Pretreatment Of Raw Material Research Articles

Comparative Life-cycle Assessment of Slurry and Wet Accelerated Carbonation of BOF Slag

This work reports the results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) of two carbonation processes aimed at permanent CO2 storage, employing Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag from steel manufacturing as alkalinity source. Specifically, the performance of the slurry phase and wet carbonation routes were compared assuming to store the CO2 emitted from a 10 MW conventional natural gas power plant. The LCA was based on the material and energy requirements for each of the involved process steps, i.e. pre-treatment and transport of raw materials, CO2 compression, carbonation, post treatments and management of the obtained products. The slurry and wet route resulted in a net avoided greenhouse warming potential (GWP) of 473 and 384kg CO2/MWhel, respectively. Nevertheless, both routes affected the other environmental impact categories. In general, the wet route had approximately two times higher impact than the slurry route, due in particular to the higher material and energy requirements. An exception was the abiotic resource depletion which resulted higher for the slurry route due to greater water requirement with respect to the wet route. The contributions to all mid-point impact categories were mainly due to energy requirements. A sensitivity analysis showed that the environmental impacts are affected by the energy mix and by the transport distance of slags and carbonation products.

Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Naringenin in the Fruit Bodies of Inonotus vaninii by Two-phase Acid Hydrolysis Followed by Reversed Phase-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-ultra Violet.

Introduction:Sanghuang is one of mystical traditional Chinese medicines recorded earliest 2000 years ago, that included various fungi of Inonotus genus and was well-known for antitumor effect in modern medicine. Inonotus vaninii is grown in natural forest of Northeastern China merely and used as Sanghuang commercially, but it has no quality control specification until now. This study was to establish a rapid method of two-phase acid hydrolysis followed by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet (RP-HPLC-UV) to quantify naringenin in the fruit body of I. vaninii.Materials and Methods:Sample solution was prepared by pretreatment of raw material in two-phase acid hydrolysis and the hydrolysis technology was optimized. After reconstitution, analysis was performed using RP-HPLC-UV. The method validation was investigated and the naringenin content of sample and comparison were determined.Results:The naringenin was obtained by two-phase acid hydrolysis method, namely, 10.0 g of raw material was hydrolyzed in 200 mL of 1% sulfuric acid aqueous solution (v/v) and 400 mL of chloroform in oil bath at 110°C for 2 h. Good linearity (r = 0.9992) was achieved between concentration of analyte and peak area. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of precision was 2.47% and the RSD of naringenin contents for repeatability was 3.13%. The accuracy was supported with recoveries at 96.37%, 97.30%, and 99.31%. The sample solution prepared using the proposed method contained higher content of naringenin than conventional method and was stable for 8 h.Conclusion:Due to the high efficiency of sample preparation and high reliability of the HPLC method, it is feasible to use this method for routine analysis of naringenin in the fungus.SUMMARY A convenient two-phase acid hydrolysis was employed to produce naringenin from raw material, and then an efficient and reliable reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet method was established to monitor naringenin in the fruit bodies of Inonotus vaninii. The newly established method could be used to control the quality of the herb. Abbreviations used: RP-HPLC-UV: Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultra Violet, RSD: Relative Standard Deviation, EtOAc: Ethyl acetate, ACN: Acetonitrile, MeOH: Methanol, RH: Relative Humility.

Modeling of mechanical treatment of napiform onion to determine the rational parameters of its cleaning

In order to improve quality of the process of cleaning vegetable raw materials, development of new equipment is necessary, which will allow processing different kinds of raw materials and manufacturing products with stable quality indicators. When designing new equipment, it is necessary to take into account that the new machinery should have compact dimensions, be versatile and multioperational. This will make it possible to successfully compete in the domestic and international markets. We designed an experimental installation with appropriate methodology that allows studying the process of cleaning napiform onion with the capacity to determine the impact of all its parameters on the percentage of loss of raw materials and efficiency of cleaning the product. This is provided for by the presence of a working drum that rotates around its axis in an experimental set-up. The rotation frequency may be changed in the required range. The working drum has at its surface special openings for cutting inedible part of the bulbs. A mathematical model of treating napiform onion during cleaning was obtained. Mathematical model takes the form of a system of inequalities, which links the coefficient of filling the drum and central angle of the segment with product. The model proves that the optimal mode of motion of the product in the drum device for cleaning is the mode under which a layer of bulbs lose equilibrium state and there occur sliding forces relative to the inner surface of the drum, which, together with the force of friction, determine the effort for cutting the neck and stem of a bulb. We received equations to calculate the limiting modes of motion when moving in the drum, which explicitly take into account the friction coefficient, angle of natural bevel of the layer of product and the magnitude of drum load. It was established that the maximum value of degree of cleaning the bulbs is 88…98 %. Mathematical modeling of the process of mechanical treatment of napiform onion allows us to determine rational parameters of the combined process of its cleaning. These parameters include rotation frequency of the working drum, load factor of the working chamber and the shape of openings in the working drum. On the basis of the conducted theoretical and experimental research, we designed a device for the combined cleaning of napiform onion. The device allows thermal pre-treatment of raw materials with the aim of weakening the bond between husk and a bulb. Subsequent mechanical treatment, which is also implemented in the device, provides complete cleaning of the product from husk.

