Prebiotic Mannan Oligosaccharide Research Articles

Prebiotic, probiotic and marine algae suplementation in juvenile tilapia diet

This study evaluated the probiotic mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), and marine algae for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feeding. The parameters analyzed were fish-growth rate, hematological and immunological parameters, and intestinal microbiota. Also, fish were submitted to experimental infection challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila to evaluate the immune response. Nile tilapia juveniles (weight 8.86 ± 3.22 g) were used in the six treatments with four replicates, for 63 days. The treatments were: control basal diet; PAS-TR: basal diet plus 0.04 g·kg-1 of the probiotic (Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis); MOS: basal diet plus 4 g·kg-1 of the prebiotic mannooligosaccharide, 4 g·kg-1 of the prebiotic Kappaphycus alvarezii. Two more diets were formulated by a combination of PAS-TR + MOS (4 +4 g·kg-1), and PAS-TR + KAP (4 +4 g·kg-1). For the challenge experiment, the fish were fed for 21 days, infected via intraperitoneal injection with A. hydrophila (1 x 106 UFC·mL-1), and the mortality rate was registered for 15 days post-infection. Results indicated the capacity of probiotic to remain in the gut for 63 days, and it was inhibited neither by autochthonous microbiota nor by prebiotics used. The feed additives tested for Nile tilapia did not cause a beneficial or adverse effect on growth or hematological variables. However, these treatments protected the fish from A. hydrophyla infection, proved by higher survival rate, and relative protection levels. We concluded that probiotic PAS-TR and prebiotics MOS and KAP, combined or not as symbiotics, may promote immune protection and reduce the mortality rate of A. hydrophyla infection.

Synbiotic Combination between Lactobacillus paracasei VL8 and Mannan-Oligosaccharide Repairs the Intestinal Barrier in the Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis Model by Regulating the Intestinal Stem Cell Niche.

Previously, Lactobacillus paracasei VL8, a lactobacillus strain isolated from the traditional Finnish fermented dairy product Viili, demonstrated immunomodulatory and antibacterial effects. The prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) further promoted its antibacterial activity and growth performance, holding promise for maintaining intestinal health. However, this has not been verified in vivo. In this study, we elucidated the process by which L. paracasei VL8 and its synbiotc combination (SYN) with MOS repair the intestinal barrier function in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice. SYN surpasses VL8 or MOS alone in restoring goblet cells and improving the tight junction structure. Omics analysis on gut microbiota reveals SYN's ability to restore Lactobacillus spp. abundance and promote tryptophan metabolism. SYN intervention also inhibits the DSS-induced hyperactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Tryptophan metabolites from Lactobacillus induce intestinal organoid differentiation. Co-housing experiments confirm microbiota transferability, replicating intestinal barrier repair. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential therapeutic efficacy of the synbiotic combination of Lactobacillus paracasei VL8 and MOS in restoring the damaged intestinal barrier and offers new insights into the complex crosstalk between the gut microbiota and intestinal stem cells.

Effects of Dietary Mannan-Oligosaccharide (Mos) and Multi-Species of Bacillus on Growth and Feed Utilization in Leopard Coral Grouper Plectropomus leopardus Juvenile

This study assessed the growth and feed utilization in leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus juvenile fed dietary prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and multi-species of probiotic bacteria (Bacillus cereus BS6, B. subtilis BS3, and B. amiloliquefaciens BS4). The experiment was performed by feeding four replicates groups of juveniles weighing 3.61±0.60 g on four experimental diets, and each diet included: only MOS (PRE); the multi-species of Bacillus (PRO); a combination of MOS and the multi-species of Bacillus (SYN) and without supplementation (CON). When MOS (PRE) or the multi-species of Bacillus (PRO) was included in the diet solely, the growth of the fish was fairly good, although there was no significant difference with the control diet (p>0.05). Unexpectedly, the combined inclusion of MOS and the multi-species of Bacillus (SYN) did not increase the growth and feed utilization in Plectropomus leopardus juvenile. Presumably, MOS did not exert any favorable effects on the multi-species of Bacillus. This study suggested that no advantage was obtained when MOS and the multi-species of Bacillus were included in the diet simultaneously. In addition, the inclusion of MOS in higher levels may be necessary for better feed utilization and growth in leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus.

