Preoperational Stage Research Articles

The Development of Children's Early Numeracy Skills in The Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

Early numeracy skills are crucial for young children's cognitive and mathematical development, particularly during the preoperational stage (ages 2-7), when they begin to develop symbolic thinking and foundational mathematical concepts. This study investigates the progression of early numeracy skills in two preschool-aged children (Child H and Child K), focusing on their ability to engage with numeracy concepts such as counting, cardinality, numeral identification, and number combination. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research observes the children's numeracy behaviors through assessments and direct observation during play-based learning activities. Findings reveal notable differences in the children’s numeracy development: Child H demonstrates stronger skills in one-to-one counting, subitizing, number ordering, and problem-solving, while Child K shows emerging abilities but struggles with tasks such as number comparison and number combination. These differences highlight the variability in the development of numeracy skills, with confident children progressing more rapidly in their understanding of numbers and relationships. The study emphasizes the importance of concrete, hands-on learning experiences in developing mathematical thinking, mainly through physical manipulatives and interactive, game-based activities. The results underscore the need for tailored learning experiences to support children in the preoperational stage, which has implications for early childhood educators in fostering a strong mathematical foundation.

The relationship between peer social support and self-regulated learning in Samarinda Ulu state junior high school students

Purpose: At the age of 2-7 years, based on Piaget's theory, children are in the pre-operational stage. At this stage, children have the ability to understand mathematical concepts concretely through sensory and interactive experiences. Strategies are needed to improve the children's cognitive abilities. This research aims to provide an overview of early childhood cognitive development at the pre-operational stage in the introduction of geometric shapes. Method: Researchers used a descriptive qualitative approach to interpret and explain patterns of behavior of children who are in the pre-operational stage. Data collection techniques included structured interviews and observations with checklists based on Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory. Respondents in this study were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The respondents consisted of five children aged 6-7 years from the Islamic Kindergarten 'Aqila who were not familiar with geometric shapes. Result: The results of this study indicate that children who are the subjects of the study exhibit behavior patterns consistent with Piaget's theory in the pre-operational stage, Children are able to recognize shapes through interactive learning experiences. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is necessary for parents and teachers to pay attention to the child's cognitive development stage when teaching geometric concepts.

The Application and Challenges of ChatGPT in Preschool Education

At present, the application of ChatGPT in education has been widely discussed. However, further research and discussion are needed on how to better integrate artificial intelligence in preschool education for young children aged 3-7 years. This paper analyzes the existing research on the application of AI in young children and concludes that the benefits of AI in preschool education can not only help improve and enrich curriculum design but also contribute to the development of artificial intelligence education. However, there are several challenges associated with AI in preschool children. First, artificial intelligence has limitations in children's language understanding. Second, children's emotional needs may not be satisfied. Last, there are doubts about the rationality of the suggestions made for young children. Based on the Pre-operational Stage of Piaget's children's cognitive development, this paper provides the following insights for the integration of ChatGPT and preschool education. One of the future works for ChatGPT is to combine the multimode to understand children's language. Another approach is to be used as a virtual partner to develop young learners' interpersonal communication and emotional management through scene simulation. Additionally, ChatGPT should provide simple and specific suggestions, according to the cognitive development characteristics of young learners.

Piagetian Theory and the Psychogenetic Development of Humankind Throughout History. Towards a General Theory of the Human Being.

J. Piaget wanted to study children to find a key to understanding history of mind, culture, science, and philosophy. The new theory program, called the structural-genetic theory program, developed by the author of this article, is an off-spring of Piagetian theory and follows Piaget's main idea concerning the study of parallels between ontogenetic and historical developments. It maintains the full identity of the child's psyche and that of the adult archaic human being concerning traits and features of the preoperational stage and partially the concrete operational stage, thereby evidencing the total sally of the formal operational stage in the minds of archaic people. The identity of the stage structures is not partially given but rather entirely and implies even the smallest details. The article exemplifies this identity concerning several central issues, such as logic, physical understanding, categories such as causality and chance, animism, personification of plants and animals, belief in magic, metamorphosis, ghosts, and understanding of dreams and myths. Accordingly, there is no difference between ontogenetic stages and the psychogenetic development of humankind throughout history. Historically, humankind has gone through the same stages as children do. The new theory program presents the fundamental theory of the human being as he or she existed in history and peopled archaic, ancient, and medieval societies. Consequently, the world history of culture, mind, worldview, politics, law, science, philosophy, morals, religion, and arts must be reconstructed in terms of stages, a task already accomplished by the new program, at least to a certain extent.

