Preadmission Medications Research Articles

Relative accuracy and availability of an Irish National Database of dispensed medication as a source of medication history information: observational study and retrospective record analysis

The medication reconciliation process begins by identifying which medicines a patient used before presentation to hospital. This is time-consuming, labour intensive and may involve interruption of clinicians. We sought to identify the availability and accuracy of data held in a national dispensing database, relative to other sources of medication history information. For patients admitted to two acute hospitals in Ireland, a Gold Standard Pre-Admission Medication List (GSPAML) was identified and corroborated with the patient or carer. The GSPAML was compared for accuracy and availability to PAMLs from other sources, including the Health Service Executive Primary Care Reimbursement Scheme (HSE-PCRS) dispensing database. Some 1111 medication were assessed for 97 patients, who were median age 74years (range 18-92years), median four co-morbidities (range 1-9), used median 10 medications (range 3-25) and half (52%) were male. The HSE-PCRS PAML was the most accurate source compared to lists provided by the general practitioner, community pharmacist or cited in previous hospital documentation: the list agreed for 74% of the medications the patients actually used, representing complete agreement for all medications in 17% of patients. It was equally contemporaneous to other sources, but was less reliable for male than female patients, those using increasing numbers of medications and those using one or more item that was not reimbursable by the HSE. The HSE-PCRS database is a relatively accurate, available and contemporaneous source of medication history information and could support acute hospital medication reconciliation.

Improving Medication Safety with Accurate Preadmission Medication Lists and Postdischarge Education

Gathering a complete preadmission medication list (PAML) at admission remains an essential component of medication reconciliation, as is providing the patient with a written medication list at the time of hospital discharge. A medication reconciliation project was begun in 2007 at an integrated health care system to (1) improve the accuracy of PAMLs within 24 hours of admission for patients admitted through the emergency department (ED) and (2) enhance patient education through telephone calls by pharmacists to the patients most at risk for adverse drug events (ADEs) or readmission. ACCURACY OF PAMLs: In the October 2007-May 2008 period, RN-generated PAMLs were accurate 16% of the time versus 89% for the June 2008-December 2010 period, when they were generated by pharmacy technicians. Medication errors classified as having the potential to cause moderate or serious harm decreased from 13.17% to 1.50%. By summer 2009, the Safe Med pharmacist program was fully staffed, thereby enabling the program to contact nearly 100% of the 10,174 patients meeting the Safe Med criteria from January 2009 through December 2010. When compared with historical controls, the Safe Med intervention was associated with a statistically significant reduction in 30- and 60-day readmissions, ADE-associated 30- and 60-day readmissions, and 30- and 60-day ED visits. ED-deployed pharmacy personnel can enhance the accuracy of PAMLs and may thereby reduce in-hospital ADEs. The postdischarge intervention by pharmacists with the most complex patients may reduce ADEs following hospital discharge. The interventions may compensate for discontinuities in care and lessen the attendant threats to patient safety.

Impact of diabetes on risk factors, mode of presentation and hospital outcome in patients presented with acute coronary syndromes

Background Type II diabetes is a prominent risk factor for future cardiac events. Its impact on demographic data, mode of presentation and hospital outcome among a group of Saudi patients with ACS was prospectively studied. Methods We studied 142 consecutive ASC pts. (91 diabetic) admitted to the CCU at NWAFH. Including UA, NSTEMI and STEMI. Results Diabetics were older (61 vs 51 y) [ p p p p p p p = 0.001] and ACEi/ARBs (73% vs 49%) [ p Conclusions Compared to non-diabetics ACS at NWAFH, diabetics are older, with more of hypertension, BMI, hyperlipedemia and IHD history. They were more frequently prescribed pre-admission medications. No impact of diabetes on mode of presentation (STEMI vs NSTEMI/UA) was found. Invasive approach is equally offered to both groups, with a trend for more prevalence of MVD and hospital mortality in the diabetic patients.

