Preauricular Region Research Articles

Use of Hyaluronic Acid in Osteoarthritis of Temporomandibular Joint in Adolescent Patient

Osteoarthritis is a type of articular origin Temporomandibular disorders, being one of the most common degenerative processes affecting the temporomandibular joint. It is characterized by remodeling of the underlying subchondral bone, deterioration and abrasion of articular tissue. Intra-arti- cular injections of hyaluronic acid are considered beneficial for treatment of pain and recovery of joint tissues properties. The aim of this article is to describe the use of hyaluronic acid in the management of osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint in an adolescent patient. Female patient, 15 years old, presented pain with a year of progress in the bilateral preauricular region, with increased pain at maximum aperture. Considering the clinical and imaging tests the patient was diagnosed with disk displacement with reduction with bilateral osteoarthritic and inflammatory component. Mandibular rest, liquid diet, NSAIDs were indicated and the application of intra-articular hyaluronic acid (Suprahyalâ 25 mg / 2.5 ml) bilaterally. Control was quoted at 2, 3 and 16 weeks where the patient has no spontaneous pain and tenderness. The use of hyaluronic acid is one of the most commonly used therapeutic alternatives for the management of osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint. However, further evidence of its use in intra-articular application in adolescents and children should be incorporated.

Sialocele Post-trauma without Penetrating Injury

http://ijmss.uautonoma.cl/en/abstract/?art_id=Sialocele is a collection of saliva in the tissues surrounding the duct of the gland or parenchyma without proper drainage. The most common cause is the extravasation of saliva product to a disruption of the parenchyma or parotid duct secondary to a cutting trauma. If sialocele treatment is not performed in a timely manner it can generate an external fistula, facial scars and secondary infections. Male admitted to hospital with multiple facial fractures. After the reduction of edema, continued increased volume in the preauricular region localized, fluctuating, oval. The skin was asymptomatic, without secretions, with impairment of motor and sensory function in the right genial region. The aspiration of the increase in volume under a hypothesized hematoma was performed. After 2 days recurred. A tomography scan was requested and returned to realize the aspiration of which was sent to cytological exam. The diagnosis was post-trauma sialocele parotid and was performed emptying the contents and drainage type penrose intraoral. Was control the next day without relapses and the drain was removed after 2 months. It ́s important to know that can generate a post-trauma sialocele without necessarily cutting trauma.

Periotic sensory dysfunction via postauricular approach after otitis media surgery.

To assess the somatosensory dysfunction of the auricle and periotic skin in patients undergoing otitis media surgery. Retrospective study. Symptoms of periotic somatosensory function after surgery were investigated in 100 patients (42 males, 58 females, mean age 41.39 years) who underwent otitis media surgery. Questionnaires on periotic somatosensory disturbance were answered after surgery at least over 1 year postoperatively. Of 100 tympanoplasties, all patients were completed within a postauricular approach. The highest incidence rates of periotic sensory disturbance were found in the postauricular region (75%), followed by the auricular region (20.83%); lower rates were found in the preauricular region (2.08%) and the earlobe (2.08%). Periotic somatosensory dysfunction occurred in 48 patients (48%). The most prevalent somatosensory abnormality was tactile hypoaesthesia/numbness, evident in 28% of the patients; more remarkable, inferior postauricular region. Periotic pain was reported by 21% of the cases, mostly located in the upper auricle. Compared to the recovery time of tactile hypoaesthesia (7.36 months), patients' periotic somatosensory pain improved significantly within 4.07 months, which has obvious statistical significance (P < 0.01). The likelihood of periotic cutaneous sensory dysfunction should be emphasized to patients undergoing otitis media surgery via postauricular approaches, which occurred in nearly half of patients; the majority recovered within 1 year. Furthermore, the postauricular region is the most vulnerable location to sensory disturbance, followed by the auricular region. Functionally, periotic somatosensory pain was more easily resilient, relative to tactile hypoaesthesia/numbness. 4 Laryngoscope, 129:454-458, 2019.

