Predetermined Variables Research Articles

Computational Modeling of Bone Fracture Healing Under Different Initial Conditions and Mechanical Load.

Computational model of bone healing can replace animal experiments to study the parameters affecting the bone healing process, thus reducing the damage to experimental animals and saving a lot of time. We propose a computational model for continuous simulation of four phases of bone healing to study the effects of mechanical environmental and biological factors, including initial conditions at the fracture site, mechanical stimulus loading, and vascular growth rate. A finite element model of mechanobiological fracture healing containing several pre-determined variables was developed for bone healing after fracture in sheep, which included many relevant parameters and biological effects during fracture healing, such as the effects of mechanical environment, blood supply level in the local fracture area, cell migration and diffusion, and resorption effects of fracture healing. The effects of several parameters on indices such as Young's modulus of the callus during bone healing were obtained by simulation. The initial geometry of the healing tissue and mechanical loading had the greatest effect on fracture healing, and different preset values were likely to cause delayed or non-healing fractures. Changed initial tissue properties of the healing tissue showed a nonlinear effect on fracture healing rather than a linear delay or advancement. Parameters related to angiogenesis had a greater effect on fracture healing compared to those related to cell migration. This paper quantified the effect of fracture healing pre-determined variables on fracture healing to better understand the application of mechanobiology in fracture healing simulation models and optimization of treatment strategies. The importance of initial conditions and loads on fracture healing has been shown to help physicians treat bone nonunion or delayed bone healing after a fracture.

Social media, brand loyalty and the banking industry in Colombia

This study analyzed the relationship between retail bank customers’ loyalty and trust, and focused social media marketing in Barranquilla, Colombia. The survey was conducted in-person among customers (528 participants) at various Colombian banks over a period of seven months, from May 2021 to November 2021. The responses on the survey were rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from “Strongly disagree” to “Strongly agree”. The study also incorporated a focus group with 25 participants aged between 34 and 51. Moreover, the research employs factorial analysis to elucidate the underlying correlations between the variables. The discussion was structured around seven pre-determined variables: Personalization, Entertainment, Engagement, Marketing, Word of Mouth, Trust, and Loyalty. The load factors range between 0.583 and 0.914, implying a high correlation between the survey questions and the constructs. The Cronbach’s Alpha values (from 0.753 to 0.996) and the Composite Reliability values (from 0.739 to 0.875) suggest a high level of internal consistency within the constructs. In the realm of social media marketing, the research underscores the pivotal role of trust as an intermediary in cultivating brand loyalty. The study abstains from concentrating on hypothesis testing, instead it illuminates the criticality of understanding the role trust plays in social media marketing. The research results provide valuable insights for future investigations as well as for enhancing service marketing strategies in the banking sector. AcknowledgmentsThis study was funded by Education For All Online EU. We thank our participants for their generous contribution to this work.

DIGITAL GAP ANALYSIS IN THE USE OF MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS IN THE CITY OF BANDUNG

This research discusses the digital divide in the use of mobile banking applications in the city of Bandung, Indonesia, where the use of mobile banking is still relatively minimal compared to other bank services. The study aims to analyze the digital divide based on four stages of using digital technology, which are motivation, physical access and material access, mobile banking skills, and usage. The author uses quantitative methods with the PLS-SEM multivariate analysis technique to determine the relationship between predetermined variables. For data processing, the author uses WarpPLS 8.0 where the data processed is based on samples taken through non-probability sampling using the purposive sampling method with a total of 300 respondents taken from part of the population of Bandung City who use mobile banking applications. Based on research that has been carried out by the author, it was obtained that the variables motivation, physical access and material access, mobile banking skills, and usage are stated to be significant. This shows that there is no digital divide in the use of mobile banking applications in the city of Bandung.

