Preemptive Action Research Articles

THE CRITICAL ROLE OF MARKETS IN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

Markets, especially land markets, can facilitate climate change adaptation through price signals. A review of research reveals that urban, coastal, and agricultural land markets provide effective signals of the emerging costs of climate change. These signals encourage adjustments by both private owners and policy officials in taking preemptive action to reduce costs. In agriculture, they promote consideration of new cropping and tillage practices, seed types, timing, and location of production. They also stimulate use of new irrigation technologies. In urban areas, they motivate new housing construction, elevation, and location away from harm. They channel more efficient use of water and its application to parks and other green areas to make urban settings more desirable with higher temperatures. Related water markets play a similar role in adjusting water use and reallocation. To be effective, however, markets must reflect multiple traders and prices must be free to adjust. Where these conditions are not met, market signals will be inhibited and market-driven adaptation will be reduced. Because public policy is driven by constituent demands, it may not be a remedy. The evidence of the National Flood Insurance Program and federal wildfire response illustrates how politically difficult it may be to adjust programs to be more adaptive.

METHOD OF RISKS CONSIDERATION IN PRODUCTION OF ELECTRONICS

In the article it is discussed the possibility of using the Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to determine the potential risks and threats in the production of electronic products, as well as their causes. In order to develop adaptive solutions to counteract unpredictable disturbances that inevitably arise in various technological processes, the analysis of the possible abnormal state of microclimate control systems in clean rooms, formulated preventive actions to eliminate violations of microclimatic parameters that pose a threat to ensure quality indicators of the production process. The developed method of formation of pre-emptive actions aimed at assessing and predicting the technical condition of objects, is designed to provide complete information support for management decisions to improve the efficiency of the process, as well as to reduce the number of failures of engineering equipment.

Precautionary policing and dispositives of risk in a police force control room in domestic abuse incidents: an ethnography of call handlers, dispatchers and response officers

ABSTRACTThis article explores the riskwork engaged in by call handlers, dispatchers and response officers in a police force control room in England. We present a novel approach by drawing on the work of Foucault and his concept le dispositif to study riskwork in policing in a post-austerity landscape and to develop the analytical concept of ‘precautionary policing’. Dispositional analysis allows us to focus on social dispositions or inclinations and to demonstrate how these arrangements affect social interaction and organisational behaviour. We draw on data collected via ethnographic fieldwork focusing on domestic abuse incidents in a police force control room in England. The findings focus on: (1) organisational technologies of risk, which guided and surfaced staff actions and decision-making; (2) riskwork to mitigate and manage threats and harm to victims and the public; and (3) riskwork relating to the professional decision-making of individual staff and officers. In addition to bringing the risk tools and artefacts ‘into being’ through their (inter-)actions, for staff, these technologies are a safety net to justify practices. They erode opportunities for officer discretion, particularly in relation to responses to domestic incidents. Therefore, despite policy discussions of the need to reduce officers’ risk aversion and reduce unnecessary bureaucracy, a risk averse culture still pervades. Uncertainty becomes a justification for pre-emptive action by officers and staff before risks become known, and demonstrates a shift to precautionary policing practices which do not follow the blueprints of risk management.

Modeling for Underground Cable Water Tree Growth Dynamics

Underground cable faults, whether transient or permanent, are traceable to in-sulation failure problems, most of which are water tree initiated. Insulation breakdown, which usually leads to costly power outages, may be prevented by taking pre-emptive actions. The most decisive pre-emptive action is one in which real-time tracking of water tree advancement within the cable insulation system is possible. Such pre-emptive actions, however, depend on accurate modeling of the phenomenon. Earlier water tree models are static in that they focused on the cable insulation property change at a time segment. Thus, they lack the properties needed for tracking water tree progress and for determining the onset of transient and permanent faults. This paper presents a new ap-proach to water tree modeling, focused on insulation degradation geometry in the form of parabolic expansion of water tree. We developed a dynamic model centered on the computation of the capacitance of a vented water tree as a function of time. The dynamic model accounts for the time-dependence of the radial growth of the water tree to track insulation degradation. The model was tested in predicting cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable’s insulation lifespan. The result was found to be within the range of the recorded lifespan of field aged cables in the literature. Also, performance comparison with an earlier analytical model validated with COMSOL Hyperphysics software shows a signif-icant correlation between them.