Prevention of Frey syndrome

Frey syndrome (gustatory sweating) is a common and often times significant consequence of parotid gland surgery. The classic signs and symptoms include facial sweating, flushing, rubor, and sensation of heat over the preauricular region during oral stimulation. These clinical findings may provoke quality of life changes, and thus, are considered significant. Both surgical and nonsurgical treatment modalities have been advanced in the treatment of this disorder. Surgical treatment is aimed at prevention of the development of Frey syndrome and consists of a constellation of techniques which are designed to interpose tissue in the parotid surgical bed to act as a barrier to prevent aberrant parasympathetic fiber ingrowth and innervation to facial skin eccrine sweat glands. These techniques include: limiting the extent of parotid surgery when possible, use of local tissue as advancement or rotational flaps, autologous transfer of tissue, and use of allograft material.

Branchial Cyst with Branchial Fistula: A Rare Association.

Branchial arch anomalies are the most common congenital neck masses. The second branchial arch anomalies followed by first arch anomalies are seen commonly in the descending order. They originate from remnants of branchial arches and clefts. They may present as cysts, sinus tracts, fistulae or cartilaginous remnants. They are mostly located in the lateral aspect of the neck anterior to the sternocleidomastoid, anterior to the hyoid bone, preauricular region or at the angle of the mandible. A complete fistula communicating with a branchial arch cyst is a very rare congenital anomaly of the branchial apparatus. These patients are generally asymptomatic but may present with mucoid discharge from the tract. Here we present a case of branchial fistula associated with a branchial cyst in a 11year old child.

Primary Cutaneous Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Connecting to the Epidermis

Primary Cutaneous Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Connecting to the Epidermis

What Variables Are Associated With the Outcome of Arthroscopic Lysis and Lavage Surgery for Internal Derangement of the Temporomandibular Joint?

Arthroscopic lysis and lavage surgery (AS) is an effective modality that can decrease pain and increase maximum interincisal opening (MIO) in patients with internal derangement (ID) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). However, some patients remain in pain or have limited mandibular range of motion despite AS. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness, prevalence of adverse effects, and predictors of response to TMJ AS in patients with TMJ arthralgia and ID. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data of patients who had undergone AS by a single surgeon (D.A.K.) from September 2010 to April 2015 in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA). Variables, including demographic data, medical history, and clinical presentation, were extracted and analyzed. Criteria for surgical success were defined as a postoperative MIO of at least 35mm and a postoperative pain level no higher than 3 on an 11-point Likert-type numeric verbal pain rating scale. Appropriate descriptive and analytic statistics were computed and significance was set at a P value less than .05. Of the 247 participants, 226 (91.5%) were women. The mean age of the sample was 38±15.4years. Successful surgical outcome was achieved in 62.3% of patients. Based on logistic regression analysis, higher initial mean pain score and concurrent use of benzodiazepines were the only variables that predicted an unsuccessful surgical outcome (P<.001; P=.005). Adverse effects were reported by 13.4% of patients, the most common being postoperative increase inpain (13.4%), temporary malocclusion (1.2%), and temporary paresthesia in the preauricular region (0.4%). The results from this study indicate that in patients with ID of the TMJ unresponsive to noninvasive treatments, high initial pain scores and concurrent use of benzodiazepines are correlated with an unsuccessful outcome after AS.

Bilateral cervical accessory tragus: a rare pediatric neck mas

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;An accessory tragus is a small elevation of skin that contains a bar of elastic cartilage and is usually found along an imaginary line drawn from the tragus to the angle of the mouth or, uncommonly, along the anterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. These malformations are present at birth. It is usually located unilaterally in the preauricular region. Accessory tragi may occur along the migratory line, as the auricle ascends from the neck area and their origin is the mandibular branchial arch. Other auricular abnormalities are not usually associated with accessory tragus, since the majority of the external ear evolves from the second branchial arch. To the best of our knowledge this is the first accessory tragus case that seen on the lateral cervical region bilaterally.&lt;/p&gt;