Processing of low-fired glass-free Li2MgTi3O8 microwave dielectric ceramics

An approach in which the raw materials of Li2CO3, MgO and TiO2 were ball milled before mixing (abbreviated as LMT2) was reported. For the traditional ceramic technique (abbreviated as LMT1), the raw materials of Li2CO3, MgO and TiO2 were directly used without further processing. The powders from LMT2 tended to be smaller and uniform and the ceramics exhibited higher densities than that of LMT1, which significantly lowered the sintering temperature from 1075 °C to 925 °C. LMT2 ceramics sintered at 925 °C exhibited good microwave dielectric performance with εr = 27.0, Q × f = 58,480 GHz (at ∼ 5.8 GHz), τf = 0.45 ppm/°C. Moreover, LMT2 ceramic was found to be chemically compatible with Ag. The results indicate that the pretreatment of raw materials is a relatively simple and particularly effective method to obtain glass-free Li2MgTi3O8 LTCC ceramics.

Glass-free Li2ZnTi3O8 low temperature cofired ceramics by pretreating raw materials

In this work, a method (abbreviated as LZT2) to obtain glass-free Li2ZnTi3O8 low temperature cofired ceramics was reported. For the LZT2, the raw materials of Li2CO3, ZnO and TiO2 were ball milled before mixing, while those for the traditional ceramic technique (abbreviated as LZT1) were directly used without further processing. The powders from LZT2 tended to be smaller and uniform, which lowered the optimized sintering temperature of ceramics from 1050 °C (LZT1) to 950 °C (LZT2). After sintering at 950 °C, LZT2 ceramics exhibit good microwave dielectric performance with er = 25.8, Q × f = 74,200 GHz (at ~5.9 GHz), τf = −13 ppm/°C. Moreover, LZT2 ceramic was found to be chemically compatible with Ag when sintered at 950 °C for 2 h. These results indicate that the pretreatment of raw materials is a relatively simple and effective method to optimize the sinterability and microwave dielectric properties of LZT ceramics.

Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion of Rice Straw for Biogas Production : A Review

Abstract Biogas is one of the alternative fuel to decrease the consumption of fossil fuel. Raw materials for biogas production can derive from a wide range of organic wastes including lignocellulosic biomass such as rice straw. Lignocellulosic biomass is abundant and renewable. Biogas production can be processed by solid-state anaerobic digestion. Many factors should be considered on SS-AD, including pretreatment of raw material. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide existing knowledge in SS-AD, factors influencing SS-AD, pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass and identify the preceding researches on the SS-AD. Key words : biogas, solid-state anerobic digestion, lignocellulose, rice straw

Effect of alkaline pretreatment on the preparation of regenerated lignocellulose fibers from bamboo stem

In this study, the effect of alkaline pretreatment on preparation of regenerated lignocellulose fibers from bamboo stem was studied in detail. Prior to being dissolved in [Emim]OAc, bamboo stems were ground and treated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide solutions. The obtained spinning dopes were then extruded into water coagulation bath and regenerated to composite fibers. The properties of the raw materials, spinning dopes, and regenerated fibers were investigated. Results showed that alkaline pretreatment could break the rigid structure of lignocelluloses by removing part of hemicelluloses and lignin as well as changing the polymorphous lattice and C r I of cellulose. The increased specific surface area of raw materials enhanced the accessibility of solvent, promoted the swelling process and shortened the dissolution time. The viscosity of the spinning dopes and the strength of the regenerated fiber reached the maximum value when the bamboo powder was treated with 20 wt% sodium hydroxide at 60 °C for 4 h. In addition, the fibers prepared from the alkali-treated raw materials showed round cross-section and wrinkled surface. Therefore, the properties of the regenerated lignocellulose fibers could be improved by employing an appropriate alkali pretreatment of raw materials.