Predictive Monitoring of Critical Cardiorespiratory Alarms in Neonates Under Intensive Care

We aimed at reducing alarm fatigue in neonatal intensive care units by developing a model using machine learning for the early prediction of critical cardiorespiratory alarms. During this study in over 34,000 patient monitoring hours in 55 infants 278,000 advisory (yellow) and 70,000 critical (red) alarms occurred. Vital signs including the heart rate, breathing rate, and oxygen saturation were obtained at a sampling frequency of 1 Hz while heart rate variability was calculated by processing the ECG – both were used for feature development and for predicting alarms. Yellow alarms that were followed by at least one red alarm within a short post-alarm window constituted the case-cohort while the remaining yellow alarms constituted the control cohort. For analysis, the case and control cohorts, stratified by proportion, were split into training (80%) and test sets (20%). Classifiers based on decision trees were used to predict, at the moment the yellow alarm occurred, whether a red alarm(s) would shortly follow. The best performing classifier used data from the 2-min window before the occurrence of the yellow alarm and could predict 26% of the red alarms in advance (18.4s, median), at the expense of 7% additional red alarms. These results indicate that based on predictive monitoring of critical alarms, nurses can be provided a longer window of opportunity for preemptive clinical action. Further, such as algorithm can be safely implemented as alarms that are not algorithmically predicted can still be generated upon the usual breach of the threshold, as in current clinical practice.

Algorithm for managing the operation modes of a machin and tractor unit

At the present stage of development of agricultural production to replace the existing agricultural machinery comes new, based on robotization technological processes with elements of autonomous decision-making systems. The basis of which are the control algorithms, based on the technology of constructing mathematical models of the control object, taking into account its laws of functioning. The aim of the research presented in the article is to develop an efficient algorithm for controlling the operating modes of the machine and tractor unit based on the high-performance method of exploitative control. The solution of the problem is based on the methods of mathematical modeling and programming in the Python language. Control of the intensity of change in the operational parameter is the most highly effective among the known methods of exploitative control. The practical implementation of whom allows you to manage operation modes of the machine and tractor unit with prediction over time due to the implementation of preemptive control actions. In addition, the algorithm for controlling the modes of operation of the machine and tractor unit on the basis of this method, by time complexity, is the most preferable in comparison with similar known control algorithms.

Growth at Risk: Concept and Application in IMF Country Surveillance

The growth-at-risk (GaR) framework links current macrofinancial conditions to the distribution of future growth. Its main strength is its ability to assess the entire distribution of future GDP growth (in contrast to point forecasts), quantify macrofinancial risks in terms of growth, and monitor the evolution of risks to economic activity over time. By using GaR analysis, policymakers can quantify the likelihood of risk scenarios, which would serve as a basis for preemptive action. This paper offers practical guidance on how to conduct GaR analysis and draws lessons from country case studies. It also discusses an Excel-based GaR tool developed to support the IMF’s bilateral surveillance efforts.

Growth at Risk: Concept and Application in IMF Country Surveillance

The growth-at-risk (GaR) framework links current macrofinancial conditions to the distribution of future growth. Its main strength is its ability to assess the entire distribution of future GDP growth (in contrast to point forecasts), quantify macrofinancial risks in terms of growth, and monitor the evolution of risks to economic activity over time. By using GaR analysis, policymakers can quantify the likelihood of risk scenarios, which would serve as a basis for preemptive action. This paper offers practical guidance on how to conduct GaR analysis and draws lessons from country case studies. It also discusses an Excel-based GaR tool developed to support the IMF’s bilateral surveillance efforts.