Ağız Sağlığı Eğitim Programına Katılan İlköğretim Okulu Öğrencilerinde Diş Kaygısı Paterni

Background/Aims: Dental anxiety is a common problem which develops mostly in childhood. The level of dental anxiety perceived by the primary schoolers were determined with Facial Image Scale (FIS) while receiving oral dental health education in their classroom environment.
 Methods: FIS were applied to 163 third-grade primary schoolers while they were having oral health education course in an interactive way. Gender, white dental attire, and past dental experience(s) were pre-determined variables evaluating the pattern of dental anxiety in the third-grade primary schoolers in this study.
 Results: The overall anxiety level in children was 46.01%, with no significant difference observed between genders (p=0.4593). Students who were educated by instructors wearing white dental attire were more likely to have a 1&2 FIS score (OR: 3.9 (1.3-11.7); p=0.0156). However, students who had past dental experience expressed significantly more 4&5 FIS scores (OR: 4.38 (2.17-8.85); p < 0.001). 
 Conclusions: Regardless of gender white dental attire created a positive perception in 9-year-old students, but the presence of past dental experience and a history of tooth extraction especially under local anesthesia caused negative perception in the study.

Learning from sticky variables in cross-case analyses of collaboration in social-ecological systems

ABSTRACT The importance of collaborative approaches to governing social-ecological systems (SES) towards more transformative outcomes is now widely acknowledged. Theoretical and meth- odological frameworks to enable such collaborations are being developed across a range of disciplines. Transdisciplinary approaches are emerging as a key enabler of potentially trans- formative collaborations in SES, particularly where these are characterized by ‘multiple multi- ples’ (e.g. multiple scales, knowledge systems, etc.). A typical approach to studying complex collaborative initiatives across a range of contexts is comparative case study research, often relying on researchers embedded in cases. In this approach, qualitative case studies are coded using predetermined variables (based on ecological, social, and social-ecological features of cases) to enable comparison and cross-case analysis. In our experience, the process of coding qualitative cases into a quantitative analysis framework can be hampered by what we term ‘sticky variables’, i.e. variables which are difficult to code for reasons related to aspects of the intrinsic complexity of social-ecological systems. Based on cases from a range of geographic locations across the Global North and South, we identify sticky variables, and elucidate the reasons for their ‘stickiness’. We propose several ways of working with and learning from sticky variables, and we reflect on theoretical, methodological and reflexive aspects of transdisciplinary research on collaborations. Moreover, we suggest that sticky variables might be ‘flags’ for interesting underlying factors that influence collaboration. We conclude by drawing out recommendations for researchers and practitioners confronted with the complexities and nuances of collaborations in social-ecological systems around the world.

Digitization, Ageing Population and Bank Profitability: Evidence in Light of Two Global Crises

Despite the prevalence of a rich literature on bank profitability, yet, none of it analyzes the simultaneous effects of GFC and COVID-19 on bank profitability. We attempt to fulfil this gap by using a model which factors in digitization, ageing population, endogenous and predetermined variables, let alone control for G-SIBs. Findings show that the impacts of COVID-19 were twice as much deleterious as those hailing from the GFC in the case of NIM and four times as harmful in the case of ROE, with ageing population exerting bearish forces on bank profitability. Mobile usage interacted with COVID-19 crisis dummy and is found to leverage on ROE, underscoring the significance of technology-driven sources of activities during the pandemic. Overall, our paper justifies the significantly larger bailout package launched by the authorities during the pandemic compared to that triggered during the GFC with the critical role of technology being underscored in securing banks’ profits during the pandemic.

Implementasi Metode K-Modes Dalam Pengelompokan Penerima Bantuan Langsung Tunai

Direct Cash Assistance is a government assistance program that is given to underprivileged people. Assistance is distributed in the form of cash assistance sourced from village funds. In the process of distribution BLT funds, there were obstacles faced by the village, namely incomplete data on BLT recipients. Based on these constraints, a data survey of BLT recipients was carried out using predetermined variables. There are 20 variables used for BLT recipients. Based on the survey results, there was a lot of data that had something in common, making it difficult for the Sungai Dungun village to group BLT recipients. Therefore we need a system that can grouping BLT recipient data. The method used for grouping data on this system is the K-Modes method. The test uses the Davies Bouldin Index (DBI) to know out whether the cluster results are good or not. Based on the results of the DBI test, there is a minimum value generated in grouping using 4 groups with a value of 1.25858. Grouping with 4 groups resulted in a very worth it group of 101 heads of households, a feasible group totaling 40 heads of households, a moderately feasible group totaling 44 heads of households, and an unfeasible group totaling 15 heads of households.

HR analytics: what’s holding users back?

