Pre-experimental Research Design Research Articles

RAISE YOUR FLAG: ILLUMINATING PATHS TO ENHANCE STUDENTS’ ENGAGEMENT IN MATHEMATICS

The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of Raise Your Flag intervention to enhance students’ engagement in mathematics. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores of the students. Pre-experimental research design was utilized in this study to measure the effect of the intervention. The data were gathered in 35 students from Grade 9 in Asuncion National High School who were selected through purposive sampling. Data gathering was done through Pretest and Post-test Administration. Findings revealed a substantial difference in the scores before with the mean percentage score of 4.05 (High) and after the intervention in enhancing students’ engagement in mathematics with the mean percentage score of 4.43 (Very High). Results also revealed that there is a significant improvement in the students’ scores from the pretest to the post-test, with the post-test mean percentage scores that has descriptive level of very high which interpreted as very satisfactory. This substantial difference suggests a strong effect of the treatment to enhance students’ engagement in mathematics, it indicates a highly significant and positive impact of the intervention or treatment on the students’ performance engagement in mathematics. KEYWORDS: Intervention, Enhance Students’ Engagement in Mathematics, Raise Your Flag

Effects of Nurse-Led Intervention for Mother-Infant Dyads on Breastfeeding, Infant Health Outcomes.

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of nurse-led interventions in enhancing breastfeeding women's knowledge and practices and in preventing diarrhea among their infants. The study was conducted in rural areas of Haryana, India, and used the survey design and pre-experimental research design in Phase I and Phase II, respectively. Mothers who had recently delivered a baby were identified using the birth register at the panchayat office, and 200 mothers who met the inclusion criteria were chosen using purposive sampling technique. The data were collected by interview approach using the knowledge questionnaire on breastfeeding, observational checklist on practice of breastfeeding, diarrhea assessment tool, and the duration of data collection was between May to August 2022. In Phase I, exclusive and non-exclusive breastfeeding mothers were surveyed regarding the occurrence of diarrhea among infants. In Phase II, non-exclusive breastfeeding mothers' knowledge and practice were assessed, and then nurseled intervention on breastfeeding was administrated and on 30th, 60th, and 90th days, post-test was done. The study's findings demonstrate that the knowledge and practice scores varied significantly across different tests, from pre-test 1 (6.73 ± 1.94) to post-test 3 (16.19 ± 3.04), (F=294.11, p < .000) for knowledge, and for practice pre-test 1 (23.41 ± 8.90) to post-test 3 (101.81 ± 22.4), (F=535.98, p < .000) in the intervention group. Further, in the intervention group, there was decrease in diarrhea occurrence among various observations (Q=60.609, p < .000). The nurse-led intervention of breastfeeding is an effective teaching technique to improve the knowledge and practice of mothers, as well as it helps to reduce the occurrence of diarrhea among infants, there by it can contribute to reducing the infant mortality rate.

A PRE-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFECTIVENESS OF AWARENESS PROGRAM TOWARDS REDUCING STIGMA REGARDING MENTAL ILLNESS AMONG ASHA WORKERS AT SELECTED PHC OF SEPAHIJALA, TRIPURA

A pre-experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of awareness program towards reducing stigma regarding mental illness among ASHA workers at selected PHC of Sepahijala, Tripura. A quantitative Pre-experimental research design was adopted by the researcher for conducting the study, and the Roys adaptation model was used as the framework. Data was collected from 30 ASHA workers after taking informed consent who were selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique through a self-structured stigma assessment scale. Obtained data was complied and analyzed according to objectives using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, paired t test and chi square test. The findings of the study revealed that mean post test stigma score of ASHA workers were significantly higher than the mean pretest stigma score, which was significant at &lt;0.05 level after exposure with awareness program. Therefore the awareness program was an effective method of imparting knowledge to ASHA workers.