Clinical pharmacist’s contribution to medication reconciliation on admission to hospital in Ireland

Medication reconciliation has been mandated by the Irish government at transfer of care. Research is needed to determine the contribution of clinical pharmacists to the process. To describe the contribution of emergency department based clinical pharmacists to admission medication reconciliation in Ireland. Frequency of clinical pharmacist's activities. Two public university teaching hospitals. Adults admitted via the accident and emergency department, from a non-acute setting, reporting the use of at least three regular prescription medications, were eligible for inclusion. Medication reconciliation was provided by clinical pharmacists to randomly-selected patients within 24-hours of admission. This process includes collecting a gold-standard pre-admission medication list, checking this against the admission prescription and communicating any changes. A discrepancy was defined as any difference between the gold-standard pre-admission medication list and the admission prescription. Discrepancies were communicated to the clinician in the patient's healthcare record. Potentially harmful discrepancies were also communicated verbally. Pharmacist activities and unintentional discrepancies, both resolved and unresolved at 48-hours were measured. Unresolved discrepancies were confirmed verbally by the team as intentional or unintentional. A reliable and validated tool was used to assess clinical significance by medical consultants, clinical pharmacists, community pharmacists and general practitioners. In total, 134 patients, involving 1,556 medications, were included in the survey. Over 97 % of patients (involving 59 % of medications) experienced a medication change on admission. Over 90 % of patients (involving 29 % of medications) warranted clinical pharmacy input to determine whether such changes were intentional or unintentional. There were 447 interventions by the clinical pharmacist regarding apparently unintentional discrepancies, a mean of 3.3 per patient. In total, 227 (50 %) interventions were accepted and discrepancies resolved. At 48-hours under half (46 %) of patients remained affected by an unintentional unresolved discrepancy (60 % related to omissions). Verbally communicated discrepancies were more likely to be resolved than those not communicated verbally (Chi-square (1) = 30.029 p < 0.05). Under half of unintentional unresolved discrepancies (46 %) had the potential to cause minor harm compared to 70 % of the resolved unintentional discrepancies. None had the potential to result in severe harm. Clinical pharmacists contribute positively to admission medication reconciliation and should be engaged to deliver this service in Ireland.

Inappropriate prescribing in hospitalised Australian elderly as determined by the STOPP criteria

The elderly population is increasing worldwide. Due to age-related physiological changes that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, the elderly are predisposed to adverse drug reactions. Prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) has been found to be prevalent among the elderly and PIM use has been associated with hospitalisations and mortality. This study aims to identify the prevalence and nature of pre-admission inappropriate prescribing by using the STOPP (screening tool of older people's prescriptions) criteria amongst a sample of hospitalised elderly inpatients in South Australia. Medical, surgical and rehabilitation wards of a public teaching hospital in Adelaide, South Australia. Pre-admission prevalence of PIM. Medication management plans of 100 patients of ≥65 years old were prospectively studied to determine the prevalence of pre-admission PIM use. Sixty-five criteria of STOPP were applied to identify PIMs. The total number of pre-admission medications screened during the study period was 949; the median number of medicines per patient was nine (range 2-28). Overall the STOPP criteria identified 138 PIMs in 60 % of patients. The most frequently encountered PIM was opiates prescribed in patients with recurrent falls (12.3 %), followed by benzodiazepines in fallers (10.1 %) and proton pump inhibitors when prescribed for peptic ulcer disease for long-term at maximum doses (9.4 %). The number of medications were found to have a positive correlation with pre-admission PIM use (r(s) = 0.49, P < 0.01). Pre-admission PIM use is highly prevalent among the studied population. Strategies to reduce PIM use should be undertaken by physicians and pharmacists. The use of the STOPP criteria in clinical practice to reduce prescriptions of inappropriate medications requires further investigation.

Medication coaching program for patients with minor stroke or TIA: a pilot study.

BackgroundPatients who are hospitalized with a first or recurrent stroke often are discharged with new medications or adjustment to the doses of pre-admission medications, which can be confusing and pose safety issues if misunderstood. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of medication coaching via telephone after discharge in patients with stroke.MethodsTwo-arm pilot study of a medication coaching program with 30 patients (20 intervention, 10 control). Consecutive patients admitted with stroke or TIA with at least 2 medications changed between admission and discharge were included. The medication coach contacted intervention arm patients post-discharge via phone call to discuss risk factors, review medications and triage patients’ questions to a stroke nurse and/or pharmacist. Intervention and control participants were contacted at 3 months for outcomes. The main outcomes were feasibility (appropriateness of script, ability to reach participants, and provide requested information) and participant evaluation of medication coaching.ResultsThe median lengths of the coaching and follow-up calls with requested answers to these questions were 27 minutes and 12 minutes, respectively, and participant evaluations of the coaching were positive. The intervention participants were more likely to have seen their primary care provider than were control participants by 3 months post discharge.ConclusionsThis medication coaching study executed early after discharge demonstrated feasibility of coaching and educating stroke patients with a trained coach. Results from our small pilot showed a possible trend towards improved appointment-keeping with primary care providers in those who received coaching.