Does Institutional Ownership Exacerbate Debt-Equity Conflicts? Evidence from the Auditor Certificate of Debt Covenant Compliance

We study the effect of borrowing firms’ institutional ownership on lenders’ monitoring demand. Using the data on a covenant-monitoring mechanism known as auditor’s certificate of covenant compliance (ACC), we show that the likelihood that a loan contract includes the ACC provision increases with a borrower’s institutional ownership. Consistent with the debt-equity conflict hypothesis, this result is driven by indexed and transient institutions, which are either ineffective or unmotivated in monitoring portfolio firms. The effect is more pronounced among the borrowers with poorer accounting quality, suggesting that firms’ accounting discretion is the key mechanism in play. We further support the causal interpretation by exploiting Russell index reconstitutions. Our evidence suggests that lenders expect borrowers’ earnings-management incentive to grow with indexed and transient ownership and thus take a preemptive action to ensure the effectiveness of covenants as the control-allocation rule.

QAR 데이터 분석을 통한 항공난류 조기 인지 가능성 연구

Although continuous passenger injuries and physical damages are repeated due to the unexpected aviation turbulence encountered during operations, there is still exist the limitation for preventing recurrence of similar events because the lack of real-time information and delay in technological developments regarding various operating conditions and variable weather phenomena. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the meteorological data of the aviation turbulence occurred and actual flight data extracted from the Quick Access Recorder(QAR) to provide some precursors that the pilot can identify aviation turbulence early by referring thru the flight instrumentation indications. The case applied for this study was recent event, a scheduled flight to Narita Airport ftom Korea that suddenly encountered turbulence during approach. According to the Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA)’s Weather data, it was observed that the strong amount of vorticity in the rear area of jet stream, which existed near Mount Fuji at that time. The QAR data analysis shows significant changes in the aircraft’s parameters such as Pitch and Roll angle, Static Air Temperature(SAT), and wind speed and direction in tens of seconds to minutes before encounter the turbulence. If the accumulate reliability of the data in addition and verification of various parameters with continuous analysis of additional cases, it can be the precursors for the pilot’s effective and pre-emptive action and conservative prevention measures against aviation turbulence to reduce subsequent passenger injuries in the aviation operations.

‘Are We Ready?’: Belgium and the Entente’s Military Planning for a War Against Germany, 1906–1914

While historians have consistently focused on the development of German, French, and British planning in the years preceding the Great War, few have truly acknowledged neutral Belgium’s role in defining the strategic paradigm of 1914. Belgium held the strategic key to the opening salvos of a future Franco-German war, and each of its Guarantors were determined to obtain the initiative. While German planners were prepared to seize it by force, the Entente (particularly Britain), remained wary of its obligations. Instead, Britain sought to determine Belgian intentions and capabilities through secret and unbinding staff conversations in 1906 and 1912. The former proved useful in establishing a framework for co-operation but ultimately came to nothing. By the time they were resumed in 1912, Anglo-Belgian diplomatic relations had soured, while Belgium’s military reforms and its emergence as a colonial power gave it a renewed sense of confidence. Belgian officials were determined to retain the kingdom’s agency in the formulation of its defence policy and resented Entente suggestions of pre-emptive action. Neutrality was subordinated to independence, which itself could not be guaranteed were Belgium to conclude even the loosest of military accords. Consequently, Entente plans were forced surrender the strategic initiative to the Germans.

Evaluation of Solanum peruvianum (sensu lato) germplasm to a standard Ralstonia solanacearum race 1/biovar 1 isolate and to a novel ‘Hawaii 7996’ resistance-overcoming race 3/biovar 2A isolate from Brazil