Enhanced sintering ability and microwave dielectric properties of LiZnNbO4 ceramics with pretreatment of raw materials

In present study, an approach to further improve the sintering ability and microwave dielectric properties of LiZnNbO4 (LZN) ceramics was reported. For the conventional ceramic technique (abbreviated as LZN1), the raw materials of Li2CO3, ZnO and Nb2O5 were directly used without further processing, while those for LZN2 were ball milled before mixing. The powders from LZN2 tends to be smaller and uniform and the ceramic has higher densities than that of LZN1 at low sintering temperatures (<980 °C), which significantly improves the microwave dielectric properties of LZN ceramic. In addition, in a wide sintering temperatures range (980 °C–1100 °C), LZN2 keeps a stable permittivity of εr ∼ 15 and quality factor of Q×f ∼ 60000 GHz (at ∼9 GHz). Especially, LZN2 ceramic sintered at 1070 °C exhibits very good microwave dielectric performance with εr = 15.6, Q×f = 85,310 GHz (at ∼9.1 GHz), τf = −63.7 ppm/°C, indicating that the pretreatment of raw materials is a simple and an effective strategy to obtain a dense LZN ceramic with more excellent dielectric properties and stability.

USING BY MUTANT STRAINS C. ACETOBUTYLICUM LIGNO-CELLULOSIC MATERIAL AS A SUBSTRATE

Aim. To create a mutant strain with increased accumulation of butanol by chemical mutagenesis (mutating agent N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine) cultured on switchgrass biomass mash. Methods. To obtain the mutant strain there were used the method of induced mutagenesis. To determine the production of alcohols there were used gas chromatography. Results. Processing C. acetobutylicum ІMB culture B-7407 (IFBG C6H) via the mutagen N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, led to 99% cell death. There were obtained a mutant resistant strain C. acetobutylicum IFBG C6H 5M which produced 45% more butanol on lignocellulosic materials (switchgrass biomass Panicum virgatum L) compared with the parent strain. It has been shown that the strain does not change its feature to increased synthesis of butanol over 10 passages. The strain of C. acetobutylicum IFBG C6H 5M had a similar morphology to the original strain, but gained the ability to use askulin and trehalose as a substrate. The optimal parameters of the pretreatment of raw materials (crushing ratio, the concentration in the fermentation medium, the temperature and time of cooking) for the cultivation of a mutant strain have been found. It is shown that the optimal concentration of switchgrass biomass in fermentation medium was 60 g/l. It has been shown that the highest concentration of butanol (2.6 g/l and 1.8 g/l to mutant and original strain) accumulated in the culture liquid using raw material pretreated at 2 atm. for 2 hours. Conclusions. Using the methods of induced mutagenesis promising strains can be obtained, which together with optimizations cultivation parameters have an increased yield of the desired product as compared to the parent strain.

Recycled medical cotton industry waste as a source of biogas recovery

Anaerobic digestion is a technology widely used for treatment of organic waste for biogas production. In this study, medical cotton industry wastes were examined as a source for biogas production. The effects of inoculum addition, pretreatment of substrate, and temperature on the biogas production were taken into consideration. Results revealed that the effect of inoculum addition was more significant than the alkaline pretreatment of raw waste materials. The biogas recovery from inoculated waste materials exceeded its production from non-inoculated wastes by almost 46%. Whereby, the increase of biogas recovery from pretreated wastes was 20% higher than its production from untreated wastes. The thermophilic conditions improved the biogas yield by approximately 92%. The kinetic of bio-digestion process was well described by modified Gompertz model and the experimental and predicted values of biogas production were fitted well with correlation coefficient values >0.96 suggesting favorable conditions of the process.

Effect of size reduction by freeze-milling on processing properties of beta-glucan oat bran

An effect of freeze-milling on processing properties of beta-glucan oat bran has been evaluated. A comparison with existing, patented methods of high molecular weight oat beta-glucan has been carried out. The new method employs raw material pre-treatment with freezing and milling in a hammer mill, resulting in significant reduction of particle size – 89% was between 80 and 50 μm in comparison with initial material when 79% were between 250 and 200 μm. Reduction of particle size also improved some process parameters of extraction technology – 30% improvement in fat removal during first stage of beta-glucan recovery was observed. The achieved pilot plant yield of product containing beta-glucan extraction was 64,03%, purity (ie. beta-glucan content), of achieved product was 84,4% and average molecular weight was about 69,500 g/mol.