Síndrome de tako-tsubo e insuficiencia cardiaca: seguimiento a largo plazo

Introduction and objectivesTako-tsubo syndrome produces a variable degree of transient left ventricular dysfunction. Our objective was to determine the short- and long-term prognosis of this syndrome, the incidence of and risk factors for the development of heart failure, and the influence on heart failure on the long-term outcome in our patient population. MethodsWe prospectively recorded the clinical features and events during the hospital stay and follow-up of 100 patients with tako-tsubo syndrome. The risk factors for heart failure during hospital stay, considered as Killip class≥II, were assessed. ResultsMost of the patients were women (89%), with a mean age of 68 years. The distribution according to Killip class was: Killip I, 70 patients; Killip II, 15; Killip III, 5; and Killip IV, 10. Cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes, were common in the overall group, but were more so in the heart failure cohort. The left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in the heart failure group (51% vs 42%; P<.01). There were no differences in preadmission medications or biomarkers of necrosis. Over a median follow-up of 1380 days, the incidence of events reported during the hospital stay and long-term follow-up, both for death and the combined endpoints, was higher in the heart failure cohort. ConclusionsAlthough the prognosis in tako-tsubo syndrome is usually good, heart failure occurs quite frequently, mainly in patients with a greater number of comorbidities and poorer previous functional class. Moreover, heart failure is associated with a higher number of early and late adverse events. The overall long-term prognosis is good.Full English text available from:www.revespcardiol.org

Tako-tsubo Syndrome and Heart Failure: Long-term Follow-up

Introduction and objectivesTako-tsubo syndrome produces a variable degree of transient left ventricular dysfunction. Our objective was to determine the short- and long-term prognosis of this syndrome, the incidence of and risk factors for the development of heart failure, and the influence on heart failure on the long-term outcome in our patient population. MethodsWe prospectively recorded the clinical features and events during the hospital stay and follow-up of 100 patients with tako-tsubo syndrome. The risk factors for heart failure during hospital stay, considered as Killip class≥II, were assessed. ResultsMost of the patients were women (89%), with a mean age of 68 years. The distribution according to Killip class was: Killip I, 70 patients; Killip II, 15; Killip III, 5; and Killip IV, 10. Cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes, were common in the overall group, but were more so in the heart failure cohort. The left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in the heart failure group (51% vs 42%; P<.01). There were no differences in preadmission medications or biomarkers of necrosis. Over a median follow-up of 1380 days, the incidence of events reported during the hospital stay and long-term follow-up, both for death and the combined endpoints, was higher in the heart failure cohort. ConclusionsAlthough the prognosis in tako-tsubo syndrome is usually good, heart failure occurs quite frequently, mainly in patients with a greater number of comorbidities and poorer previous functional class. Moreover, heart failure is associated with a higher number of early and late adverse events. The overall long-term prognosis is good.

The Effect of Preadmission Medications on Outcome Following IV Thrombolysis in a Statewide Telestroke Network (P03.005)

The Effect of Preadmission Medications on Outcome Following IV Thrombolysis in a Statewide Telestroke Network (P03.005)

Errors in medication history at hospital admission: prevalence and predicting factors

BackgroundAn accurate medication list at hospital admission is essential for the evaluation and further treatment of patients. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency, type and predictors of errors in medication history, and to evaluate the extent to which standard care corrects these errors.MethodsA descriptive study was carried out in two medical wards in a Swedish hospital using Lund Integrated Medicines Management (LIMM)-based medication reconciliation. A clinical pharmacist identified each patient's most accurate pre-admission medication list by conducting a medication reconciliation process shortly after admission. This list was then compared with the patient's medication list in the hospital medical records. Addition or withdrawal of a drug or changes to the dose or dosage form in the hospital medication list were considered medication discrepancies. Medication discrepancies for which no clinical reason could be identified (unintentional changes) were considered medication history errors.ResultsThe final study population comprised 670 of 818 eligible patients. At least one medication history error was identified by pharmacists conducting medication reconciliations for 313 of these patients (47%; 95% CI 43-51%). The most common medication error was an omitted drug, followed by a wrong dose. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a higher number of drugs at admission (odds ratio [OR] per 1 drug increase = 1.10; 95% CI 1.06-1.14; p < 0.0001) and the patient living in their own home without any care services (OR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.02-2.45; p = 0.042) were predictors for medication history errors at admission. The results further indicated that standard care by non-pharmacist ward staff had partly corrected the errors in affected patients by four days after admission, but a considerable proportion of the errors made in the initial medication history at admission remained undetected by standard care (OR for medication errors detected by pharmacists' medication reconciliation carried out on days 4-11 compared to days 0-1 = 0.52; 95% CI 0.30-0.91; p=0.021).ConclusionsClinical pharmacists conducting LIMM-based medication reconciliations have a high potential for correcting errors in medication history for all patients. In an older Swedish population, those prescribed many drugs seem to benefit most from admission medication reconciliation.