PurposeHR analytics is a process for systematic computational analysis of data or statistics. It discovers, interprets and communicates significant patterns in data to enable evidence-based HR research and uses analytical insights to help organizations achieve their strategic objectives. However, its adoption and utilization among HR professionals remain a subject of concern. This study aims to determine the reasons that facilitate or inhibit the acceptance of HR analytics among HR professionals in the banking, financial services and insurance (BFSI) sector.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 387 HR professionals in BFSI firms across India was collected through non-probabilistic purposive sampling. Structural equation modeling was applied to analyze the association between predetermined variables. In addition, the predictive relevance of “Data Availability” was analyzed using hierarchical regression.FindingsThe results revealed that data availability, hedonic motivation and performance expectancy positively influenced behavioral intention (BI). In contrast, effort expectancy, social influence and habit had an insignificant effect on BI. Also, facilitating conditions (FCs), habit, BI achieved a variance of 60% in HR analytics use. The use behavior of HR analytics was significantly influenced by FCs and BIs.Practical implicationsThis study focuses on insights into the elements that influence HR analytics adoption, revealing additional light on success drivers and grey areas for failed adoption.Originality/valueThis research adds to the body of knowledge by identifying factors that hinder the adoption of HR analytics in Indian organizations and signifies the relevance of easy accessibility and availability of data for technology adoption.

Kualitas Pelayanan dan Kepuasan Melalui Brand Image Terhadap Loyalitas Peserta Diklat Kepelautan

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the factors that influence the quality of service and satisfaction of training participants through the brand image of the marine education and training institution. Methods of research uses quantitative with Path Analysis technique. Path analysis is an extension of regression analysis, to estimate causality between predetermined variables. The results of statistical calculations show that there is an indirect effect of service quality on customer loyalty through Brand Image with a coefficient value of 0.133 and shows that there is an indirect effect of customer quality on customer loyalty through Brand Image with a coefficient value of 0.418. With the results of the study showing the influence of each variable, the service quality affects the satisfaction of the marine training and education institutions, the service quality affects the brand image, the satisfaction affects the brand image, the service quality effects on the loyalty of marine training participants, the brand image affects the loyalty of the marine training participants, the affects the loyalty, the service quality of the marine training and education institutions affects the loyalty of the marine training participants through the brand image.

Starvars: An R Package for Analysing Nonlinearities in Multivariate Time Series

Although linear autoregressive models are useful to practitioners in different fields, often a nonlinear specification would be more appropriate in time series analysis. In general, there are many alternative approaches to nonlinearity modelling, one consists in assuming multiple regimes. Among the possible specifications that account for regime changes in the multivariate framework, smooth transition models are the most general, since they nest both linear and threshold autoregressive models. This paper introduces the [starvars](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=starvars) package which estimates and predicts the Vector Logistic Smooth Transition model in a very general setting which also includes predetermined variables. In comparison to the existing R packages, starvars offers the estimation of the Vector Smooth Transition model both by maximum likelihood and nonlinear least squares. The package allows also to test for nonlinearity in a multivariate setting and detect the presence of common breaks. Furthermore, the package computes multi-step-ahead forecasts. Finally, an illustration with financial time series is provided to show its usage.

Halal product design accreditation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework of Halal Product Design Accreditation adopted by manufacturers in designing their product with the integration of halal value in their design for better understanding on the matter. Design/methodology/approach – This paper develops a new combination of variables that is essential to consider for producing and desgning a halal product. Knowledge, attitude, religious and packaging are used as pre-determined variables for the design and production of the halal products.Findings – The hypotheses revealed that knowledge and attitude have significant influence towards creating a purchase intention among the consumers. As for the halal concept, it is strongly influenced by religious and packaging. The findings show that the purchase intention and halal concept are critical variables in the product development process, which will eventually lead to the production of halal products with accreditation. Implications – As an overall implication, this paper will provide an important and valuable information for manufacturers who intends to produce halal products. It will be very interesting if researchers in the future can examine and divide the halal products into two categories, namely halal product for consumption and halal product for use.

Validating the Danish version of the Eating Disorder Quality of Life Scale (EDQLS) in anorexia nervosa.