It's too late if exfiltrate: Early stage Android ransomware detection

It's too late if exfiltrate: Early stage Android ransomware detection

Personality Traits, Preoperational Thinking, and Mental Health

It has been suggested by various cognitive behaviour theorists that the perceptual and cognitive characteristics of the preoperational cognitive stage, defined by Piaget as the second stage of cognitive development, manifest themselves in chronic depression and various personality disorders. Although individuals have a formal level of functioning in their work life, they may experience regression to the preoperational domain due to an event in the interpersonal domain. In this study, the relationships between preoperational thinking and psychiatric symptoms (depression and anxiety) and personality traits were analysed. The sample consisted of 61 patients and 102 healthy individuals (104 women, 55 men). Sociodemographic form, Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form (PBQ-SF), The Luebeck Preoperational Thinking Recording Scale (LQPT) and Patient Health Questionnaire -9 (PHQ-9) were applied to the participants. The study results revealed a diverse predictive role of LQPT scores across different personality traits. LQPT is highly predictive for traits like Histrionic and Dependent, moderately predictive for Borderline, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Antisocial, less predictive for Paranoid, Passive-Aggressive, and Narcissistic, and not predictive for schizoid personality traits. The results of this study also showed a significant relationship between an increase in general psychiatric symptoms (depression and anxiety) and an increase in preoperational thinking levels. It was also found that preoperational thinking was significantly higher in patients with psychiatric disorders (GAD, OCD, depression, panic disorder). These findings support the results of previous research that provide a new interpretation of Piaget's work on the preoperational stage in the context of personality and psychiatric symptoms in adults.

Perkembangan Usia Dini (Masa Kanak-Kanak Awal)

Early age is the initial phase of a child's development which will determine development in the next phase. Child development in the early phase is divided into 4 aspects of functional abilities, namely gross motor skills, fine motor skills and vision, speech and language, and social emotions and behavior. If there is a deficiency in one aspect of this ability, it can affect the development of other aspects. This research uses a critical review method, which involves careful examination and evaluation of various sources of information, such as scientific journals, articles and other media. The main goal of this approach is to improve the reader's understanding and interpretation skills in the context of early childhood development, as well as offering a critical assessment of the material reviewed. In addition, a critical review requires identifying important topics in the literature, analyzing the methodology used, and evaluating the strengths and limitations of the sources studied. Socialization development is the development needed in training children's socialization of their environment. Cognitive development in early childhood is called the pre-operational stage. At this stage stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning appears, egocentrism begins to strengthen, and belief in magical things is formed. According to Jean Piaget, moral development, early childhood is characterized by 'morality through coercion'.

DETERMINATION AND EVOLUTION IN TIME OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN FRESHWATER FISH (CARASSIUSGIBELIO) SAMPLED FROM OLT RIVER, ROMANIA

The paper presents a monitoring activity of the Freshwater fish (Carassius gibelio) samples consumed in Olt River, Romania. A monitoring study lasting 9 years (2014-2022) was realized. Two sampling points for the Olt River were chosen, the first one upstream of the discharge point of the magistrate channel “Deversor Olt” (background location) and respectively the second sampling point downstream of the liquid effluents discharge point (indicator location). A maximum activity concentration for40K of 95.75 Bq∙kg-1 fw, is observed. The activity of interest radionuclides (7Be, 51Cr, 60Co, 137Cs, 226Ra, 235U) is below the detection limit. The method used was high resolution gamma ray spectrometry performed with an HPGe detector. It was observed that the values recorded for the background location had a slight difference compared with the values recorded in the indicator locations. The nuclear activity in the pre-operational stage of the Experimental Pilot Plant for Tritium and Deuterium Separation did not have any impact on the environment so far. This study creates a unique database that could be relevant for further Operational Program for Environmental Monitoring of the Experimental Pilot Plant and other economical agents in the area.