Process Improvement Methods Increase the Efficiency, Accuracy, and Utility of a Neurocritical Care Research Repository

Reliable and efficient data repositories are essential for the advancement of research in Neurocritical care. Various factors, such as the large volume of patients treated within the neuro ICU, their differing length and complexity of hospital stay, and the substantial amount of desired information can complicate the process of data collection. We adapted the tools of process improvement to the data collection and database design of a research repository for a Neuroscience intensive care unit. By the Shewhart-Deming method, we implemented an iterative approach to improve the process of data collection for each element. After an initial design phase, we re-evaluated all data fields that were challenging or time-consuming to collect. We then applied root-cause analysis to optimize the accuracy and ease of collection, and to determine the most efficient manner of collecting the maximal amount of data. During a 6-month period, we iteratively analyzed the process of data collection for various data elements. For example, the pre-admission medications were found to contain numerous inaccuracies after comparison with a gold standard (sensitivity 71% and specificity 94%). Also, our first method of tracking patient admissions and discharges contained higher than expected errors (sensitivity 94% and specificity 93%). In addition to increasing accuracy, we focused on improving efficiency. Through repeated incremental improvements, we reduced the number of subject records that required daily monitoring from 40 to 6 per day, and decreased daily effort from 4.5 to 1.5 h/day. By applying process improvement methods to the design of a Neuroscience ICU data repository, we achieved a threefold improvement in efficiency and increased accuracy. Although individual barriers to data collection will vary from institution to institution, a focus on process improvement is critical to overcoming these barriers.

Effect of Medication Reconciliation on Medication Costs After Hospital Discharge in Relation to Hospital Pharmacy Labor Costs

Medication reconciliation aims to correct discrepancies in medication use between health care settings and to check the quality of pharmacotherapy to improve effectiveness and safety. In addition, medication reconciliation might also reduce costs. To evaluate the effect of medication reconciliation on medication costs after hospital discharge in relation to hospital pharmacy labor costs. A prospective observational study was performed. Patients discharged from the pulmonology department were included. A pharmacy team assessed medication errors prevented by medication reconciliation. Interventions were classified into 3 categories: correcting hospital formulary-induced medication changes (eg, reinstating less costly generic drugs used before admission), optimizing pharmacotherapy (eg, discontinuing unnecessary laxative), and eliminating discrepancies (eg, restarting omitted preadmission medication). Because eliminating discrepancies does not represent real costs to society (before hospitalization, the patient was also using the medication), these medication costs were not included in the cost calculation. Medication costs at 1 month and 6 months after hospital discharge and the associated labor costs were assessed using descriptive statistics and scenario analyses. For the 6-month extrapolation, only medication intended for chronic use was included. Two hundred sixty-two patients were included. Correcting hospital formulary changes saved €1.63/patient (exchange rate: EUR 1 = USD 1.3443) in medication costs at 1 month after discharge and €9.79 at 6 months. Optimizing pharmacotherapy saved €20.13/patient in medication costs at 1 month and €86.86 at 6 months. The associated labor costs for performing medication reconciliation were €41.04/patient. Medication cost savings from correcting hospital formulary-induced changes and optimizing of pharmacotherapy (€96.65/patient) outweighed the labor costs at 6 months extrapolation by €55.62/patient (sensitivity analysis €37.25-71.10). Preventing medication errors through medication reconciliation results in higher benefits than the costs related to the net time investment.