The aim of this study was to explore the factor structure of the Danish translation of the eating disorder quality of life scale and evaluate the internal reliability and convergent validity of the scale in a Danish cohort of women with AN. The total sample comprised 211 patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa age 13-40years. Patients completed questionnaires assessing eating disorder psychopathology, physical and social functioning, and well-being. Factor analyses were not able to support the current division of the scale into 12 factors. We found excellent internal consistency of the eating disorder quality-of-life scale total score. We found relevant associations between quality of life and pre-determined variables. This study supports the use of the total score of the eating disorder quality of life scale in assessing quality of life in patients with anorexia nervosa. However, future studies should explore the factor structure of the scale further. III: Evidence obtained from cohort or case-control analytic studies.

The impact of motherhood on the course of women's psychological wellbeing

Having children or being childless is associated with differences in women's psychological wellbeing during the reproductive age period. An individually matched case-control cohort study, measuring psychological wellbeing with the 5-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) was conducted. Repeated measures analysis of variance and chi-square tests were used to measure the across time changes of MHI-5 scores. ANCOVA and Cochran's Q examined the differences between MHI-5 scores of women with children (cases) and of childless women (controls) at three timepoints. Timepoints were determined by the cases’ pre-pregnancy (T1), post-birth (T2), longer-term (T3) moments. Motherhood status has a significant medium effect on psychological wellbeing [F(1.112) 20.99, p<.001, d.47). Psychological wellbeing of cases declines significantly from T2 to T3 (p<.001) and from T1 to T3 (p<.001), while psychological wellbeing of controls remains the same. Cases have significantly more often MHI-5 scores below the cut-off value at T2 compared to T3 (p.05) and at T1 compared to T3 (p<.001). Controls have significantly more often MHI-5 scores below the cut-off value at T1 compared to T2 (p<.001) and at T1 compared to T3 (p<.001). We depended on an existing data set with few predetermined variables. There was insufficient information about the full context of women’s lives such as (in)voluntary childlessness, life-events affecting happiness, or age of children, affecting a comprehensive representation of possible confounders or mediating factors. Psychological wellbeing of mothers declines over time, while childless women’s wellbeing remains stable. Overall, both groups show evidence of good mental health.

Development of Composite Motorcycling Safety Index along Urban Roads in Malaysia

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Motorcycle is a preferred private transportation mode (45%) among Malaysian due to its affordability and eases to move around especially in the hectic urban areas. These vulnerable road users are exposed to greater risk in road collisions due to sharing the roadway with other motor vehicles and unprotected. Worse still, the road was designed without concern for the motorcycle's characteristics. No doubt, segregating motorcycles exclusively from the roadway is an effective engineering measure to address motorcycle safety. But it may not be feasible to introduce in the well-built urban areas. Identification of the road and traffic variables that affecting safe motorcycling in the urban roadway is an initiative to create a safer riding environment. The initial study was carried out to identified traffic and roadway variables that affecting safe motorcycling. The seven pre-determined variables that were found to significantly influencing Malaysian motorcycle riders' safety perception are: pavement condition, paved shoulder width, posted speed limit, mixed traffic volume, type of roadway, lane width, and parking condition. These pre-determined variables were further investigated in the subsequent study, questionnaire with fourteen short video clips representing different traffic and roadway conditions was aired to 483 respondents to rate the motorcycling safety score (MSS) based on their safe riding perception. The response on MSS was further developed into Motorcycling Safety Index (MSI). Lastly, 114 combinations of different traffic and roadway conditions for seven pre-determined variables were formed to establish the Composite MSI boundary. The development of Composite MSI is to enable the road authorities and agencies and/or practitioners to assess the problematic road segments that required immediate remedial actions.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

The Influence of Price, Quality and Model on Clothing Sales Levels with E-Commerce Media

The background of this research will find out how the price, quality and model can affect the level of clothing sales using e-commerce media using predetermined variables, it will be known whether these variables can affect sales levels using e-commerce media. The method used in this study is to use quantitative methods which will use survey tools and SPSS software to process data. After the data is obtained through surveys, the data will be processed through SPSS software so that it can produce accurate and measurable data. There are several studies related to increasing sales. Therefore, with the existing research base, variables that can affect sales levels will be developed because these variables can be used as a basis for research and developed to improve sales levels. In this study will produce a data that can find out what variables can affect the level of sales, especially with e-commerce media. e-commerce media is a media that is on the rise because during the pandemic, sellers and buyers cannot meet in person due to distance restrictions due to that with the pandemic, many marketplaces have sprung up so that e-commerce media is the right medium at this time.