Need Analysis in Developing ASD Board Game as Teaching Kits Scaffolding to Enhance Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Preoperational Stage

Need Analysis in Developing ASD Board Game as Teaching Kits Scaffolding to Enhance Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Preoperational Stage

Da’wah Through Fairy Tale; Study of Kak Ivan's Da’wah Method

He is giving da’wah to children certainly different from giving da’wah to adults. Giving da’wah to children must take an in-depth approach because their cognitive development is still preoperational, so it is necessary to use an understandable way while performing da’wah to children. The preoperational stage is the stage that begins around age two to seven years old. In this stage, children cannot yet use logic, transform, combine, or separate ideas. Hence, a child has not yet used his mind ultimately. One of the da’wah methods proper for children is the fairy tale method. Considering the background above, this study focuses on how giving da’wah through Kak Ivan’s fairy tale. This study used descriptive qualitative research using the data collection method through observation, interview, and documentation, and analyzing data using the interactive analysis method. The way Kak Ivan gives da’wah through fairy tales is unique because of his capability to imitate various sounds to captivate children. Kak Ivan starts his da’wah with an enchanting technique such as imitating the sound of a car, airplane, trumpet, a child, and an older man. This is quite rare to be found in other da’i. At the end of da’wah or the closing part, Kak Ivan uses puppets, and it is used in the final chapter to increase children’s focus that is already distracted in the middle of giving da’wah. Aside from being unique, da’wah through Kak Ivan’s fairy tale is a successful da'wah because of the positive effect on the mad'u, which can be applied in daily life. For example, asking friends to go to a sermon together, an initiative to help a friend by lending a pencil to someone who forgot to bring it, also can perform salah without having to be ordered by parents.

Design Strategies of Outdoor Recreational Spaces for Preoperational Stage Children based on Embodied Cognitive Perspective

This article, based on an embodied cognitive perspective, focuses on the design of outdoor recreation spaces for children in the preoperational stage. It explores the embodied cognitive theory and the specific requirements of children's outdoor recreation spaces, highlighting the suitability of embodied cognition for current design needs. By analyzing the embodied cognitive characteristics of children in the preoperational stage and reviewing relevant research, this study proposes design elements based on embodied cognition. Six design strategies for children's outdoor recreation spaces are presented, including children's participation, sensory experiences, spatial layout, natural elements, image and symbol representation, and safety considerations. The aim is to provide insights for the design of children's outdoor recreation spaces in related fields.

Open-Source Data Processing Chain for Marche Region X-band Weather Radar

In the framework of three projects co-funded by the European Union (EU), an X-band (8-12 GHz frequency range) polarimetric radar was installed in the Marche Region territory (East-Central Italy) at Cingoli municipality, province of Macerata. The radar site is located at about 750 m above sea level and about 30 km away from the Adriatic Sea. The radar, managed by the Marche Region Civil Protection Service, is employed for weather monitoring purposes and is in pre-operational stage. It is known that radar measurements are affected by various sources of error, to be addressed in order to improve the accuracy of final products. Among these, the most important are radar calibration, ground and sea clutter, beam blockage, rain attenuation, wet-radome attenuation, beam-broadening, non-uniform beam filling, vertical variability of precipitation and wireless local-area-network (WLAN) interferences. Nowadays quantitative rainfall estimation using X-band weather radar are essential to meet requirements for flood forecasting, water management and many hydro-meteorological applications. Besides higher resolution, X-band radars are cost-effective compared to S- or C-band radars because of smaller antenna size. On the other hand, main disadvantages of such systems are the large influence of attenuation by liquid water and a relatively short range. In this work, we will present the data-processing chain developed ad hoc in order to remove or at least reduce the sources of error affecting Cingoli radar data. The performance of the data-processing chain was evaluated in the light of case studies related to meteorological events that interested Marche region territory in the last two years. The software was developed using open source technology. The current version of the chain does not take into account the echoes from sea clutter and the attenuation due to wet radome that can be significant at X-band; such issues will be addressed in a future work.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA TEORI PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF PIAGET DAN TEORI BELAJAR BRUNER