Pedicled Flaps for Reconstruction of Head and Neck Region

There has been a consistent increase in the number of publications on pedicled flaps for the reconstruction of post ablation defects in the oropharyngeal area. In principle, tissue is lifted from a donor site and moved to a recipient site without disruption of blood supply. The donor site is an exact anatomically defined region of tissue that is capable of sustaining its own blood supply. The benefits of pedicled flaps include lower technical demands that obviate the need for microsurgical anastomosis and shorter operating times. For this reason, they are mostly indicated in elderly and at risk patients. The aim of this paper is to describe our experience with the regional (pedicled) (submental, supraclavicular) flaps with a focus on reliability, function, cosmesis, donor site morbidity, and oncological safety. Reconstructive techniques using distal flaps are described in 12 patients. A submental flap for reconstruction was used in 7 patients. In 5 patients, we used the supraclavicular flap. A total of 9 patients were treated primarily for squamous cell carcinoma of the orofacial region, and 3 for low-grade adenocarcinoma of the small salivary gland. In 5 patients, there was successful engraftment of the submental flap. Ischemia and necrosis of the edges of the flap occurred in 1 case. In one patient, the 3rd day after surgery, the flap was almost totally necrotised. The supraclavicular flap in 4 patiets healed completely, 1 time during the postoperative period it was infected with partial loss of the outer part of the flap from the pre auricular region. In one case there was necrosis of the terminal part of the flap in the reconstructed part of the tongue, the defect was healed by granulation tissue. In all patients, after reconstruction using supraclavicular and submental flaps, the donor site closed primarily with minimal morbidity. Regional (pedicled) flaps are thin, and pliable with good cosmetic and functional results. Reconstruction using these flaps can be accomplished in one-stage with minimum morbidity of the donor site.Key words: pedicled flap - surgical flap - head and neck cancersSubmitted: 11. 5. 2017Accepted: 5. 11. 2017 The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with parotid gland metastasis mimicking mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall

We present an atypical case of cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (cHNSCC), with parotid gland metastasis. This 56-year-old female presented with a slowly enlarging mass at the left pre-auricular region over the past year. At first, the patient described that there was only a bulging mass without apparent skin lesion or skin defect and it grew slowly. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a large lobulated lesion measuring 51 mm × 55 mm × 56 mm within the left parotid gland, which had invaded the ipsilateral masseter muscle causing displacement of the left lateral pterygoid muscle. The diagnostic radiologist made a provisional diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) based on the finding of MRI. The patient then received left total parotidectomy with ipsilateral supraomohyoid neck dissection. The diagnosis later revised to cHNSCC with parotid lymph node metastasis based on pathological findings. cHNSCC may present solely as parotid tumor without apparent skin lesion which might also mimic primary MEC of the parotid gland.

An Unusual and Rare Case of Primary Oral Malignant Melanoma Involving the Mandible in a Young Female

Background: Primary oral malignant melanomas (POMM) are rare and have been estimated to represent 1.6% of all oral malignancies and 0.2-8% of all melanomas. Most cases of melanomas involve palate and maxillary gingiva (80%) and about 20% involve mandible. The purpose of this article is to report a very unusual and rare case of melanoma in a young female involving mandible causing extreme destruction of bone. Methods and Findings: A 23 year-old female presented with a painful swelling over right mandible since 3 months. The growth extended from right preauricular region to submandibular region, was nodular and bluish black in colour and bled on touching. It caused displacement of mandibular premolars and molars. A provisional diagnosis of malignant osteolytic tumor was made. The patient underwent right hemimandibulectomy. Intraoperatively, the tumor was seen involving the entire mandibular body. On gross examination, right hemimandibulectomy specimen was received in pieces measuring 12 × 9.5 × 5.2 cm containing seven teeth. The tumor had perforated the lingual cortical plate. Cut surface was friable and black in colour. Microscopy showed a biphasic high grade neoplasm comprising of round to spindled tumor cells exhibiting marked nuclear pleomorphism and brisk mitosis, laden with granular brownish pigment melanin. The findings were consistent with the diagnosis of pigmented malignant melanoma and confirmed on immunohistochemistry as the tumor expressed vimentin and HMB45 and was negative for CK, EMA and p40. Conclusion: Involvement of mandibular bone by melanoma is rare. However, when they involve the bone, they are indistinguishable from other lytic malignant tumors or osteomyelitis. The present case emphasizes the need to learn the unusual location, the possible presentation of oral melanoma and inclusion of this rare tumor in the differential diagnosis of lytic bone tumors.