Pharmacist proactive medication recommendations using electronic documentation in a UK general critical care unit

Specific data on the actual clinical practice of United Kingdom pharmacists in Critical Care are limited. Within the general critical care units of Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, clinical pharmacists have the facility to electronically document, communicate and follow-up proactive recommendations using a Pharmacy Review Form via the Clinical Information System, MetaVision(®). The objective of the service evaluation was to describe the acceptance rate by medical staff of pharmacist proactive medication recommendations; including data on the types of recommendations and reasons thereof, for general intensive care patients of a UK teaching hospital trust. Sheffield Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust with 20 intensive care beds located on two hospital sites admitting Level 3 and 2 mixed general medical, surgical, trauma, burns and haematology/ oncology patients. Retrospective analysis of pharmacist proactive recommendations recorded electronically from January 2009 to July 2011 in general intensive care unit patients. Main outcome 5,623 electronic medication recommendations were documented, providing an average of 2.2 proactive recommendations per patient admitted to intensive care from January 2009 to July 2011. 5,101 (90.7%) of the recommendations were accepted and acted upon by medical staff. The most common recommendations were Add Drug 1,862 (28.2%); Dose Review 1,707 (25.8%); Discontinue Drug 1,185 (17.9%); Alternative Drug 903 (13.7%); Alternative Route 770 (11.7%). The most common reasons for the proactive medication recommendations were related to changes in gastrointestinal absorption 951 (15.6%); compliance with medication guidelines 857 (14.1%); sedation/delirium/agitation management 764 (12.6%); dose adjustment for renal dysfunction or continuous renal replacement therapies 756 (12.4%); and medication reconciliation 612 (10.1%). The majority of medication recommendations involved drugs in Gastrointestinal, Central Nervous System, Cardiovascular, Infection, Nutrition and Blood classes (British National Formulary). There was a high acceptance rate for proactive medication-related recommendations made by critical care pharmacists via the electronic review form. The majority of pharmacist recommendations were related to adding or refining currently prescribed medication. Ten percent of recommendations related to medication reconciliation of patients' pre-admission medication.

Effect of patient- and medication-related factors on inpatient medication reconciliation errors.

Little research has examined the incidence, clinical relevance, and predictors of medication reconciliation errors at hospital admission and discharge. To identify patient- and medication-related factors that contribute to pre-admission medication list (PAML) errors and admission order errors, and to test whether such errors persist in the discharge medication list. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 423 adults with acute coronary syndromes or acute decompensated heart failure admitted to two academic hospitals who received pharmacist-assisted medication reconciliation during the Pharmacist Intervention for Low Literacy in Cardiovascular Disease (PILL-CVD) Study. Pharmacists assessed the number of total and clinically relevant errors in the PAML and admission and discharge medication orders. We used negative binomial regression and report incidence rate ratios (IRR) of predictors of reconciliation errors. On admission, 174 of 413 patients (42%) had ≥1 PAML error, and 73 (18%) had ≥1 clinically relevant PAML error. At discharge, 158 of 405 patients (39%) had ≥1 discharge medication error, and 126 (31%) had ≥1 clinically relevant discharge medication error. Clinically relevant PAML errors were associated with older age (IRR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.00- 2.12) and number of pre-admission medications (IRR = 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10-1.25), and were less likely when a recent medication list was present in the electronic medical record (EMR) (IRR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.30-0.96). Clinically relevant admission order errors were also associated with older age and number of pre-admission medications. Clinically relevant discharge medication errors were more likely for every PAML error (IRR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.19-1.45) and number of medications changed prior to discharge (IRR = 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11). Medication reconciliation errors are common at hospital admission and discharge. Errors in preadmission medication histories are associated with older age and number of medications and lead to more discharge reconciliation errors. A recent medication list in the EMR is protective against medication reconciliation errors.

Abstract 3778: Trends in the Incidence, Types and Outcomes of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Ontario from 1990 - 2010