The Effect of Word Square Learning Model on Elementary School Students' IPAS Learning Outcomes

This study aims to determine the effect of word square learning model on IPAS learning outcomes of fifth grade elementary school students of Lemahduhur II State Elementary School. This research is a type of quantitative research with a pre-experimental research design with a one group pretest-posttest model. The population used in this study were all students at SD Negeri Lemahduhur II as many as 194 students. The sample taken consisted of 25 students. The technique of collecting research data with Purposive Sampling. Technical data analysis to test the hypothesis was carried out by calculating descriptive and inferential statistics. The data was obtained from the pretest posttest results. The results of hypothesis testing, there is a significant difference between pretest and posttest. This is obtained by the sig value. (2-tailed) for the test is 0.000 &lt;0.05 then H0 is rejected. So with this hypothesis test shows that there is a positive and significant influence between the word square learning models on the learning outcomes of IPAS elementary school students.

A Study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on knowledge regarding eating disorder among adolescents girls studying in 9th and 10th standard in selected school of Bilaspur (C.G.)

The objective of the study is to assess the pre-test and post-test knowledge score regardingeating disorder among adolescents girls, effectiveness of planned teaching program regardingeating disorder among adolescent girls and to find out the association between level ofknowledge with selected socio demographic variables of adolescent girls.Quantitative research approach using pre-experimental research design one group pre-testpost-test design. Purposive sampling technique was used. Self-structured questionnaire usedto assess knowledge score.Majority 98.33% (59) sample age ranges between 15-16 years, 88.33% (53) of sample reside in urbanarea, 36.67% (22) subjects were 8th pass, 78.33% (47) subjects belongs to joint family, 43.33% (26)subjects father is farmer, 55% (33) subjects has previous knowledge about eating disorder.The mean post- test knowledge score 10.05 is higher than the mean pre- test knowledge score 5.33,mean difference is 4.72. The calculated ‘t’ value = 3.2065 is higher than the table value of ‘t’ = 2.00hence, the research hypothesis H1 which indicate the planned teaching programme on knowledgeregarding eating disorder was significantly effective in increasing the knowledge of subject.There is no significant association between the pre -test knowledge scores of sample with the age,residential area, type of family and previous knowledge about eating disorder. There is significantassociation between the pre -test knowledge scores of sample with educational qualification andsocio-economic income .Hence H2 accepted.

Improving Grade Nine Students’ English Language Speaking Skill of Polite Requests: Misrak Chora Secondary School

Most commonly it is agreed that politeness is reflected in the pragmatic use of language. Although the politeness phenomenon is universal, with many expressional similarities, each language possesses norms and ways of expressing politeness within a given cultural context. Politeness has connection with everyday life such as with greeting, inviting, helping, apologizing, opinions, advice, questioning and suggesting information etc. English speaker tourists most frequently visit and resident in Hawassa City-Ethiopia and have cultural and communication exposure. However, many Ethiopian students are observed incompetent in this regard. Thus, the current study was intended to improve EFL learners’ polite requesting skills in some selected situations both in classroom contexts and outside contexts. For this purpose, the pre-experimental research design was employed to the study, and twenty students (10 females and 10 males) were randomly selected by lottery system from the 9&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; B classroom. This makes 22.2% of the population in the class. Six politeness genres were selected from the students’ English textbook for explicit lesson intervention. Based on Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT) instrument prepared from these contents, both pretest and posttest conditions were administered to the selected students. Also cooperative learning strategies such as role play, pair work, group discussion, extemporaneous speeches on situations, cooperative jigsaw, interactive discourse, timed interview, Think-Pair-Share (TPS) were utilized during the lesson sessions. Then, frequencies, means, standard deviations, variances and percentages were used to obtain the main findings. On pretest, students have scored the overall 27.16% (mean, 8.15) regarding all polite request situations. However, it was found that the posttest scores showed great difference about 78.3% (mean, 23.5) in all situations. The study has also sought which request contexts grade nine students improve best as a result of the explicit instruction. Although students have improved performance in all tested situations, they had showed very significant change on request for apology followed by for help. In apology situation the students have achieved 90% and the least in preference scenario which is 65%. Thus, it is recommended that learners have to be explicitly taught in context of these language genres to develop learners&amp;apos; communicative abilities in the area. Teachers should devote time to instruct on this language content [polite request] as it is everyday encounter in one&amp;apos;s life. Syllabus designers also should allot much time and tasks on the area so that school teachers give attention to areas.