The Production of Surfactant Anionic Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) from Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with Ultrasound-Assisted

Virgine coconut oil (VCO) is a vegetable oil that has many ingredients that can be used, one of the highest ingredients is lauric acid about 41-51%. It can be used to synthesis of surfactants, which is the surfactant anionic methyl ester sulfonate (MES). However, time of transesterification and sulfonation needed is very long in the conventional process. Because of that, some researchers have proved that ultrasound-assisted can accelerate and increase the yield because ultrasound can directly cavitation that help the rupture mechanism of matrix cells. In the sulfonation process, methyl ester is reacted with sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) with several predetermined variables. After being reacted, the mixture of methyl ester and NaHSO3 used a separating funnel and then purified using 50% of methanol, then evaporated and neutralized using 20% of NaOH. The measured quantities include yield, density, viscosity, surface tension, FT-IR analysis and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In transesterification, the optimum conditions were obtained in 1:6 of mole ratio in 3 minutes, the yield of 90%. In sulfonation, the optimum conditions were obtained in temperature at 65°C in 30 minutes. With the resulting viscosity of 4,04 cSt, the yield is 98%, and the surface tension is 32,028 dyne/cm.

Barriers to, and facilitators of, the adoption of a sugar sweetened beverage tax to prevent non-communicable diseases in Namibia: a policy landscape analysis

ABSTRACT Background: Nutrition-related non-communicable diseases contribute to approximately half of the premature deaths in Namibia. Westernisation and urbanisation of communities have resulted in changing dietary patterns that see people eating more refined and high sugar content foods that are a risk for nutrition-related non-communicable diseases. Sugar-sweetened beverage taxation has been found to influence consumer purchasing behaviour and to raise revenue for health-promoting activity in other low- and middle-income countries. Objectives: To analyse Namibia’s non-communicable diseases prevention policy landscape and assess the readiness of the Government to adopt sugar-sweetened beverage taxation policies for public health. Methods: Government policy documents relating to nutrition-related non-communicable diseases were analysed, utilising predetermined variables based on policy theory. Thirteen key informant interviews were conducted with stakeholders from Government, non-governmental organisations and academic institutions. Data sets were analysed utilising Kingdon’s analytical theory for agenda setting. Results: Nutrition-related non-communicable diseases are an increasing problem that requires immediate action. Diet and lifestyle are recognised as major contributors to non-communicable diseases. The Government has adopted a multisectoral approach to the control and prevention of non-communicable diseases in Namibia. A sugar-sweetened beverage tax is envisaged in policy, but there is no progress towards its enactment. At the highest level of Government, the Ministry of Finance has ruled out immediate action towards sugar-sweetened beverage taxation. There is little publicly available information about the Namibian beverages industry, but it is closely tied to the South African drinking industry and is influenced by policy action in that country. Conclusion: The Government of Namibia has taken positive steps and the policy environment is friendly towards an SSB tax. The proximity of trade and the competitive nature of the Namibian drinks industry with South Africa suggest that a regional perspective to advocacy would be of value.

Substandard, falsified and unregistered medicines in Latin America, 2017-2018.

ABSTRACTObjective.To assess all the incidents of substandard, falsified and unregistered medicines in 2017 and 2018 in Latin America, determining the types of products affected, stages of the supply chain in which incidents were detected, quality deviations identified in tested samples, and regulatory measures taken by authorities.Methods.A comprehensive search of the websites of the Latin American national regulatory authorities was conducted, identifying all eligible incidents during 2017-2018. Standardized values were collected from each incident for pre-determined variables: country, year, type of incident, therapeutic group, supply chain, regulatory measures and laboratory data.Results.A total of 596 incidents in 13 countries were included (236 substandard, 239 falsified, 116 unregistered and 5 stolen). The therapeutic categories with the highest incidents were: anti-infectives, medicines for pain/palliative care, hormones/contraceptives, medicines for the respiratory tract, and medicines for mental/behavioural disorders. The most common places where incidents were detected were commercial establishments, pharmacies, health services and manufacturers. The most recurrent quality deviations were failure in parameters (appearance or physicochemical), incorrect labelling, different quantity of active pharmaceutical ingredient, presence of unknown particles, and microbiological contamination. The most frequent regulatory measures identified were alerts, withdrawals, seizures, and prohibition of marketing/distribution/use.Conclusions.In Latin America, substandard, falsified and unregistered medicines persist as a highly prevalent problem. An advanced degree of regulatory development in countries is associated with higher incident detection/reporting rates and a more comprehensive set of measures. The pharmaceutical supply chain is more vulnerable in its final node. Quality deviations identified in tested samples pose serious risks to public health.