Inflection in nutrient transporter genes leads to potential changes in small intestine histomorphology with improved nutrient retention in chicken under dietary synbiotic supplementation

This study investigated the role of synbiotic supplementation on gut histomorphology, expression of nutrient transporters, and nutrient utilization in broiler chicken. Bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD), Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus (LBA), and prebiotic Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) were used to formulate total 6 dietary treatments viz. T1 (control; basal diet), T2 (BMD @ 20 mg/kg diet), T3/T4 (0.1% MOS with 106 and 107 cfu LBA/g diet), and T5/T6 (0.2% MOS with 106 and 107 cfu LBA/g diet). A total of 288 day old chicken were allocated at random among six treatments, each with six replicates of eight chicken (48 birds/treatment). Results revealed higher villus height, crypt depth, villus height: crypt depth ratio, and histological surface magnification ratio values in chicken fed a combination of MOS (0.2%) and LBA (106 or 107 cfu/g diet). BMD supplemented birds had higher values of these parameters compared to control birds. The villus width, villus bottom area, and mucosal unit bottom area were all increased in birds supplemented with BMD, but were similar to birds fed a combination of MOS (0.1 percent) and LBA (107 cfu/g diet). The villus width, villus bottom area, and mucosal unit bottom area were higher in BMD supplemented birds which were similar to the birds fed a combination of MOS (0.1%) and LBA (107 cfu/g diet). The birds fed a combination of MOS (0.2%) and LBA (106 or 107 cfu/g diet) revealed upregulation of SGLT1 and GLUT5 expression in jejunum but no significant effect was observed on the expression of PePT1 and EAAT3 gene. The AME Diet, nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium retentions were higher in birds fed a combination of MOS (0.2%) and LBA (106 or 107 cfu/g diet). However, the organic matter digestibility was higher in birds fed a combination of MOS (0.2%) and LBA (106 cfu/g diet) and BMD supplementation also improved the organic matter utilization compared to control. In conclusion, the supplementation of a combination of MOS (0.2%) and LBA (106 or 107 cfu/g diet) improves the intestinal architecture along with upregulation of SGLT1 and GLUT5 nutrient transporters and increase in nutrient digestibility in broiler chicken.

Seleksi, Karakterisasi Morfologi, dan Identifikasi Aktinobakteri Penghasil Mananase Asal Hutan Tanah Jambi untuk Produksi Mananoligosakarida


 As the world's largest producer of crude palm oil, Indonesia also produces high palm kernel cake (PKC) by-products. PKC has a high mannan content, so it can be used to produce prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS). Enzymatic MOS production can be carried out using actinobacterial mannanase's microbiological approach. The HJ45B-1 isolate was the best isolate, with a peak enzyme production of 0,338 U/mL on the 10th day of incubation. The mannanase enzyme was stable in storage at 27°C. MOS production using 1% PKC substrate produced MOS with the best degree of polymerization (2-4) with incubation for 1-3 hours. Morphological characteristics and molecular identification based on the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the HJ45B-1 isolate was Streptomyces spp.
 
 Keywords: actinobacteria, mannanase, mannan-oligosaccharides, palm kernel cake, Streptomyces

The effects of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or prebiotic mannan oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood metabolites, faecal bacteria, and economics of crossbred calves.