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for approximately 15% of all acute strokes and is associated with the highest stroke mortality. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of ICH in Ontario over the last 20 years and investigate whether there have been changes in patient characteristics and treatment interventions over time. Methods: We analyzed data from a provincial administrative database to determine the rates of ICH in Ontario from 1990 to 2010. Data from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network (RCSN) from 2003 to 2008 were then used to investigate potential changes in demographic variables (age, gender), stroke severity (Canadian Neurological Scale), comorbidities (hypertension, atrial fibrillation), preadmission medications (warfarin, antihypertensives), hemorrhage location (lobar vs. deep), initial glucose, initial INR and outcomes (modified Rankin Scale at discharge, hospital length of stay) in ICH patients over time. Results: There were 30,353 patients in the administrative database who were admitted with a final diagnosis of ICH between 1990 and 2010. The mean age of these patients was 70.3 years, 51.5% were male and the 30-day mortality rate was 40.6%. The age of patients with ICH increased over this time period (especially in the group &gt;85 years of age), the length of hospital stay shortened and the 30-day mortality rate decreased slightly. Figure 1 shows the sex/age standardized ICH rate per 100,000 by fiscal year, which shows a decline in the ICH rate since 1997. From the 2,466 patients with ICH in the RCSN database from 2003 to 2008, the statistically significant changes included an increase in the lobar hemorrhage rate (39.2% to 46.9%, p=0.0000), an increase in the use of statins at admission (19% to 24%, p=0.0350) and a decrease in the mean systolic blood pressure (173.8±37.5 to 166.4±35.07, p=0.0040). There were no changes over time in neurosurgical interventions (craniotomy or intracranial pressure monitoring). Conclusions: In Ontario, based on hospitalizations, the rate of ICH increased until 1997 and since then has steadily decreased. This decline in the ICH rate over the past 12 years may reflect better management of hypertension.

Impact of Anticoagulation before Stroke on Stroke Severity and Long-Term Survival

Therapeutic anticoagulation by vitamin K antagonists is highly effective in reducing stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. Vitamin K antagonist treatment before stroke reduces stroke severity and short-term mortality. This study analyses vitamin K antagonists, used in patients with atrial fibrillation diagnosed before the index stroke. We also focus on the impact of preadmission antithrombotic medication on long-term survival. We analyzed 2390 stroke patients consecutively admitted to the Department of Neurology, Charité Berlin, Germany between 2003 and 2004. Mean follow-up was 38 months (range 0-68). Using univariable and multivariable regression models, we identified factors for preadmission anticoagulation in patients with known atrial fibrillation and analyzed the impact of antithrombotic therapy preadmission on functional disability and long-term survival after stroke. Atrial fibrillation was diagnosed in 534 (22·3%) of the 2390 stroke patients. In 348 (65·2%) of all atrial fibrillation patients, atrial fibrillation was already known before the index stroke. Three hundred twenty-five (93·4%) atrial fibrillation patients were amenable to anticoagulation, according to guidelines, 75 (23·1%) received vitamin K antagonists, and 20 (6·2%) had an international normalized ratio of 2-3 at the time of stroke onset. Males and younger patients were more likely to receive anticoagulation preadmission, while previous stroke had no significant impact on vitamin K antagonist prescription. Age (odds ratio 1·02 (95% confidence interval 1·00-1·04) per year), history of coronary artery disease (odds ratio 1·51 (95% confidence interval 1·01-2·26)), and therapeutic anticoagulation (odds ratio 0·28 (0·09-0·84)) were independent predictors of stroke severity. Age (hazard rates 3·11 (95% confidence interval 1·47-6·59), 4·65 (95% confidence interval 2·27-9·57), and 11·1 (95% confidence interval 4·90-25·1) for age categories 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years), preadmission antiplatelet therapy (hazard rate 1·85 (95% confidence interval 1·21-2·82)), and stroke severity on admission (hazard rate 1·60 (95% confidence interval 1·03-2·46) and hazard rate 3·23 (95% confidence interval 1·88-5·55) for National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale categories 6-15 and >15 points) were associated with risk of death during follow-up. In patients in which atrial fibrillation was diagnosed prior to the index stroke, about 23% received anticoagulation according to guideline recommendations. Therapeutic anticoagulation at stroke onset significantly decreased the risk of moderate to severe stroke on admission but showed no significant association with long-term survival.

