS.Trial Registration: NCT02092467, NCT01262118, NCT01484561, NCT00147498, NCT00413660, NCT00550446, NCT00603512, NCT00687193, NCT01164579, NCT00976599, NCT01059864, NCT01359150, NCT02147587, NCT00960440, NCT00847613, NCT00814307, NCT00856544, NCT00853385, NCT01039688, NCT02281552, NCT02187055, NCT02831855, NCT00413699, NCT00661661, NCT01877668, NCT01882439, NCT01976364, NCT00678210, NCT01710046, NCT01241591, NCT01186744, NCT01276639, NCT01309737, NCT01163253, NCT01786668, NCT03502616.

Glyphosate presence in human sperm: First report and positive correlation with oxidative stress in an infertile French population

Environmental exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as pesticides, could contribute to a decline of human fertility. Glyphosate (GLY) is the main component of Glyphosate Based Herbicides (GBHs), which are the most commonly herbicides used in the world. Various animal model studies demonstrated its reprotoxicity. In Europe, GLY authorization in agriculture has been extended until 2034. Meanwhile the toxicity of GLY in humans is still in debate. The aims of our study were firstly to analyse the concentration of GLY and its main metabolite, amino-methyl-phosphonic acid (AMPA) by LC/MS-MS in the seminal and blood plasma in an infertile French men population (n=128). We secondly determined Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Total Oxidant Status (TOS) using commercial colorimetric kits and some oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by ELISA assays. We next analysed potential correlations between GLY and oxidative stress biomarkers concentration and sperm parameters (sperm concentration, progressive speed, anormal forms). Here, we detected for the first time GLY in the human seminal plasma in significant proportions and we showed that its concentration was four times higher than those observed in blood plasma. At the opposite, AMPA was undetectable. We also observed a strong positive correlation between plasma blood GLY concentrations and plasma seminal GLY and 8-OHdG concentrations, the latter reflecting DNA impact. In addition, TOS, Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) (TOS/TAS), MDA blood and seminal plasma concentrations were significantly higher in men with glyphosate in blood and seminal plasma, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest a negative impact of GLY on the human reproductive health and possibly on his progeny. A precaution principle should be applied at the time of the actual discussion of GLY and GBHs formulants uses in Europe by the authorities.

Le principe de précaution en médecine : vingt ans après

ObjectivesThe precautionary principle (PP) is a risk management method in situations of scientific uncertainty. Its lack of precise definition in official texts led to numerous interpretations in the past. The PP was initially limited to the environment. The extension to human health raised fears of an increase of proceedings and an interference with innovative research. MethodTwenty-four people involved in the precautionary principle have been interviewed and a literature review has been carried out. ResultsA renewed analysis of the PP has emphasized several points: the PP is a complex process that includes a spirit of caution, rigorous reasoning, and evaluation of hypotheses and, lastly, precautionary measures. The major part of confusion raises when the PP is in danger of drifting into inappropriate precautionary measures; individual care medicine is well controlled by the “Code de déontologie médicale” (Code of Medical Ethics); biomedical research has scientific constraints and its own rules. In these two medical fields, PP is not applicable unless a major innovation raises an ethical problem; on the other hand, public health may be submitted to the PP. ConclusionConsequently, mastery of the PP implies to promote training actions devoted to medical doctors, administrative and political decision makers, educational establishments and the media.

Developing an Ethical Evaluation Framework for Coercive Antimicrobial Stewardship Policies.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been declared one of the top ten global public health threats facing humanity. To address AMR, coercive antimicrobial stewardship policies are being enacted in some settings. These policies, like all in public health, require ethical justification. Here, I introduce a framework for ethically evaluating coercive antimicrobial stewardship policies on the basis of ethical justifications (and their limitations). I consider arguments from effectiveness; duty of easy rescue; tragedy of the commons; responsibility-tracking; the harm principle; paternalism; justice and development; a precautionary approach; and professional duties. I consider how these justifications might form the basis for developing a comprehensive ethical framework, and the need for this to be context-specific and aligned with the priorities, evidence and needs of the particular jurisdictions in which a policy is to be enacted. I demonstrate how the ethical justifications might be used by reference to an example policy of the EU ban on the use of certain human-critical antibiotics for livestock, before concluding with challenges for further development of the framework.