This study intends to provide a description related to the correlation of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory to Jerome S. Bruner's learning theory in learning related to the process of rainbow occurrence. The correlated relationships include the pre operational stage of Piaget's theory to the iconic stage of Bruner's theory, and the relationship of Piaget's concrete operational stage to the symbolic stage of Bruner's theory. The quantitative research design used was the pre-experimental design, with the form of the pre-experimental design used being the one-shot case study design. This method is intended to find the relationship of certain variables to other variables. The sampling technique used for this research design is purposive sampling. The samples taken were students aged 3-7 years and students aged 8-11 years. The purpose of determining age criteria is to adapt to Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory (for the pre-operational stage and the concrete operational stage) and Jerome S. Bruner's learning theory (for the iconic stage and the symbolic stage). Data collection techniques using test techniques and data analysis used using the Kendall level correlation method Based on the results of the Kendall level correlation test it is concluded that: first there is a correlation between Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development (pre operational stage) and Jerome S. Bruner's learning theory (iconic stage) in learning related to the process of the occurrence of a rainbow with the degree of closeness of the relationship that occurs between the two is 0.733 or 73.30%; secondly, there is a correlation between Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development (concrete operational stage) and Jerome S. Bruner's learning theory (symbolic stage) in learning related to the process of the occurrence of rainbows with the degree of closeness of the relationship that occurs between the two of them is 0.867 or 86.70%.

MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN PENGENALAN LAMBANG BILANGAN PADA ANAK USIA 4-6 TAHUN: KAJIAN LITERATUR

This study aims to determine the learning media for the introduction of number symbols for Early Childhood Education. The data in this study were obtained through a literature study research method. The researcher collects and analyzes all the data in the study from various existing sources to obtain information relevant to the problem to be solved through a systematic technique using the keywords symbol number and early childhood education. The data or information comes from books, theses, theses, journals and research articles from official websites that have been indexed and accredited. Early Childhood Education basically has to pay attention to aspects of development in children, especially cognitive development to recognize number symbols. The introduction of number symbols emphasizes the understanding of number symbols that must be understood by children. Children aged 4-6 years are in the pre-operational stage, the stage where children begin to recognize symbols or symbols, so teachers need interesting learning media as a tool to introduce number plates to children so that children can easily understand the material and learning will become more meaningful. The results of the study show a variety of learning media developed to help introduce number symbols to children aged 4-6 years

JEAN PIAGET THEORY PERSPERCTIVE ON INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN IN THE STAGE OF GADGET ADDICTION

The purpose of this study is to analyze how interpersonal communication occurs between parents and children in the stage of gadget addiction using the perspective of Jean Piaget's theory. Researchers used the phenomenological paradigm to explore informants' experiences about the interpersonal communication process that occurred. In-depth interviews were conducted with informants to explore communication patterns between parents and their children. The results showed that the forms of communication carried out by parents to children in gadget addiction were divided into 3 groups, namely in a liberating, democratic, and authoritarian manner. The most intense communication process occurs in groups that use democracy. Using Piaget's perspective, the process of children's addiction begins at the Preoperational stage, where children begin to represent the world with symbols, words, language, and images.

PRIMARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM AND IMPACT ON COGNITIVE LEARNING – A REVIEW BASED ANALYSIS

Objective: During initial phases of a child's life, there are 4 main areas of development: motor, communication, social/emotional and cognitive (thinking ability, knowledge, skill, and activities related to brain). We aim to study the primary school curriculum and its impact on the cognitive learning/development.
 Methodology: Piaget's theory is one of the theories of paramount importance, while we discuss on cognitive development in the children.Huitt and Hummel (2003) studied the implications of this theory that segregates cognitive development into 4 stages namely 1. Sensorimotor stage 2. Pre-operational stage 3. Concrete operational stage, and 4. Formal operational stage.
 Marwaha et al. (2017) studied the implication of Piaget's theory in children and their correlation with IQ. Basis Piaget’s theory it is recommended that the student's abilities should be challenged by teachers, but they should not present a curriculum which is beyond the child's level as that can adversely impact the cognitive development of the child. The current study has been carried out by analyzing the secondary data available through various research papers to derive a correlation between primary school curriculum and child's cognitive development. We also studied the deficiencies of the current primary school curriculum in getting the desired cognitive impacts on children.
 Results and Implications: The study will help understand the primary school curriculum in India, studying the impact of curriculum on cognitive development and identification of important factors/aspects in the curriculum ((content, teaching pedagogy etc).