Pengaruh Pemberian Seduhan Kunyit Asam Terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Dismenorea pada Siswi SMPN 19 Bandar Lampung Provinsi Lampung

Background: Menstruation is the process of shedding of the uterine wall (the inner layer of the endometrium) which is accompanied by bleeding that occurs repeatedly every month, except during pregnancy. Dysmenorrhea consists of primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. This study aims to determine the impact of giving sour turmeric infusion on changes in the level of dysmenorrhoea. Giving tamarind turmeric infusion on changes in desmenorrhea in female students at SMPN 19 Bandar Lampung. Research Objective: To determine the impact of giving sour turmeric infusion on changes in the level of dysmenorrhoea in female students at SMPN 19 Bandar Lampung Research Method: The type of research used is quantitative with a cross sectional approach. Pre-experimental research design with a one group pretest-posttest design without a control group. The sampling technique uses the Accidental Sampling technique. The data analysis technique used is the Wilcoxon test. Research result : Giving tamarind turmeric is a feasible intervention given to reduce dysmenorrhea pain experienced by young women. Suggestion for health workers to provide knowledge about treatment non-pharmacological dysmenorrhoea by administering tamarind turmeric drink. Conclusion : Giving tamarind turmeric is a suitable intervention to reduce dysmenorrhea pain experienced by young women. Suggestions for health workers to provide knowledge about non-pharmacological treatment of dysmenorrhoea by giving tamarind turmeric drinks

Pengaruh Model Kooperatif Tipe TGT Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Di UPT SD Negeri 174 Gresik

This research aims to determine whether or not there is an influence of using the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) type cooperative model on student learning outcomes in theme 8 Subtheme 3 class V UPT SD Negeri 174 Gresik. The research method used was quantitative with a pre-experimental research design in the form of one group pretest-posttest. The sample in this research was 22 class V students. The data collection techniques used are tests and observations. Based on the results of the hypothesis test which was carried out using the paired sample t-test, it shows that the 16,850 &gt; 2,086. Based on the testing criteria, if &gt; , then is rejected and is accepted. Similar results were also obtained from the significance value obtained, namely 0,000 &lt; 0,05, which means that was rejected, so it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between before and after the implementation of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) type cooperative learning model. This significant difference proves that there is an influence of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) type cooperative learning model on student learning outcomes at UPT SD Negeri 174 Gresik.

The Effectiveness and Relationship of Student Responses toward Learning Outcomes Using Interactive Multimedia-Based E-Modules in Elementary Schools

An interactive multimedia-based e-module is an enhanced version of conventional modules incorporating information technology. It integrates navigation buttons and user instructions, enabling independent use by those at any location and time. This phenomenon facilitates the optimal implementation of learning in the digital literacy era. This study employed a quantitative design utilizing the pre-experimental design research method. It specifically utilized a one-shot case study research form to examine the effectiveness of learning. Additionally, it employed the correlation analysis method to investigate the relationship between student responses and learning outcomes. This effort is achieved by utilizing interactive multimedia-based e-modules focused on the topic of building space in elementary school. A total of 24 fifth-grade students were included as research subjects. Moreover, the employed instruments consisted of tests of learning outcomes and questionnaires. The research data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, the N-Gain, and the correlation test. The findings indicated that using interactive multimedia-based e-modules for teaching space-related content yielded significant positive effects on learning outcomes. The research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, N-Gain, and correlation tests. The findings revealed that: 1) the utilization of interactive multimedia-based E-Modules for teaching space-related content is quite effective, resulting in significant improvements in learning outcomes falling within the medium category; and 2) there exists a strong and close relationship between student responses to the implementation of interactive multimedia-based E-Modules and their learning outcomes in mathematics learning at the elementary school level.