The Hybrid Technical Management of Large and Complicated Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula of Preauricular Region.

Background:Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is defined as an abnormal communication between the high flow arterial system and the low flow venous network, which directly connects the arterial feeding vessels and the near draining veins without normal intervening capillary bed. Arteriovenous fistula incurs in preauricular region is exceeding rare. Most of these fistulae occur as a result of an iatrogenic injury, the volume is small, feeding and draining vessels of feeding and draining are simple, and can be cured easily. However, the treatment of the large and complicated AVF after incidental trauma in preauricular region is a challenge even for senior neurosurgeon. In this study, the authors discuss the management of a traumatic AVF through combined therapeutic method of surgical ligation and transarterial embolization. It is fed by ipsilateral superficial temporal artery, internal maxillary artery, posterior auricular artery, and their accessory branches and is drained by ipsilateral common facial vein and external jugular vein. Also the etiology, clinical manifestations, pathology, diagnosis, and management are summarized.Conclusion:Large and complicated traumatic AVF in preauricular region is rare, often due from an injury in maxillofacial region, combined therapy needed.

Stab injury to the preauricular region with laceration of the external carotid artery without involvement of the facial nerve: a case report

BackgroundOpen injuries to the face involving the external carotid artery are uncommon. These injuries are normally associated with laceration of the facial nerve because this nerve is more superficial than the external carotid artery. Hence, external carotid artery lesions are usually associated with facial nerve dysfunction. We present an unusual case report in which the patient had an injury to this artery with no facial nerve compromise.Case presentationA 25-year-old Portuguese man sustained a stab wound injury to his right preauricular region with a broken glass. Immediate profuse bleeding ensued. Provisory tamponade of the wound was achieved at the place of aggression by two off-duty doctors. He was initially transferred to a district hospital, where a large arterial bleeding was observed and a temporary compressive dressing was applied. Subsequently, the patient was transferred to a tertiary hospital. At admission in the emergency room, he presented a pulsating lesion in the right preauricular region and slight weakness in the territory of the inferior buccal branch of the facial nerve. The physical examination suggested an arterial lesion superficial to the facial nerve. However, in the operating theater, a section of the posterior and lateral flanks of the external carotid artery inside the parotid gland was identified. No lesion of the facial nerve was observed, and the external carotid artery was repaired. To better understand the anatomical rationale of this uncommon clinical case, we dissected the preauricular region of six cadavers previously injected with colored latex solutions in the vascular system. A small triangular space between the two main branches of division of the facial nerve in which the external carotid artery was not covered by the facial nerve was observed bilaterally in all cases.ConclusionsThis clinical case illustrates that, in a preauricular wound, the external carotid artery can be injured without facial nerve damage. However, no similar description was found in the reviewed literature, which suggests that this must be a very rare occurrence. According to the dissection study performed, this is due to the existence of a triangular space between the cervicofacial and temporofacial nerve trunks in which the external carotid artery is not covered by the facial nerve or its branches.

MALHERBE'S CALCIFYING EPITHELIOMA (PILOMATRIXOMA): A SERIES OF THREE CASES

Herein we report on 3 clinical cases of pilomatrixoma, discussing the diagnosis and clinical and histologic features, as well as treatment. Pilomatrixoma is a benign tumor of the skin, originating from within the hair follicle matrix, and represents 0.12% of skin tumors. The lesion has its peak incidence in the first and sixth decades of life, being more common in women. Patients reported to the service presenting with nodular lesions as their chief complaint. Clinical examination revealed painless, firm, fluctuating nodule on palpation. Locations of the lesions were: left preauricular region, left zygomatic region and right mandibular angle. The patients ranged in age from 10 to 30 years. Two cases had fine needle aspiration procedure, but only 1 had cytopathologic suggestion of pilomatrixoma. Excisional biopsy was performed in 3 cases with histopathologic diagnosis confirmation. Patients were followed-up without recurrence for 6 to 24 months.