Evaluation of ethanol fermentation parameters for bioethanol production from sugar beet pulp and juice

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficient utilization of sugar beet pulp, as well as raw, concentrated raw and thick sugar beet juice, for bioethanol production. Different fermentation conditions were examined. The influence of raw material pre-treatment (pasteurization or sterilization), type of batch culture process (stationary or shaken) as well as the type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast preparation on the yields of the process were studied. Moreover, the fermentation process effectiveness was examined in connection with the quality of the obtained distillates. Sterilization, stationary batch culture and Safdistil C-70 yeast preparation were identified as the most profitable factors for sugar beet pulp fermentation, providing a high fermentation efficiency and ethanol yield (87.7% of theoretical ethanol yield). Concentrated raw beet juice resulted in a value of 94.2% of theoretical yield, and thick juice a 92.6% yield. The results suggest that bioethanol production from sugar beet pulp and sugar beet juice has promise as an alternative fuel. The raw spirits obtained from the sugar beet juice were characterized as having the lowest quantity of volatile by-products. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Effects of Microwave Pretreatment of Apple Raw Material on the Nutrients and Antioxidant Activities of Apple Juice

Microwave technology has been widely applied in food processing. To investigate the effects of microwave pretreatment of raw material on the nutrients and antioxidant activities of apple juice, the apple materials were treated with 90, 270, 450, 720, and 900 W microwave at 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 s, respectively. The results showed that after the raw materials were treated with microwave, the vitamin C, amino nitrogen, and anthocyanin content decreased, and the total flavonoids and polyphenol of apple juice increased. Further, the total polyphenol of apple juice originating from raw material treated with 900 W microwave through 75 s was 115% higher than that of control samples. The antioxidant activities of prepared apple juice increased in terms of diphenyl-picryl hydrazyl, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, and iron chelating activity. So appropriate microwave pretreatment of apple raw material could increase some specific nutrients and enhance the antioxidant activities of apple juice.

Optimization of conditions for isolation of high quality chitin from shrimp processing raw byproducts using response surface methodology and its characterization.

Chitin is one of the most abundant bioactive biopolymer on earth. It is commercially extracted from seafood processing crustacean shell byproducts by harsh thermochemical treatments. The extraction conditions, the source and pretreatment of raw material significantly affect its quality and bioactivity. In this investigation response surface methodology (RSM) has been applied to optimize and evaluate the interaction of variables for extraction of high quality chitin from shrimp processing raw byproducts. Variables such as, concentration of HCl (%, v/v) 4.5 (for wet) and 4.9 (for dry), reaction time 3h, solid liquid ratio of HCl (w/v) 1:5.5 (for wet) and 1:7.9 (for dry) with two treatments achieved >98% demineralization of shrimp byproduct. Variables such as, concentration of NaOH 3.6% (w/v), reaction time 2.5h, temperature 69.0 ± 1°C, solid liquid ratio of NaOH 7.4 (w/v) and two treatments accomplished >98% deproteinization of demineralized byproducts. Significant (p ≤ 0.05-0.001) interactive effects were observed between different variables. Chitin obtained in these conditions had residual content (%, w/w) of ash <0.4 and protein <0.8 and the degree of N-acetylation was >93% with purity of >98%. In conclusion, the optimized conditions by RSM can be applied for large scale preparation of high quality chitin from raw shrimp byproduct.

Ethanol fermentation of waste bread using granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme: Effect of raw material pretreatment

The subject of this research project was assessment of direct starch to ethanol conversion process course of waste wheat-rye bread using granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme (GSHE). Several pretreatment methods (enzymatic prehydrolysis, microwave irradiation, sonification) were used to improve the course of fermentation and were compared with separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Due to high water binding capacity of raw material fermentations were conducted at a substrate loading of 150gkg−1. Only during enzymatic pretreatment and the SHF process the raw material was preliminary liquefied so its higher concentrations could be applied. The dynamics of fermentation was similar in all studied variants. The fermentation of unpretreated waste bread ended with 80.00% ethanol yield (354.36gkg−1 of raw material). Pretreatment of raw material improved ethanol yield by ca. 3–8%.

Process synthesis for antioxidant polyphenolic compounds production from Matisia cordata Bonpl. (zapote) pulp

The interest on polyphenolic compounds has increased because of their possible utilization as natural food colorants, especially used as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. In the present paper, a systematic approach for process synthesis of polyphenolic compounds production from Mastisia cordata Bonpl. pulp (zapote) is presented. Simulation procedures based on experimental characterization were used to evaluate the conversion pathways of raw material pretreatment, extraction and concentration using Aspen Plus software. Process alternatives in pretreatment (tray drying and freeze drying), extraction (conventional solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction) and concentration (vacuum distillation and ultrafiltration with nanofiltration) were considered in this study. Productivity analysis and energy requirements for each process configuration were also determined. Process synthesis based on maximum production of polyphenolic compounds from Matisia cordata Bonpl. pulp and minimum operating costs of entire processes were performed. Based on result shown, both objective functions are contracting each other, fuzzy optimization was adapted to solve them simultaneously.