The ban on antibiotics as growth promoters paved the way for probiotics and prebiotics as growth promoters in animal production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or prebiotic Mannan oligosaccharides on growth performance, blood biochemical variables, and faecal bacterial count in crossbred calves. Fifteen-day-old crossbred calves (n=24) were divided into four groups, each consisting of six calves, and subjected to different experimental diets. The control group (T0) received a basal diet without any additives. The T1 and T2 groups received the basal diet and the probiotic (L. acidophilus, 2 × 1010 cfu/g) @ 1 g/calf per day and prebiotic (Mannan oligosaccharide) @ 4 g/calf per day, respectively. Calves of the T3 group were offered a basal diet and synbiotic (L. acidophilus, 0.5 g + Mannan oligosaccharide, 2 g/calf per day). The feed additives were mixed in milk. The results of 90 days feeding trial showed that calves of the T3 and T1 groups had higher (P<0.05) body weight (BW) gain and dry matter digestibility than the control. Feeding the probiotic showed a positive effect (P<0.05) on body length at the first, second, and third months, compared to the control. The blood serum total protein and globulin concentrations in the T1 group, on days 30 and 90, and T3 group, on day 90, were higher (P<0.05) than those of the control. All the treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) showed a reduction (P<0.05) in faecal coliform and E. coli count, compared to the control, on the 15th and 30th days of the study. Additionally, the T2 group showed a significant coliform count reduction on days 45 and 60 of the study. The dietary addition of L. acidophilus, 2 × 1010 cfu/g @ 1 g/calf per day and the combination of L. acidophilus, 0.5 g + Mannan oligosaccharide, 2 g/calf per day improved growth performance, serum biochemical values, and favourable gut microbiota.

Analysis of The Best Method in Produced of Synbiotics Products for Shrimp Using Microencapsulation Techniques

This research was conducted to find the best combination of coating material and microencapsulation method for synbiotics. This research consists of 3 chapters. Chapter 1, was conducted to obtain the best combination of 3 types of coating materials (whey protein, skim milk, and maltodextrin) with 3 doses of coating material (0%, 10%, and 20%). Chapter 2, was conducted to find the best microencapsulation method that can maintain viability, the density of probiotic bacteria, and physiological and biochemical properties of bacteria. The probiotic bacteria used was Pseudoalteromonas piscisida with the prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS). A total of 9 treatments in Chapter 1 was microencapsulated using spray- and drum-drying methods. Chapter 3, was conducted to determine the economic value of the synbiotic microcapsule products. The best result from Chapters 1 and 2 is synbiotics coated with a combination of 20% skim milk and 20% maltodextrin (treatment 6) with the spray drying method compared to other treatments. Treatment 6 is produced the highest percentage of product, the physical characteristics of which were good white powder when stored in cold (4°C) and room (25-29°C) temperatures. The best result in Chapter 3 is treatment 6 that showed profitable, highest R/C ratio and B/C ratio than other treatments. However, even though the quantity of the product is profitable, the resulting product can not live. Our suggestion is to use another method namely, freeze-drying for microencapsulation of heat-resistant bacteria such as the bacteria used in this study.

Hepatic transcriptome analysis reveals altered lipid metabolism and consequent health indices in chicken supplemented with dietary Bifidobacterium bifidum and mannan-oligosaccharides

This study investigated the role of dietary prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), and probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum (BFD) in lipid metabolism, deposition, and consequent health indices in broiler chicken. The supplementation of 0.2% MOS along with either 106 or 107 CFU BFD/g feed resulted in downregulation of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, sterolregulatory element binding protein-1, and apolipoprotein B100; and up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α AMP-activated protein kinase α-1, and stearoyl CoA (∆9) desaturase-1 hepatic expression in broiler chicken. The birds supplemented with 0.2% MOS along with either 106 or 107 CFU BFD/g feed depicted lower body fat percentage, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acid contents, whereas, higher palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and MUFA contents were observed. The ∆9-desaturase indices of chicken meat have shown higher values; and elongase index (only thigh) and thioesterase index have shown lower values in birds supplemented with 0.2% MOS along with either 106 or 107 CFU BFD/g feed. The meat health indices such as Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)/Saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio, Mono-saturated fatty acids (MUFA)/SFA ratio, unsaturated fatty acids (UFA)/SFA ratio, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic fatty acid ratio, saturation index, atherogenic index, thrombogenic index, and hypercholesterolemic fatty acid content were positively improved in birds supplemented with 0.2% MOS along with either 106 or 107 CFU BFD/g feed. Similarly, the birds supplemented with 0.2% MOS along with either 106 or 107 CFU BFD/g feed have shown lower serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels along with higher high density levels and improved serum health indices cardiac risk ratio, atherogenic coefficient, and, atherogenic index of plasma.