Two different techniques of manufacturing TMJ replacements – A technical report

IntroductionPresently, during the surgical treatment of the patients in maxillofacial surgery, one can use various medical implants. Moreover custom made implants are being used. Replacements may be fitted to the structure and shape of the human skull owing to CAD/CAM (custom aided design/manufacture) called customized implants. This study was aimed to report for the first time clinical material from which custom implants, using two different techniques, were manufactured to reconstruct the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Material and methodsIn this study, eleven patients with an average age of 54 years were included. All of the patients underwent TMJ reconstruction using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) or computer numerical control milling (CNC) techniques for implant manufacture. Four of the eleven patients had a malignancy diagnosis, and seven had a benign diagnosis. Patients complained of hypomobility of the TMJ, facial asymmetry, pain and swelling of the preauricular region. Treatment included 7 CNC milled implants and 4 implants in DMLS. ResultsMore metallic implant parts with a rough surface were associated with the DMLS technique. Post operational, uneventful healing was observed in all clinical cases during an average of 26.8 months of follow-up. Three months post-operation, facial nerve palsy, swallowing disturbances and pain were not observed. Infections, allergic reactions to materials and re-ankylosis were also not observed. Replacements received correct forms and functions owing to the CAM techniques. Post-operational maximal interincisal opening improved (p < 0.01) and was not significantly related to preoperational opening, age, sex, diagnosis or adjuvant radiotherapy. ConclusionConsidering both methods, the feature that differentiates the manufacture technique is the more subtractive surface finishing required for the DMLS implant than the CNC implant. Both techniques resulted the same clinical outcomes and can be used successfully in patients with neoplastic lesions and other TMJ disorders. Unfortunately, DMLS is more vulnerable to fracture.

Use of botulinum toxin type a in temporomandibular disorder

ABSTRACT Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) may be defined as a set of clinical scenarios involving the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures. Currently, 40 to 75% of the population has some sign of temporomandibular disorder, mainly pain located in the muscles of mastication in the pre-auricular region. The present clinical case was diagnosed as muscle temporomandibular disorder secondary to parafunction, as well as muscle hyperactivity due to surgical displacement of the left temporal muscle on two occasions, one for placement of aneurysm clips and the other for tumor excision from the supraorbital region on the left side. The patient sought medical and dental attention for 10 years due to constant headaches, tiredness and pain in the cheeks. The patient tried numerous bite-guards and pharmacological therapies to no avail. The American Academy of Orofacial Pain Questionnaire was applied combined with the Criteria for Research and Diagnostics (DRC) and a decision was made to use botulinum toxin type A in the masseter and temporalis muscles. An analog pain scale was applied over 90 days. Three days following the application of botulinum toxin type A, the patient reported a significant improvement with complete resolution of pain (level 0) after 90 days. At 12 weeks from starting treatment, facial muscle physiotherapy was introduced to strengthen the muscles of mastication and the patient remained pain-free, which allowed the preparation and adaptation of a snap-on prosthetic appliance. In conclusion, the use of botulinum toxin in patients with temporomandibular disorder should be considered as a viable therapeutic option.

Multiple viral plaques with sebaceous differentiation associated with an unclassified papillomavirus type in a cat

CASE HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGSA 15-year-old neutered male domestic short-haired cat was presented due to multiple 0.5–2 cm-diameter crusting plaques in the left preauricular region, over the bridge of nose, and in the right periocular region. The plaques did not appear to cause discomfort.HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGSBiopsy samples of four plaques were examined histologically. Three plaques consisted of well-demarcated foci of mild epidermal hyperplasia overlying markedly hyperplastic sebaceous glands. Approximately 60% of the hyperplastic cells contained a large cytoplasmic vacuole that ranged from being clear to containing prominent grey-blue fibrillar material. The fourth plaque was composed solely of epidermal hyperplasia, consistent with previous descriptions of feline viral plaques.MOLECULAR BIOLOGYPapillomavirus DNA was amplified from all four plaques using PCR. A single DNA sequence was amplified from the plaques with sebaceous differentiation. This sequence was identical to the FdPV-MY sequence previously suggested to be from a putative unclassified papillomavirus type. Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 sequences were amplified from the plaque typical of feline viral plaques. Immunohistochemistry to detect p16CDKN2A protein (p16) showed marked immunostaining throughout the hyperplastic epidermis and adnexal structures within the plaques with sebaceous differentiation.DIAGNOSISMultiple feline viral plaques with variable sebaceous differentiation.CLINICAL RELEVANCEFeline viral plaques with sebaceous differentiation have not been previously reported in cats. The presence of unique cell changes within these lesions, the detection of an unclassified papillomavirus type, and the p16 immunostaining within these plaques suggest that they may have been caused by the papillomavirus that contains the FdPV-MY sequence.