A major strategy to control the bacterial wilt (BW), caused by the Ralstonia species complex in tomato has been the employment of resistant cultivars and/or root-stocks. The tomato line ‘Hawaii 7996’ is a major source of stable and broad-spectrum resistance against BW. However, the detection of R. solanacearum isolates that overcome the ‘Hawaii 7996’ resistance in Brazil and elsewhere highlights the need for preemptive breeding actions. In the present work, 72 accessions of Solanum peruvianum (sensu lato) and other four wild species were evaluated against two R. solanacearum isolates: ‘CNPH-RS 488’ (race 3/biovar 2A/phylotype II/sequevar 1), virulent on ‘Hawaii 7996’, and ‘CNPH-RS 489’ (race 1/biovar 1/phylotype IIA/sequevar 50), a standard isolate that is avirulent on Hawaii 7996′. The responses to inoculation of the tested accessions were compared to that of ‘Hawaii 7996’ and ‘L390’ (BW-susceptible). The clear-cut differences in the responses among accessions to both isolates suggested the presence of distinct BW resistance mechanisms in this germplasm. Sixteen accessions displayed resistant reactions to ‘CNPH-RS 488’ and 31 to ‘CNPH-RS 489’. However, only seven accessions (predominantly of the species S. corneliomulleri) displayed resistance reactions to both isolates. These new sources of resistance to R. solanacearum may be useful for breeding programs aiming to anticipate potential problems with the further dissemination of bacterial populations with a virulence profile similar to that of R. solanacearum ‘CNPH-RS 488’.

Fostering a healthcare sector quality and safety culture

PurposeQuality issues, increasing patient expectations and unsatisfactory media reports are driving patient safety concerns. Developing a quality and safety culture (QSC) is, therefore, crucial for patient and staff welfare, and should be a priority for service providers and policy makers. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most important QSC drivers, and thus propose appropriate operational actions for Saudi Arabian hospital managers and for managers in healthcare institutions worldwide.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative data from 417 questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Respondents were selected from various hospitals and managerial positions at a national level.FindingsFindings suggest that error feedback (FAE) and communication quality (QC) have a strong role fostering or enhancing QSC. Findings also show that fearing potential punitive responses to mistakes made on the job, hospital staff are reluctant to report errors.Practical implicationsTo achieve a healthcare QSC, managers need to implement preemptive or corrective actions aimed at ensuring prompt and relevant feedback about errors, ensure clear and open communication and focus on continuously improving systems and processes rather than on failures related to individual performance.Originality/valueThis paper adds value to national healthcare, as Saudi study results are probably generalizable to other healthcare systems throughout the world.

Enabling radioprotection capabilities in next generation wireless communication systems: An ecological green approach

AbstractIn future fifth‐generation and beyond radio systems, access points equipped with massive antennas will be deployed to support the increased communication demands. As a result, radio environments will become more dense and users will be exposed to higher electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation from wireless devices than today. This paper proposes to take preemptive action toward protecting the public health from potential EMF‐related ill effects by examining radiation‐aware solutions for future green wireless communication systems from the radio resource scheduling perspective. Our efforts focus on correlating the transmit power levels of the wireless system with the operands used to express the EMF dosimetry metrics known as maximum permissible exposure and specific absorption rate. In addition, we formulate power minimization problems subject to the maximum permissible exposure and specific absorption rate safety standards, and the individual user quality‐of‐service demands to derive convex optimization‐based solution of dynamic subcarrier allocation and adaptive power management. The simulation results confirm that our green solution reduces significantly the user exposure to radiation, while providing the required quality of service. We expect that our findings can kick off new research directions for controlling the public exposure to radiation from wireless devices in dense networks toward safer fifth‐generation communication systems.

Mobile Technology for Behavioral Feedback on Glycemic Excursions—A Qualitative Study