Prebiotic Mannan Oligosaccharide Pretreatment Improves Mice Survival Against Lethal Effects of Gamma Radiation by Protecting GI Tract and Hematopoietic Systems.

Total body irradiation (TBI) results in critical injuries in a dose dependent manner that primarily damages highly proliferating tissues including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and intestinal crypt stem cells etc. This may result in hematopoietic syndrome leading to bone marrow failure and gastrointestinal syndrome leading to chronic intestinal functional alterations. Death results from the gastrointestinal syndrome due to sepsis, bleeding, dehydration, and multi-system organ failure. We demonstrate that the prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) pretreatment substantially prolongs survival in both male and female mice when administered 2 h prior to radiation either through oral or intraperitoneal route. The radioprotective efficacy of MOS was found to be age dependent and improves survival even in aged mice (12–13 months old). MOS pretreatment effectively abrogates radiation-induced hematopoietic injury and accelerates recovery of lymphocytes and WBCs and alleviates depletion of circulatory blood cells. Results also illustrate that MOS pretreatment abolishes crypt cell death and denudation of villi in comparison to the respective irradiated animals and ameliorates the overall radiation-induced damage to the GI system. MOS pretreatment facilitates intestinal recovery leading to enhanced animal survival demonstrating its protection efficacy against TBI induced mortality. Moreover, MOS pretreated animals show signs of accelerated recovery in terms of severity of radiation sickness symptoms including weight loss and completely abolish TBI associated mortality.

Mannan oligosaccharide attenuates cognitive and behavioral disorders in the 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease mouse model via regulating the gut microbiota-brain axis

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive deficits and psychiatric symptoms. The gut microbiota-brain axis plays a pivotal role during AD development, which could target nutritional intervention. The prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) has been reported to reshape the gut microbiome and enhanced the formation of the neuroprotective metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Here, we found that an 8-week treatment of MOS (0.12%, w/v in the drinking water) significantly improved cognitive function and spatial memory, accompanied by attenuated the anxiety- and obsessive-like behaviors in the 5xFAD transgenic AD mice model. MOS substantially reduced the Aβ accumulation in the cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala of the brain. Importantly, MOS treatment significantly balanced the brain redox status and suppressed the neuroinflammatory responses. Moreover, MOS also alleviated the HPA-axis disorders by decreasing the levels of hormones corticosterone (CORT) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and upregulated the norepinephrine (NE) expressions. Notably, the gut barrier integrity damage and the LPS leak were prevented by the MOS treatment. MOS re-constructed the gut microbiota composition, including increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and reducing the relative abundance of Helicobacter. MOS enhanced the butyrate formation and related microbes levels. The correlation analysis indicated that the reshaped gut microbiome and enhanced butyrate formation are highly associated with behavioral alteration and brain oxidative status. SCFAs supplementation experiment also attenuated the behavioral disorders and Aβ accumulation in the AD mice brain, accompanied by balanced HPA-axis and redox status. In conclusion, the present study indicated that MOS significantly attenuates the cognitive and mental deficits in the 5xFAD mice, which could be partly explained by the reshaped microbiome and enhanced SCFAs formation in the gut. MOS, as a prebiotics, can be translated into a novel microbiota-targeted approach for managing metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.

The influence of the prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides (Actigen™) on fattening indicators and mortality of broiler chickens