INSIGHT ON CHILDREN’S EVALUATION OF TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENTS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

An effective integrated marketing communication tool is the television advertisement which is used to promote the products and services to persuade consumers to buy. The entertainment element is fabricated with advertisements. Nowadays, due to advancements in media, no distinction is seen between advertisements and entertainment. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of television advertisements on the perception, attitude and buying behaviour of children belonging to various growth stages. The study is descriptive in nature. Coimbatore city is selected as the study area. A non-probability sampling procedure namely the convenient sampling method was used. The sample size consisting of 120 children watching television advertisements was studied, in which 40 children belonged to the preoperational stage, 40 children to the concrete operational stage and 40 children to the formal operational stage. For the purpose of the study, primary data were obtained through interview schedule and the secondary data were collected from books, journals and websites. The Cronbach alpha value proved the reliability of primary data. The findings show that a well informative television advertisement would promote good value among the children and it would benefit the children as well as the parents. Entertainment features in the advertisement would create interest among children of all growth stages. The beliefs children have about advertisements helped them to evaluate various advertisements.

ISLAMIC STORY METHOD IN CHILDHOOD COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

The objectives of this study are: 1) to describe the implementation of the Islamic story method in early childhood cognitive development in Mardi Peni 2 Karanganyar Kindergarten, Demak Regency. 2) describe the results of the implementation of the Islamic story method in early childhood cognitive development at Mardi Peni 2 Karanganyar Kindergarten, Demak Regency. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Collecting data using observation, interviews, and documentation. This study uses inductive data analysis. The data analysis process in this study took several stages, namely: data collection, codification, and categorization. The results showed that the application of the Islamic storytelling method to develop children's cognitive was done by preparing teaching materials and telling stories to students with teacher improvisation so that learning became interesting and students felt happy listening to stories. Islamic stories that are often read to students are stories of the prophet, the struggles of Muslims, and advice in the Qur'an. The results of the implementation of the Islamic storytelling method are very helpful for students' cognitive development, starting from the sensory-motor stage, pre-operational stage, and concrete operational stage.

METODE CERITA ISLAMI DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KOGNITIF ANAK USIA DINI TAMAN KANAK-KANAK MARDI PENI 2 DEMAK

The objectives of this study are: 1) to describe the implementation of the Islamic story method in early childhood cognitive development in Mardi Peni 2 Karanganyar Kindergarten, Demak Regency. 2) describe the results of the implementation of the Islamic story method in early childhood cognitive development at Mardi Peni 2 Karanganyar Kindergarten, Demak Regency. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Collecting data using observation, interviews and documentation. This study uses inductive data analysis. The data analysis process in this study took several stages, namely: data collection, codification and categorization. The results showed that the application of the Islamic storytelling method to develop children's cognitive was done by preparing teaching materials and telling stories to students with teacher improvisation so that learning became interesting and students felt happy listening to stories. Islamic stories that are often read to students are stories of the prophet, the struggles of Muslims, and advice in the Qur'an. The results of the implementation of the Islamic storytelling method are very helpful for students' cognitive development, starting from the sensory-motor stage, pre-operational stage, and concrete operational stage.

Social Influence and the Normalization of Surveillance Capitalism: Legislation for the Next Generation

Human personalities, characters, and habits are socially instructed and learned, traditionally from others, but also with others <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> . Either way, social influence plays a fundamental role in human development <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[2]</xref> , affecting individuals at any age and from any background <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[3]</xref> . According to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, in the preoperational stage, the primary sources of such influence are parents, teachers, and siblings, and in subsequent stages, both peers and socially constructed knowledge gatekeepers (i.e., schools and newspapers) become increasingly important. In the preoperational stage, infants demonstrate animism, that is, they tend to assign life and feeling to nonliving things. Consequently, they can believe that “The Internet” is a real person and, being equally unable to differentiate between advertising and other media content, believe what “it” is telling them.