MATHEMA TIC-TAC-TOE: AN INTERVENTION TO ENHANCE POLYNOMIAL-SOLVING SKILLS AMONG STUDENTS IN KAPALONG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of the Mathema Tic-Tac-Toe intervention on students’ skills in solving polynomial problems. Specifically, the study aims to determine the significant difference between students’ pretest and post-test scores. A pre-experimental research design was utilized to assess the intervention’s effectiveness. Data were collected from 76 students in Grades 8 and 10 at Kapalong National High School, selected through purposive sampling. Pre-test and post-test assessments were used for data gathering. The findings revealed a substantial improvement in scores, with the mean percentage score increasing from 15.5% (Very Low) before the intervention to 61.14% (Average) after the intervention. The t-value obtained was -22.19, indicating a substantial difference in the scores before and after the intervention or treatment related to solving polynomials. This large negative t-value suggests a strong effect of the treatment on the students’ ability to solve polynomials. This significant improvement in scores indicates a highly positive impact of the Mathema Tic-Tac-Toe intervention on students’ ability to solve polynomial problems. The results suggest that the intervention is effective in enhancing students’ performance in this area, demonstrating a strong and beneficial effect on their Mathematical skills. The teacher may use this intervention in their mathematics classes to improve the problem solving skills of the students in polynomials. KEYWORDS: Action Research, Intervention, Polynomial Problem Solving Skills, Mathema Tic-Tac-Toe

EFEKTIVITAS METODE SHOW AND TELL TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERBICARA SERTA SOSIAL EMOSIONALSISWA KELAS IV

Speaking skills are an essential component of school learning that needs to be learned. In the same way, to support learning activities, students need to develop their social emotional skills. But in reality, some students still have a tough time in speaking also not able to manage their social emotional skills. This study aims to see the effectiveness of show and tell method in speaking also social emotiona skillsl. The method used was experiments with a pre-experimental research design, also used one-shot case study, one sample t-test to test the achievability of learning with minimum completion criteria and independent sample t-test to evaluate a different in speaking skills of male and female students. Fourth grade students in Bandung Regency were the subjects of this study. Based on the results of the study, the average score of students' practical speaking skills was 84.1 seen from the assessment indicators. Show and tell method was effectively used with variations in students' performance.

An Innovative Strategy in Learning English as A Foreign Language

The present study aimed to delve into the students’ EFL vocabulary and response to the discovery learning strategy. A pre-experimental research design was applied in this study. The population of this study was first-year Sulawesi Barat University students who enrolled in vocabulary courses in the first semester, and the researchers used a random sampling technique to choose 42 students. This study found that the discovery learning strategy elevated the students’ English vocabulary. It was found that there are critical contrasts between the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test. The students’ pre-test score was 63.42, and the understudies' post-test score was 89.09, which is higher than the pre-test score. It demonstrated a critical improvement in students' accomplishment after carrying out revelation learning in instructing English vocabulary. Another result revealed that the students provided positive responses toward applying the discovery learning strategy in learning vocabulary, stated 53% of students agreed and 33% strongly agreed with the strategy, however 10% neutral, 3% disagreed and 1% strongly disagreed. Based on positive responses, the most of the students perceived that the discovery learning strategy benefits them in learning English.

Evaluating the effectiveness of illness script teaching on clinical reasoning skills in post-baccalaureate nursing students