Cilj rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodavanja prebiotika, manan-oligosaharida (ActigenTM) krmnim smjesama na proizvodne rezultate pilića u tovu. U istraživanju je korišteno 300 muških jednodnevnih pilića hibrida Ross 308 koji su slučajnim izborom smješteni u dvije skupine sa šest ponavljanja. Istraživanje je trajalo 38 dana, a podijeljeno je u tri razdoblja. Tijekom istraživanja pilići iz kontrolne skupine hranjeni su 14 dana početnom krmnom smjesom (PPT-1) sa 24,4% SB, 14 dana krmnom smjesom za piliće u porastu (PPT-2) sa 21,0% SB i 10 dana završnom krmnom smjesom ( PPT-3) sa 20,1% SB. Pilići pokusne skupine hranjeni su istim krmnim smjesama, ali s dodatkom ActigenTM-a. U PPT-1 je dodano 800g/t; u PPT-2 400 g/t, a u PPT-3 200 g ActigenTM-a po toni krmne smjese. Prosječne tjelesne mase na kraju istraživanja bile su 2808,86 u kontrolnoj i 2880,42 u pokusnoj skupini, a konverzija krmnih smjesa 1,58 i 1,56 kg za kilogram prirasta. Budući da su tjelesne mase u pokusnoj skupini bile veće za 2,55%, a konverzija niža, može se preporučiti upotreba ActigenTM-a u krmnim smjesama za hranidbu pilića.

Effect of prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation in diet on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, stress, and bacterial population under high stocking density condition of broiler chickens

The current study investigated the effect of prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and synbiotic (MOS mixed with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) on growth performance and bacterial population under high stocking density (HSD) conditions in broilers. A total of 605 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: normal stocking density (NSD; 30kg/m2 fed basal diets), HSD (40kg/m2 fed basal diets), HSD chickens fed 0.1% prebiotic (HSDp), and HSD fed 0.1% synbiotic (HSDs). At 35 D of age, the body weight of HSD and HSDp were poorer than NSD group (P < 0.01), whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the HSDs) group was better than the NSD group (P < 0.01). The HSDp and HSDs groups improved FCR (P < 0.01) and has cheaper feed cost per gain compared to the HSD group. Moreover, the body weight of HSDs group was heavier than the HSDp group (P < 0.05). The level of corticosterone and the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were highest in the HSD group, whereas these indexes were reduced in both HSDp and HSDs groups (P < 0.05). Duodenal, jejunal, and ileal villus heights were shortest in the HSD group (P < 0.01), and the lowest ileal segment goblet cell counts were also observed in this group (P < 0.05). The HSDp and HSDs groups improved the morphology of gastrointestinal (GI) tract (P < 0.05). The Lactobacillus sp. and Clostridium sp. count in the GI tract of HSD group were low (P < 0.01), whereas Escherichia coli was high (P < 0.01), and Salmonella spp. in jejunum and cecum were detectable when compared with NSD group. Conversely, Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Clostridium sp. in HSDp and HSDs groups were increased, and E. coli was reduced in the HSDs group (P < 0.01). Therefore, it is clear that stress from HSD negatively affected growth performance, gut morphology, and microbial population, whereas the supplementation of prebiotic or synbiotic can mitigate the effect of stress and microbial dysbiosis in gut of broiler chickens under HSD condition. Comparatively, under this condition, using synbiotic appears to have more beneficial effects than using the prebiotic.

Immune response and resistance of Pacific white shrimp larvae administered probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic through the bio-encapsulation of Artemia sp.

This study aimed to evaluate the immune response and the disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) larvae administered probiotic Pseudoalteromonas piscicida 1Ub 106 CFU mL−1, prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) 12 mg L−1, and synbiotic (probiotic P. piscicida 1Ub 106 CFU mL−1 and 12 mg L−1 prebiotic MOS) through the bio-encapsulation of Artemia sp. The bio-encapsulation was done in the rearing medium of Artemia sp. for 4 h. The bio-encapsulated Artemia sp. was administered from mysis three to post-larvae (PL) 12. After 13 days of the feeding trial, PL13 were challenged with Vibrio harveyi MR5339 RfR (3 × 107 CFU mL−1) through immersion. The challenge test was performed in the rearing medium (30 individuals L−1) for 5 days. Total hemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase activity (PO), and respiratory burst activity (RB) were measured before and 3 days after the challenge test, while the shrimp survival was observed until 5 days to evaluate the immune response. The expression of immune-related genes of the shrimp larvae including serine protein, peroxinectin, lipopolysaccharide, and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein was analyzed 24 h after the challenge test. The results demonstrated that THC, PO, RB, the expression of immune-related genes and the survivals of the shrimp larvae administered probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic were higher (p < 0.05) than that of control. The administration of probiotic P. piscisida 1Ub, prebiotic MOS, and synbiotic through the bio-encapsulation of Artemia sp. could effectively improve the immune response and the disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp larvae with the best result demonstrated by the synbiotic treatment.