Little is known about how adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) engage with technology to make positive changes in diabetes self-management. We explored the qualitative experiences of T1D adults after a clinical intervention that included FreeStyle Libre (FSL) linked to “Sugar Sleuth,” a mobile-based system that prompted patients to reflect on the causes of daily glycemic excursions in real time. Ten T1D adults (baseline A1c 8.0% ± 0.4; 60% male, 52±16 years old, T1D duration 31±14 years, 40% insulin pump) met with clinicians 5 times over 14 weeks initially to learn to use Sugar Sleuth and then to collaboratively review glucose data. They also completed an online nutrition education module focused on the impact of food on postprandial glycemia. Research psychologist conducted semi-structured interviews that were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using content analysis to derive themes. Three main themes emerged regarding the integrated FSL + Sugar Sleuth system: Empowering Tool, provided constant information for preemptive actions with hypo/hyperglycemia, immediate feedback for food choices, and useful data to discuss with clinicians; Psychosocial Support, promoted a sense of normalcy and relief from worry, and aided diabetes coping; Approaches to Glycemic Data, 50% described using FSL + Sugar Sleuth to review data, problem-solve, understand cause and effect, and plan for future self-care; the remainder focused only on immediate glucose numbers, trend arrows, and graphs but rarely reviewed data retrospectively. At study end, A1c was reduced by 0.4±0.14% (P<0.005) without a significant change in total daily insulin dose. Overall, participants perceived distinct benefits from this intervention, which incorporated the use of FSL + Sugar Sleuth and clinical support to facilitate changes in diabetes self-management. These qualitative results are supported by improvement in A1c. Further study of FSL + Sugar Sleuth can inform more personalized clinical and mobile-based interventions for T1D adults. Disclosure M.D. Ritholz: None. O. Henn: None. A. Atakov-Castillo: None. L. Fisher: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Abbott, Merck & Co., Inc.. E. Toschi: None.

Paradigm of Managerial Education for a Technological Breakthrough in the Economy

The article presents the results of the authors’ research into ways of improving managerial education and organization of anticipatory learning that are required for achieving a technological breakthrough in the national economy. The authors prove that in order to address complex tasks associated with modernization and emergence of Industry 4.0, to make decisions under uncertainty, unpredictable changes and considerable risk, managers need to possess interdisciplinary competencies in engineering and economics and pre-emptive action. The authors’ hypothesis that calls for change in managerial education is based on the idea that the new generation of managers will engage in the complex processes of creating fundamentally new technologies and markets as well as of modernizing the existing industries. To verify the hypothesis, we performed an analysis of development trends in global managerial education and universities’ responses to new challenges. The analysis allowed identifying the key characteristics of educational models employed by leading universities. They are focus on breakthrough technologies as well as on design and research component, orientation to cross-disciplinary educational products. The results of the analysis and surveys of experts have enabled the authors to determine the content of relevant interdisciplinary competencies for a technological breakthrough and to formulate the principles of anticipatory learning. These principles are represented in the organized process of creating knowledge and competences for addressing future problems corresponding to global trends and national development programs. The article describes the experience of the Research and Educational Centre for Interdisciplinary Investigations and Educational Programs (REC ENGEC) at the Ural Federal University in implementing a new paradigm of managerial education. It was designed within the framework of the research field «Pre-emptive management in rapidly developing industries» and the multi-project «New leaders for technological breakthrough». Overall, the results are of interest to the universities, including corporate ones, as well as to innovative business structures and research institutes participating in the process of transformation of educational models to response the new challenges of the technological revolution.

“I'm Just a Woman Having a Baby”: Negotiating and Resisting the Problematization of Pregnancy Fatness

This article explores how fat pregnant people construct successful narratives around their pregnancies and birthing. Fat pregnant people are a critical site for the war on fatness; viewed as irresponsible: threatening the health of their pregnancy, and the far-off future of their child. Contemporary knowledge about pregnancy fatness is imbued with longstanding and powerful gendered biomedical discourses that have served to script women’s reproductive bodies as faulty and deviant compared to the masculine ‘norm’ priming them for medical management and control. The problematisation of pregnancy fatness represents a concerning extension of maternal responsibilisation to pregnancy, entangling pregnant women in a politics of preemptive action to secure their children’s future health, all the while denying the socio-political, economic and cultural realities of women’s lives that constrain their ability to do so. Policy and media responses have located both the causes of, and solutions to, the problem of fat pregnancy in women’s individual self-management imploring them to take responsibility for the necessary lifestyle changes needed to reduce the risks posed by their fat bodies to their babies and the health system. This paper extends critical scholarship on the problematisaiton of pregnancy fatness by identifying the importance of understanding not only how women are oppressed by these dominant discourses but also how they are involved in strategies of negotiation and resistance. By creating space for alternate versions and visions, discursive resistance offers a critical means by which individuals can exercise agency by redefining their lives and recovering their harmed identities.