Синтез ионных жидкостей на основе катионов 1,3-диалкилимидазолия и тетраалкиламмония для проведения предобработки лигноцеллюлозного сырья с целью увеличения его гидролизуемости

In this paper, based on the theoretical analysis of the properties of ionic liquids dependence on their structure a number of compounds of this class with the optimal structure was synthesized for continuing the process of pretreatment of lignocelluloses raw material. The purpose of preprocessing is to remove lignin and hemicelluloses, as well as to reduce degree of crystallinity and increase the porosity of the cellulose, making it more accessible to the enzymes in the subsequent hydrolysis step in a process of production of bioethanol. As the optimal structures ionic liquids were proposed containing acetate and iodide anions.

The Extraction and Activity Test of Bioactive Compounds in Phaleria Macrocarpa as Antioxidants

Phaleria macrocarpa, one of native Indonesian plants, contains various bioactive compounds and thus possesses antioxidant, antimicrobial, or even anti cancer attributes. This study is the first stage of ongoing 3 years project to isolate and quantify the antioxidant content in the fruit of Phaleria macrocarpa, which possessed higher antioxidant activity than berry fruits, especially for natural food preservative application. In particular, the optimum condition for the extraction process using methanol was the main purpose of this study. The raw material pretreatment (drying) method prior to extraction was also investigated. The bioactivity of the extract obtained from each method was then compared to commercial dried P. macrocarpa by phytochemical screening methods. Tray and air drying methods resulted in the most complete phytochemical content followed by sun drying, in which the alkaloid were lost. Commercial dried P.macrocarpa showed similar phytochemical contents with sun drying specimen, but with additional lost of saponin compounds. The antioxidant contents were measured as DPPH equivalencies which showed tray drying method had the best antioxidant activity of 0.200μmol DPPH/mg (dry basis), followed by air drying and sun drying of 0.117 and 0.037μmol DPPH/mg (dry basis), respectively. Two important extraction process parameters were optimized using central composite experimental design by varying operation temperatures from 35 to 50°C and F:S (g/mL) ratio from 1:20 to 1:50. The response surface analysis showed a maximum response point (F:S=0.02 and T= 50°C), at which the highest antioxidant content (yield) of 0.3234μmol DPPH/mg dry basis could be achieved.

Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation of corn stover by Clostridium species: present status and future perspectives

Sustainable vehicle fuel is indispensable in future due to worldwide depletion of fossil fuel reserve, oil price fluctuation and environmental degradation. Microbial production of butanol from renewable biomass could be one of the possible options. Renewable biomass such as corn stover has no food deficiency issues and is also cheaper in most of the agricultural based countries. Thus it can effectively solve the existing issue of substrate cost. In the last 30years, a few of Clostridium strains have been successfully implemented for biobutanol fermentation. However, the commercial production is hindered due to their poor tolerance to butanol and inhibitors. Metabolic engineering of Clostridia strains is essential to solve above problems and ultimately enhance the solvent production. An effective and efficient pretreatment of raw material as well as optimization of fermentation condition could be another option. Furthermore, biological approaches may be useful to optimize both the host and pathways to maximize butanol production. In this context, this paper reviews the existing Clostridium strains and their ability to produce butanol particularly from corn stover. This study also highlights possible fermentation pathways and biological approaches that may be useful to optimize fermentation pathways. Moreover, challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.

Effect of Pretreatment of Raw Material on Properties of Particleboard Panels Made from Wheat Straw

The objective of this study was to evaluate properties of experimental particleboard panels manufactured from wheat straw that had been pretreated with acetic anhydride, soapy solution, hot water, or steam. Wheat straw particles were mixed with commercially manufactured wood particles at a ratio of 60%. Control straw particleboards with non-treated straw and wood particles were also produced. The results showed that the pretreatment of wheat straw significantly improved both the physical and mechanical properties of the straw particleboards. Panels made from wheat straw treated with a 9% solution of acetic anhydride or boiled in a soapy solution resulted in the highest mechanical properties, with an increase in bending strength values. Regarding internal bond strength, the samples made from wheat straw particles treated with acetic anhydride and a soapy solution had 2 and 3 times higher values, respectively, than those of non-treated samples. It seems that the pretreatment of wheat straw had a greater effect on the thickness swelling of the specimens than on their water absorption.