Growth performance, carcass criteria, and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with either synbiotic or prebiotic under hot climatic conditions

ABSTRACT1. Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of either prebiotic or synbiotic on growth performance, carcass yield, organ weights, and serum metabolic profile of broilers under hot climatic conditions.2. In experiment 1, 150 1-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were fed dietary synbiotic (Biomin® IMBO, 0, 1 or 1.5 g kg−1 of the starter diets and 0, 0.5 or 0.75 g kg−1 of the grower diets) for 6 weeks. In experiment 2, 150 1-d-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were fed dietary prebiotic (Mannan oligosaccharide 0, 0.5 or 1 g kg−1 of the starter diets and 0, 0.25 or 0.5 g kg−1 of the grower diets) for 6 weeks. Each treatment had 10 replicates containing 5 broiler chickens each.3. Supplementation of synbiotic at 1 or 1.5 g kg−1 feed to broiler diets during 1–21 d and 0.5 or 0.75 g kg−1 feed, respectively, during 22–42 d improved (P < 0.01) body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and decreased (P < 0.01) abdominal fat, serum total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in experiment 1.4. Similarly, supplementation of the prebiotic at 0.5 or 1 g kg−1 in broiler diets during 1–21 d and 0.25 or 0.50 g kg−1 feed, respectively, during 22–42 d improved (P < 0.01) body weight gain, FCR, and decreased (P < 0.01) abdominal fat, serum cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels in experiment 2.

Effects of the prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide on the experimental periodontitis in rats.

To evaluate the effect of the prebiotic (PREB) mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the progression of the experimental periodontitis (EP) and intestinal morphology in rats. Forty rats were randomly allocated into groups (n=10): C (control), PREB, EP and EP-PREB. Groups PREB and EP-PREB received MOS incorporated into the feed daily. After 30days, groups EP and EP-PREB received a cotton ligature around their mandibular first molars, kept for 14days. Morphometrical, histomorphometrical, microcomputed tomography, gene expression analyses and immunohistochemistry were performed. Data were statistically analysed (p<0.05). Group EP-PREB showed less interproximal bone loss, area without bone in the furcation and bone porosity, and greater bone mineral density than group EP (p<0.05). It was also observed a significant decrease in IL-10 and IFN-γ gene expression, besides a decrease in TNF-α and IL-1β and an increase in TGF-β immunolabeling score for group EP-PREB. Group EP-PREB also presented villous height and crept depth values similar to group C, while group EP presented reduced values (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the oral administration of MOS promotes a protective effect against alveolar bone loss caused by EP in rats, modifying histologic and immune-inflammatory parameters, in addition to protecting the intestine.

Effect of yeast based mannan oligosaccharide (Actigen™) supplementation on growth, carcass characteristics and physiological response in broiler chickens

The effect of a prebiotic mannan oligosaccharides (Actigen™) supplementation for 35 days was analyzed on growth, carcass traits and blood physiology of broilers. A total of 360-day-old broilers distributed under completely randomized design into four treatment groups with 24 replicates of 15 birds each was fed with Actigen™ supplemented diets @ 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/Kg and a control diet. Data for growth performance were collected weekly while slaughtering data at 35th day. Results showed that the birds fed with Actigen™ added diet @ 0.6 g/Kg exhibited improved livability% (98.88±1.11), feed intake (3391.68±38.70 g), body weight (2157.66±31.52 g), weight gain (2111.49±30.89 g), FCR (1.57±0.03), dressing% (72.28±0.40), breast yield% (29.58±0.05), thigh yield% (31.61±0.30) and blood biochemical parameters. Superior (P£0.05) antibody response against ND and IB were recorded in birds exposed to Actigen™ supplemented diet @ 0.6 g/Kg. It was concluded that Actigen™ supplementation @ 0.6 g/Kg corroborated to improve growth, carcass traits, blood biochemistry and antibody response in broilers.