Diagnosis and treatment of Treacher Collins syndrome: Report of a rare case with literature review

Treacher Collins syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects one in 50,000 live births with no gender predilection. It occurs due to defect in the development of structures derived from the first and second branchial arches, grooves, and pouches. Mutation of the TCOF1, POLR1C, and POLR1D genes that code for “Treacle” protein causes an abnormal apoptosis of neural crest cells that leads to the development of the classic features. A typical “bird-face” appearance is seen due to hypoplasia of the malar region, zygoma, and mandible. An abnormally large mouth gives a “fish-mouth” appearance. Other features such as antimongoloid slant of the palpebral fissures, coloboma of lower eyelids, and tongue-shaped hair process at the preauricular region help to confirm the diagnosis. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment helps to lessen the physical and psychological burden associated with the syndrome and helps in utilizing the normal skeletal growth pattern to achieve an optimal quality of life for the affected individual.

Structure and Mucopolysaccaride Type of Major Salivary Glands of the Sunda Porcupines ( Hystrixjavanica )

Sunda porcupines are one of the rodent species endemic to Indonesia. There is lack information related to the anatomical structure of their major salivary glands. The study aims to identify the anatomical structures and types of mucopolysaccharides produce d by the major salivary glands of Sunda porcupine. Four tissue samplesof major salivary glands of Sunda porcupine were processed for paraffin method and analyzed by Hematoxylin - Eosin, Alcian Blue - Periodic Acid Schiff, and lectin histochemistry for saphora japonica agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin . The parotid gland found in the preauricular region and along the posterior surface of the mandible, while the submandibular and sublingual glands were located on the floor of the mouth posterior to each mandib ular canine. The parotid gland was divided into two lobules, each composed by different types of acini in a separate lobulation. HE staining showed that parotid gland looks unique because in the anterior lobe, the acini are dominated by serous cell - type, w hile in posterior lobe are composed by mixed of serous and mucous cell - types. The acini of submandibular gland consist of serous cells - type, but sublingual gland acini covered by mucous cell - type. All of three major salivary glands have complete duct syste m comprising intercalated, striated and excretory ducts. The acini of parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands contain acid and neutral, neutral, and acid mucopolysaccharides, respectively. Lectin staining using SJA and WGA indicates that acini in sal ivary glands of sunda porcupine contain sugar residue of N - acetylgalactosamine and N - acetylglucosamine which is a derivative of galactose and glucose by the order of intensity from weak to strong in the parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands.The pres ent results provide for the first time data on the anatomical structure and mucopolysaccharides type produced by major salivary glands of Sunda porcupines. Sunda porcupine, major salivary gland, anatomical structure, mucopolysaccharides.

Changes of Langerhans cells during skin ageing.

IntroductionDuring the process of skin ageing, changes occur in all skin layers and all cells, including the Langerhans cells.AimTo assess whether any quantitative difference in the number of CD1a+ LC cells/mm2 and HLA-DR+ LC cells/mm2 as well as in their morphological features can be observed during the course of different types of skin ageing.Material and methodsThe study was conducted in a group of 60 women, which was divided into three independent groups: group I with symptoms of menopausal skin ageing, group II with symptoms of photoageing, group III with symptoms of chronological ageing. Skin biopsy samples were taken from the pre-auricular region from all of the participants. The number of CD1a+ LC cells/mm2 and HLA-DR+ LC cells/mm2 as well as their morphological features were evaluated.ResultsThe frequency of CD1a+ LC and HLA-DR+ LC in all the studied groups was diverse. In groups I and III, the LC with large cell bodies and long, multi-branched processes were the majority. In group II, the LC had small cell bodies and their processes were mainly short and unbranched.ConclusionsThe obtained results indicate the presence of quantitative and morphological changes of the CD1a+ LC and HLA-DR+ LC during the course of different types of skin ageing.