Information sharing and information concealment in the presence of a dominant retailer

Abstract The dramatic development of large retail outlets has transferred the dominant power from suppliers to retailers, who possess more plentiful and more accurate information in order to take preemptive action. To better understand the issue of information dissemination in the presence of a dominant retailer, we model a market comprising such a dominant incumbent retailer, who knows the terminal market demand as private information and is entitled to dictate her wholesale price while competing in terms of quantity with a weaker entrant retailer. Both retailers purchase products sequentially from a common upstream supplier, who has the power to set the wholesale price only for the entrant. Our analyses of Stackelberg games corresponding to two mechanisms, i.e., information sharing and information concealment scenarios, reveal interesting insights regarding the impact of information dissemination. The analytic solutions confirm that the incumbent absolutely reigns supreme through the wholesale price and order quantity. Both the extent of stabilization of the terminal market demand and the value of accurate information influence the participants’ decisions and their relative profits. We unexpectedly discover that the incumbent does not always benefit from information concealment and that the supplier and entrant do not always prefer information sharing. These results are distinctive and explicable. Moreover, the incumbent, the supplier and the entrant could realize the splendid opportunity of a “double-win” or even a “triple-win” situation in certain circumstances.

The Effect of Counseling on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Conducting HIV/AIDS Examination among Commercial Sex Workers

Background: HIV (Human Immune-deficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). AIDS is a symptom of diminished capacity defense caused by immune deficiency caused by HIV. In Central Java, Indonesia, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS cases is high enough in 2014 ( more than 500 HIV cases and 400 AIDS cases where the second most abundant group is found in Banyumas Regency due to the availability of prostitution complex in this area. Objective: The study aimed to determine the effect of education on knowledge, attitude, and practice of commercial sex workers to conduct HIV / AIDS test. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental research design using one group pretest and posttest. The population and the sample were 92 respondents applying total sampling using a questionnaire and checklist. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Nemar test. Results: There are differences in knowledge, attitudes, and practices among commercial sex workers to conduct HIV / AIDS test before and after counseling. Conclusion: Counseling is essential to be provided to the prostitutes in the order they know if they have HIV/AIDS that they take preemptive action before the disease spread further. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, counseling, knowledge, attitudes, practices, prostitutes.

Supporting families of transgender children/youth: Parents speak on their experiences, identity, and views

ABSTRACT Background: Transgender children/youth demonstrate the best possibility for resilience and positive mental health when they are part of an affirming and supportive family. To optimize families in supporting transgender children/youth, parents/caregivers need to be supported. Transgender children/youth and their families regularly navigate a myriad of challenges through society. Aims: Within the extant literature on transgender children and youth, relatively little attention is focused on the experiences of parents/caregivers and how their close family relationships are affected. The present qualitative study addresses this gap in knowledge through its exploration of the experiences, identities, and views of parents/caregivers of transgender children/youth. Method: The study is longitudinal and this article represents the first wave. Fourteen parents of 12 transgender children/youth, aged 6–17, participated in in-depth semistructured interviews. Participants were recruited via social media and at an on-site conference for transgender youth and their families. All children/youth had socially transitioned. Those who were eligible for puberty suppression and/or hormone therapy were receiving those. The interviews were inductively coded for themes by two coders using the constant comparative method. Results: Participants' reports on their experiences yielded three themes: (1) transgender issues as the family's focus; (2) proactivity, child-focused: preemptive actions to prevent adverse consequences; and (3) self-care. These themes included subthemes on effective coping strategies to mitigate struggles. Three themes related to participants' identity and views emerged: (1) identity reformation, (2) self-evaluation, and (3) views of future. These themes included subthemes that reflected how participants viewed themselves, their child, and the future. Discussion: A transgender identity in one family member affects all household members. Parents/guardians may experience guilt and self-doubt over decisions. Factors that may improve outcomes with extended family and schools include families' preemptive dissemination of information on transgender identities and explicating expectations of respect and nonintrusion. Ingrained traditions may force life-altering decisions.