Effects of the prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide on feed deprived zebrafish: Growth and reproduction

This study was designed to investigate whether the prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) can reduce the deleterious impacts of feed deprivation on growth and reproduction in zebrafish. In the growth performance experiment, juvenile fish were distributed in the following four treatments: normal-control (NC), starved-control (SC), normal-prebiotic (NP) and starved-prebiotic (SP). After 8 weeks, NP and SC fish showed the highest and lowest growth patterns, respectively among treatments. Standard length, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio did not differ significantly between NC and SP treatments. Autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were significantly higher in NP and SP than the NC and SP treatments. Feed restriction resulted in significantly lower concentrations of thyroxine. In the reproductive performance experiment, additional juveniles were fed as in the growth experiment. Crossing in the final week of the experiment resulted in successful spawning in only NP fish, which showed mature sperm and oocytes in histological examinations. The number of spermatozoa was significantly lower in the fish that experienced feed restriction; however, the oocytes of SP females were at the same maturation level to that observed in NC females. Sex-steroids changed after both starvation and MOS supplementation where NC and SP showed no differences in the levels of testosterone and female's 17β-estradiol. These results indicate that MOS supplemented diet reduced some side effects of feed deprivation (final weight and length, SGR, FCR and levels of LAB and T3), and suggest that supplementation of the diet with MOS may ameliorate some of the negative effects of feed deprivation in zebrafish.

Effectivity of prebiotic mannan oligosaccharides as the immunity enhancer and growth response on whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei against white spot disease