BackgroundTypically, nurse education curricula are separated into the teaching of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. This separation may hinder nursing students' development of clinical reasoning skills, making it difficult for them to prioritize tasks and make decisions about interventions. Illness scripts have been shown to help medical students improve their clinical reasoning skills; however, they are rarely used in nurse education. ObjectivesTo evaluate the influence of illness script teaching method on post-baccalaureate nursing students' clinical reasoning skills. DesignThe study adopted a single-arm quantitative pre-experimental research design and incorporated qualitative focus group discussions. Settings/participantsThis study was conducted at a university in northern Taiwan. Participants included 35 post-baccalaureate nursing students who were enrolled in an elective course focused on clinical skills. MethodsTo enhance nursing students' clinical reasoning skills, illness scripts for five clinical scenarios were developed and implemented as part of their curriculum. The Nurses Clinical Reasoning Scale was utilized to assess self-rated clinical reasoning abilities, while dual-teacher scoring was used to evaluate clinical reasoning objectively. The VARK learning preference questionnaire was used to examine how learning preferences affect learning outcomes. After the course, semi-structured focus groups were held to collect student feedback on the effectiveness of the teaching methods and the learning outcomes. ResultsThis study's quantitative and qualitative results show that illness script-based teaching improves nursing students' clinical reasoning. Quantitative results showed significant objective reasoning score improvements. However, minimal changes in self-rated scores suggest a learning style-influenced gap between perceived and actual abilities. Qualitative findings showed that students valued linking clinical issues to practical applications but struggled with knowledge gaps and engagement. ConclusionsThe illness script teaching method improved students' understanding of clinical scenarios and enhanced their clinical reasoning abilities. Incorporating illness scripts into nurse education was beneficial for nursing students.

EFEKTIFITAS PENGGUNAAN APLIKASI QUIZIZZ TERHADAP MINAT DAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of using the Quizizz application on students' interest and learning outcomes in mathematics on exponents and root forms at Muhammadiyah 48 Medan Private Middle School. The background to this research focuses on the low interest and learning outcomes of students in mathematics subjects, which are often considered difficult and boring by many students. The method used is quantitative with a pre-experimental research design, namely one group pretest posttest design where the sample consists of 50 students selected using total sampling techniques. The results of the research show that there is a significant increase in student interest and learning outcomes after using the Quizizz application, namely scores The average interest in learning mathematics after using the Quizizz application is 76.54 with a gain value in the medium category of 0.448 and the average score for learning mathematics after using the Quizzizz application is 78.60 with a gain value in the medium category 0.478. The paired sample t-test produced a significance value of less than 0.05, namely 0.001, indicating that the use of the Quizizz application was effective in increasing students' interest and learning outcomes in mathematics. So it can be concluded that the integration of technology in learning, especially through the Quizizz application, has been proven to be able to make mathematics learning more interesting, fun and interactive, thereby increasing students' interest and learning outcomes in mathematics.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge regarding Preventive Measures of Postpartum Haemorrhage during Intranatal Period among Staff Nurses working in selected Hospital Jaipur, Rajasthan

A quantitative research approach and pre-experimental research design was used to conduct this study. The study was used to assess the effectiveness of STP on knowledge regarding preventive measures for PPH during intranatal period among staff nurses. The sample consist of 60 staff nurses working in Mahila Chikitsalay, Jaipur and Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to select the samples. Pre and Post test was conducted to assess the effectiveness of STP and structured knowledge questionnaire was used to collect the data. The result of pre test revealed that 71.67% staff nurses had moderate knowledge while 28.33% had adequate knowledge. The mean of knowledge was 17.87, mean % was 68.72 and SD was 3.17. The result of post test revealed that 83.33% staff nurses had adequate knowledge while 16.67% had moderate knowledge. The mean of knowledge was 23.12, mean% was 88.91 and SD was 2.29. Paired t test was used to assess the effectiveness of STP and the t test value was 16.43 at 0.05 level of significance. The association between post test knowledge score and selected demographic variable revealed that there was no significant association between knowledge and demographic variables.

A study to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching on knowledge regarding Insulin administration among students of selected College of Nursing, Lucknow

The prevalence of type 2 Diabetes in India is 74.2 million adults in 2021 and it is growing rapidly in India than in any other developing nation. The WHO has expected that approximately 366 million people in the world will suffer from Diabetes by the year 2030. Considering the risk involved in inappropriate insulin use and so as to ensure proper administration of insulin, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching program regarding insulin administration among the nursing students. In this study pre-experimental research design was chosen and a total of 60 students from B.Sc nursing 2nd year and General nursing and midwifery 2nd year were selected through consecutive sampling technique. On assessment it was found that the post test score was more than the pretest score which proved that the video assisted teaching was effective in enhancing the knowledge. Hence the investigators recommended that the student nurses should be adequately educated about insulin administration, its types, sites of injection and methods of administration.