Predictors of Outcome in Patients with Medullary Hemorrhage

Background: Isolated medullary hemorrhage (MH) is an uncommon presentation of spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage. The relationship between MH and neurological outcome is not well known. This study aims to assess predictive parameters for the outcome of medullary hemorrhage. Methods: We conducted an extensive search of the literature for cases with spontaneous, isolated MH. The study was conducted according to the statement of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA). Forty-three cases diagnosed by CT or MRI have been reported in the literature, to which we add three confirmed by MRI. The ventrodorsal size of hemorrhage was taken into account as a parameter of outcome. Early neurologic deterioration (END) was defined as an incremental increase in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score by ≥1 point in motor power, or ≥2 points in the total score within the first week after admission. Modified Rankin Score (mRS) 0–2 was presumed as favorable outcome (FO) and mRS 3–6 score as unfavorable outcome (UO) at discharge and at 3 months after stroke. Results: We enrolled 46 patients, and 17 (37%) patients were diagnosed with END. The cause of medullary hemorrhage was mostly vascular malformations, including cavernous malformation (33%) and arteriovenous malformation (11%). In univariate analyses, neither arteriovenous malformations (OR, 1.04; 95%CI, 0.10–10.53; P = 0.68) nor cavernomas (OR, 1.04; 95%CI, 0.22–4.89; P = 0.62) were associated with UO. Acute respiratory distress syndrome was higher in patients with UO group (44%) compared to those with FO group (16%), but this difference did not reach to a significant level (OR, 4.13; 95%CI, 0.85–20.04; P = 0.09). The diameter of hemorrhage was significantly larger (≥1 cm) in patients with UO compared to those with FO (OR, 16.67; 95%CI, 1.87–148.89; P = 0.003). Three months after stroke, 37 patients (80%) had FO and 9 (19.5%) had UO, and 5 (11%) died. Multiple logistic regression analysis using predetermined variables found to be significant in univariate analyses (END, consciousness disturbance at admission, hemorrhage size, and hypertension) showed that END at stroke onset was significantly associated with UO (OR, 4.97; CI95%, 1.13–21.94; P = 0.03). Conclusions: These results suggest that the END is a predictor for UO in patients with medullary hemorrhage. The extent of the medullary hemorrhage along the conduction tract may contribute to deterioration.

Anatomical Characteristics Associated With Hypoattenuated Leaflet Thickening in Low-Risk Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Background/purposeThis sub-analysis of the prospective Low Risk TAVR (LRT) trial determined anatomical characteristics associated with hypoattenuated leaflet thickening (HALT), which may contribute to early transcatheter heart valve (THV) degeneration. Methods/materialsThe LRT trial enrolled 200 low-risk patients between February 2016 and February 2018. All subjects underwent baseline and 30-day CT studies, analyzed by an independent core laboratory. Additional measurements, namely THV expansion, eccentricity, depth, and commissural alignment, were made by consensus of three independent readers. HALT was observed only in the Sapien 3 THV, so Evolut valves were excluded from this analysis. ResultsIn the LRT trial, 177 subjects received Sapien 3 THVs, of whom 167 (94.3%) had interpretable 30-day CTs and were eligible for this analysis. Twenty-six subjects had HALT (15.6%). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. There was no difference in THV size implanted and baseline aortic-root geometry between groups. In patients who developed HALT, THV implantation depth was shallower than in patients who did not develop HALT (2.6 ± 1.1 mm HALT versus 3.3 ± 1.8 mm no-HALT, p = 0.03). There were more patients in the HALT group with commissural malalignment (40% vs. 28%; p = 0.25), but this did not reach statistical significance. In a univariable regression model, no predetermined variables were shown to independently predict the development of HALT. ConclusionsThis study did not find anatomical or THV implantation characteristics that predicted the development of HALT at 30 days. This study cannot exclude subtle effects or interaction between factors because of the small number of events.