&lt;div class="WordSection1"&gt;&lt;p class="Default" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt;This study aimed to evaluate the immune response and growth performance of white shrimp administered with prebiotic mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) with dosages of (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% in diet) and used in the feeding trial. Shrimps (&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-ab&amp;amp;q=litopenaeus+vannamei&amp;amp;spell=1&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwizqMP_mY7NAhXEvY8KHWOVATIQvwUIGigA"&gt;Litopenaeus vannamei&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;) (the initial average weight was 3.416±0.064 g) were fed at satiation, three times a day. A completely randomized design was used in the study. Shrimps were cultured at the stock density of 15 shrimps 40/L for each treatment in triplicates. After 30 days of the feeding trial, shrimp were challenged with white spot syndrome virus filtrate by intramuscular injection. The total gut bacteria, total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxydase (PO), and respiratory burst (RB) activity were observed 4 times, before the experiment, day 30&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; before challenge test, day 32&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; after challenge test, and day 36&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; the end of the experiment. The shrimp survival was observed at day 36&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; to evaluate the immune responses. The results showed that THC, PO activity, RB activity, growth performance, and shrimp survival administered with prebiotic 0.8% were significantly higher (P&amp;lt;0.05) than control. The administration of prebiotic with dose 0.8% was the best result and could effectively improve the immune responses and growth performance of whiteleg shrimp.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt;Keywords: prebiotic, whiteleg shrimp, white spot disease&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default" align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt;Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi respons imun dan performa pertumbuhan pada udang vaname yang diberi prebiotik&lt;em&gt; mannan-oligosaccharides &lt;/em&gt;(MOS) dengan dosis berbeda (0%, 0,2%, 0,4%, dan 0,8%) pada pakan. Udang vaname (&lt;a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-ab&amp;amp;q=litopenaeus+vannamei&amp;amp;spell=1&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=0ahUKEwizqMP_mY7NAhXEvY8KHWOVATIQvwUIGigA"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Litopenaeus&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; vannamei&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) (dengan rata-rata bobot 3,41 ± 0,06 g) diberi pakan tiga kali sehari secara&lt;em&gt; at satiation. &lt;/em&gt;Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Udang dipelihara dengan kepadatan 15 ekor per 40/L pada setiap perlakuan dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Setelah 30 hari pemberian pakan, udang diuji tantang menggunakan&lt;em&gt; white spot syndrome virus &lt;/em&gt;dengan diinjeksi secara intramuskular. Total bakteri usus, &lt;em&gt;total haemocyte count &lt;/em&gt;(THC)&lt;em&gt;, &lt;/em&gt;aktivitas&lt;em&gt; phenolox&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;y&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;dase &lt;/em&gt;(PO), dan aktivitas&lt;em&gt; respiratory burst &lt;/em&gt;(RB)&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;diamati 4 kali, yaitu sebelum perlakuan hari ke-30 sebelum uji tantang, hari ke-32 setelah uji tantang, dan hari ke-36 pada akhir penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa THC, aktivitas RB, aktivitas PO, performa pertumbuhan, dan kelangsungan hidup yang diberi prebiotik dengan dosis 0,8% lebih tinggi (P&amp;lt;0,05) jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol (dosis 0%). Pemberian prebiotik dengan dosis 0,8% merupakan hasil terbaik dan secara efektif mampu meningkatkan respons imun dan performa pertumbuhan pada udang vaname.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt;Kata kunci: prebiotik, udang vaname,&lt;em&gt; white spot disease&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br clear="all" /&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Effects of the prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide on the stress response of feed deprived zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Feed deprivation has deleterious effects on fish behavior and stress physiology which may susceptible them to disease outbreak. Functional ingredients in diets may substantially impact the physiology and stress responses of host organisms. Here, we hypothesized that the administration of a dietary prebiotic might attenuate the negative influences of feed deprivation on the behavioral profile of anxiety and physiological responses to stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were fed with either basal or mannan-oligosaccharide supplemented (0.4% MOS/kg diet) diets, once per day (normal-control: CN, and normal-prebiotic: PN) or once every other day (starved-control: CS, and starved-prebiotic: PS) for 8weeks. Afterwards, fish were subjected to a novel tank test to measure anxiety. Fish from the CS treatment exhibited more pronounced bottom-dwelling behavior than the other treatments. The number of transitions from the bottom to the top third of the novel tank was significantly higher in PN fish than the CS specimens. No significant differences were found between the CN and PS treatments in all of the anxiety behaviors. CS fish showed higher baseline cortisol levels than the other treatments, which was in line with higher expression of CRH gene in fish subjected to this treatment. Cortisol levels and CRH gene expression of the subjects were also measured after induction of two routine aquaculture stressors. CN and PS fish exhibited similar patterns of cortisol responses at most of the sampling times after stress, and PN specimens showed a significantly lower concentration of cortisol than the other treatments in most cases. Expression of the CRH gene was higher in feed deprived fish immediately after stress induction. Overall, the results show that feed deprivation in some cases influenced anxiety-like behaviors and elevated stress response in zebrafish juveniles; however, the addition of MOS to the diet helped deprived fish exhibit behaviors more typical of normally fed animals.

Functional diets modulate the acute phase protein response in Oncorhynchus mykiss subjected to chronic stress and challenged with Vibrio anguillarum

The acute phase response to pathogens alters the production of proinflammatory cytokines that, in turn, activate the synthesis of acute phase proteins. These proteins neutralize, prevent, and indicate tissue damage, thereby influencing the specific immune response and allowing the organism to regain homeostasis. Functional diets based in pre- and probiotics are used in aquaculture to improve fish health and resistance to diseases, but there is an information gap on the mechanisms involved in these effects and if these diets are efficient when fish are raised under high stocking densities. This study aimed an evaluation of the acute phase response in Oncorhynchus mykiss fed functional diets supplemented with pre- and probiotics (i.e. mannan-oligosaccharides and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively) and challenged by either Vibrio anguillarum or chronic stress via maintenance under high stocking densities. For this, the relative expression of acute phase response related genes in liver, and of inflammatory response related genes in head kidney was evaluated by RT-qPCR. The supplemented diets differentially modulated the acute phase protein response to the assessed challenge conditions, specifically evidencing an overexpression of the genes HAPT, SAA, LECT2, and IL-1β under chronic stress and of HAPT, IL-1β, IL8, and LECT2 at 24 h post-challenge with V. anguillarum. The observed early-stage regulation of acute phase proteins and of the immune response by the probiotic S. cerevisiae and by prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides suggests that both supplements have high immunostimulatory potentials for fish farmed under high stocking densities.