Effectiveness Of Planned Teaching Programme On Preventive Measures Of Cataract Among Adults In Selected Urban Community, Mangalore

A cataract is the clouding of the lens in the eye affecting vision. Early in the development of age-related cataract the power of the lens may be increased, causing near-sightedness (myopia), and the gradual yellowing and opacification of the lens may reduce the perception of blue colours. Most cataracts are related to aging. Exposure to sunlight may be associated with an increased risk of cataract. Vitamin supplements have shown varying results in delaying the progression of cataract. Globally, there are nearly 45 million blind people. Almost 135 million people are with low vision. A total of nearly 180 million people have some degree of visual disability. Nine of the ten who are blind live in the developing countries. On the current projections, there could be estimated 50 million blind people due to cataract by 202016. Prevalence of cataract in USA is approximately 5.5 million or 2.02%. India is one of the countries that have a sizeable number of visually impaired people17 . The annual incidence of cataract blindness in India is about 3.8 million. Statistics reveal that over 12 million people in the country are visually handicapped. Out of 41.8% of global blindness, 23.5% is contributed by India. Major proportion of total blindness in India (81%) is constituted by cataract18 . In Karnataka prevalence of cataract blindness among the men above the age of fifty is 3.39% and women is 6.51%, in Dakshina Kannada district it is 1.27% for men and 7.65% for women19 . Hence the researcher felt the need to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on preventive measures of cataract in a selected urban community, Mangalore. Objectives: The purpose of this study was • to determine the level of knowledge on preventive measures of cataract among adults as measured by a structured closed-ended knowledge questionnaire • to determine the effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on preventive measures of cataract among adults • to find the association between the pre-test knowledge scores with selected demographic variables. Research approach and design: A pre-experimental research design of one group pre- and post-test with an evaluative approach was used for this study. Setting: The study was conducted in Jeppu urban community area of Mangalore. Subjects: Adults in the age group of 30-55 years in the selected urban areas of Mangalore Sample size and Sampling technique: The sample for the present study comprised 100 adults in the age group of 30-55 years who met the inclusion criteria The investigator purposely selected the adults who were judged to be a typical population who needs the knowledge related to cataract. Planned teaching programme The planned teaching programme on “preventive measures of cataract.” was developed after an exhaustive review. The content the planned teaching programme included • Introduction • Definition • Eye and lens • Functions of eye • Definition of cataract • Incidence of cataract • Etiological risk factors of cataract • Classification of cataract • Sites of cataract • Clinical manifestations of cataract • Diagnostic measures of cataract • Preventive measures of cataract • Therapeutic regimen in case of diabetes and hypertension • Demonstrate the eye exercises • Conclusion Instrument used: Structured closed-ended knowledge questionnaire on preventive measures of cataract among adults. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics Major findings and reports: Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Pre-test assessment revealed that highest percentage (49%) of adults had poor knowledge, 43% had average knowledge, and only 8% had good knowledge. The post-test revealed that 98% had gained very good knowledge, 2% of them gained good knowledge. The total mean percentage of pre-test knowledge score was 43.58% (mean 10.46 ± 3.22) and the mean percentage post-test knowledge score was 92.25% (mean 22.14 ± 1.38) showing an effectiveness of 48.62% (mean 11.68± 2.89). Significance of difference between pre-test and post-test was statistically tested by using paired ‘t’ test and it was found very highly significant (t=40.10, p&lt;0.05). The pretest knowledge score showed association between the pre-test knowledge and previous source of information regarding prevention of cataract but there was no association between pre-test knowledge and age, gender, educational status, occupation and family history of cataract. Conclusion: The findings of the study reveal that adults had inadequate knowledge on preventive measures of cataract; however the knowledge has significantly improved after the Planned Teaching Programme. Hence, it is concluded that PTP was highly effective in improving the knowledge of the adults regarding the preventive measures of cataract.

Pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran problem based learning (PBL) terhadap hasil belajar IPAS Siswa Kelas IV SD N Randusari Yogyakarta

This study aims to determine the effect of the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model on the learning outcomes of IPAS fourth grade students of SD N Randusari Yogyakarta. This research is a Pre-Experimental Design research with One Group Pretest-Posttest Design design. The subjects of this study were fourth grade students of SD N Randusari Yogyakarta. Data collection techniques in this study using tests. Data analysis techniques using descriptive statistical analysis. Hypothesis testing uses non-parametric tests, namely the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed a very significant effect with the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model on the learning outcomes of IPAS fourth grade students of SD N Randusari Yogyakarta. The effect of applying the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model can be seen from the increase in student pretest and posttest results. The average pretest score is 66.14 while the average posttest is 83.86. The results of the hypothesis test calculation using the Mann-whitney test found Asymp. Sig of 0.000. In accordance with the decision-making rules in the Mann-whitney test that the Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) &lt;0.05 or 0.000 &lt;0.05, this shows that the hypothesis is accepted. Learning outcomes increased through the average results of the pretest posttest obtained by students and the results of hypothesis testing, it was concluded that there was a very significant effect with the use of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model on IPAS learning outcomes in fourth grade students of Randusari Yogyakarta State Elementary School.

Pengaruh Expressive Movement Music Therapy Dan Aromaterapi Lavender Terhadap Penururan Kecemasan Pada Wanita Akseptor KB Suntik

Intoduction: Injectable birth control is a way to prevent pregnancy that is given by injecting hormones into the body. Problems that often arise when using injectable birth control are weight gain, amenorrhea, and anxiety when getting an injection. To reduce anxiety, non-pharmacological therapy is carried out, namely Expressive Movement Music Therapy and Lavender Aromatherapy. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of Expressive Movement Music Therapy and Lavender Aromatherapy on reducing anxiety in women receiving birth control injections. This research used a Pre Experiment research design with an Intact-Group Comparisons design with purposive sampling, with 40 respondents being injectable contraceptive acceptors who were divided into 2 groups, namely the treatment group and the control group. Anxiety was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale-Anxiety (NRS-A) questionnaire, then data analysis was carried out using Mann Whitney because the data was not normally distributed. Result: The results of the study showed that there were differences in the anxiety levels of injectable contraceptive acceptors in the treatment group after being given the intervention with a p-value in the post-test for the treatment group of 0.000&lt;0.05 and the mean post-test value being 2.20, which means that the average respondent experienced mild anxiety. Analysis using Mann Whitney obtained a p value = 0.00, which is &lt;0.05, so there is a significant influence between Expressive Movement Music Therapy and Lavender Aromatherapy on reducing anxiety in women receiving birth control injections

Braille Smart Book with Audio Connection QR Code to Improve the Teeth-Brushing Skills of Blind Children

Background: Since one of the things that prevents blind people from learning about dental and oral health is poor eyesight, the dental and oral health of blind children is typically worse than that of persons with normal vision. The average score is 35% of children who can brush their teeth properly and correctly. Blind children have difficulty interpreting what they should do. To overcome this, the media "Braille Smart Book With Audio Connection QR Code" was created to improve the teeth brushing skills of blind children. Research Objective: To produce "Braille Smart Book With Audio Connection QR Code" media that is effective and feasible to implement to improve the teeth brushing skills of blind children. Method: Using the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method with a pre-experiment research design (One Group pre-test and post-test design). With a sample size of 20 blind children, they were given intervention with "Braille Smart Book With Audio Connection QR Code" for 10 days. Results: The media expert validated the "Braille Smart Book With Audio Connection QR Code" using the interclass correlation coefficient test and obtained a value of 0.935. "Braille Smart Book With Audio Connection QR Code" has been proven effective in improving the teeth brushing skills of blind children. Conclusion: The media "Braille Smart Book With Audio Connection QR Code" is effective in improving the teeth brushing skills of blind children.