Health literacy and medication understanding among hospitalized adults

Patients' ability to accurately report their preadmission medications is a vital aspect of medication reconciliation, and may affect subsequent medication adherence and safety. Little is known about predictors of preadmission medication understanding. We conducted a cross-sectional evaluation of patients at 2 hospitals using a novel Medication Understanding Questionnaire (MUQ). MUQ scores range from 0 to 3 and test knowledge of the medication purpose, dose, and frequency. We used multivariable ordinal regression to determine predictors of higher MUQ scores. Among the 790 eligible patients, the median age was 61 (interquartile range [IQR] 52, 71), 21% had marginal or inadequate health literacy, and the median number of medications was 8 (IQR 5, 11). Median MUQ score was 2.5 (IQR 2.2, 2.8). Patients with marginal or inadequate health literacy had a lower odds of understanding their medications (odds ratio [OR] = 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34 to 0.84; P = 0.0001; and OR = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.78; P = 0.0001; respectively), compared to patients with adequate health literacy. Higher number of prescription medications was associated with lower MUQ scores (OR = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.75; for those using 6 medications vs 1; P = 0.0019), as was impaired cognitive function (OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.86; P = 0.001). Lower health literacy, lower cognitive function, and higher number of medications each were independently associated with less understanding of the preadmission medication regimen. Clinicians should be aware of these factors when considering the accuracy of patient-reported medication regimens, and counseling patients about safe and effective medication use.

Sources of pre-admission medication information: observational study of accuracy and availability

To identify the accessibility of sources of pre-admission medication (PAM) information, to quantify agreement between the PAM list and the 'gold-standard' PAM list (GS-PAML) and to categorise disagreements. A random selection of patients with chronic illness admitted via accident and emergency to one of two study hospitals in the Republic of Ireland were recruited. For each patient, a GS-PAML was compiled and PAM lists were obtained from each relevant source, including patient own medications, general practitioner (GP) referral letter, past inpatient prescription (Kardex) and discharge summary, nursing home letter and personal communication with GP staff, community pharmacy staff and nursing home staff. Data were collected regarding availability for use of each source and allergy status. The GS-PAML was compared to each PAM, and disagreements were identified and categorised. Data were collected for 134 patients. Community pharmacy and nursing home staff were most accessible to researchers when undertaking the medication history (>90%), followed by GP staff (66%). Except for nursing home sources, agreement between PAML and GS-PAML was low (2-17% of patients, 44-77% of medications). The community pharmacy PAML most frequently agreed with the GS-PAML (17% of patients, 77% of medications) followed by GP staff (10% of patients, 69% of medications). Previous (within the last 6 months) discharge summaries (3% of patients, 49% of medications) and GP referral letters (2% of patients, 44% medications) agreed least frequently. Nursing home (100%) and GP (91%) staff provided most accurate allergy information. Drug omission (>35%) was the most common disagreement for all sources except nursing home staff. GP staff and community pharmacy PAMLs contained a considerable proportion of commission discrepancies. Community pharmacy and GP staff were identified as the most available and accurate sources of PAM information and should be prioritised when undertaking admission medication reconciliation in a busy clinical environment.

Development of a tool within the electronic medical record to facilitate medication reconciliation after hospital discharge

Serious medication errors occur commonly in the period after hospital discharge. Medication reconciliation in the postdischarge ambulatory setting may be one way to reduce the frequency of these errors. The authors describe the design and implementation of a novel tool built into an ambulatory electronic medical record (EMR) to facilitate postdischarge medication reconciliation. The tool compares the preadmission medication list within the ambulatory EMR to the hospital discharge medication list, highlights all changes, and allows the EMR medication list to be easily updated. As might be expected for a novel tool intended for use in a minority of visits, use of the tool was low at first: 20% of applicable patient visits within 30&emsp14;days of discharge. Clinician outreach, education, and a pop-up reminder succeeded in increasing use to 41% of applicable visits. Review of feedback identified several usability issues that will inform subsequent versions of the tool and provide generalizable lessons for how best to design medication reconciliation tools for this setting.

Pre-injury polypharmacy as a predictor of outcomes in trauma patients

Background:One of the hallmarks of modern medicine is the improving management of chronic health conditions. Long-term control of chronic disease entails increasing utilization of multiple medications and resultant polypharmacy. The goal of this study is to improve our understanding of the impact of polypharmacy on outcomes in trauma patients 45 years and older.Materials and Methods:Patients of age ≥45 years were identified from a Level I trauma center institutional registry. Detailed review of patient records included the following variables: Home medications, comorbid conditions, injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow coma scale (GCS), morbidity, mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, functional outcome measures (FOM), and discharge destination. Polypharmacy was defined by the number of medications: 0–4 (minor), 5–9 (major), or ≥10 (severe). Age- and ISS-adjusted analysis of variance and multivariate analyses were performed for these groups. Comorbidity–polypharmacy score (CPS) was defined as the number of pre-admission medications plus comorbidities. Statistical significance was set at alpha = 0.05.Results:A total of 323 patients were examined (mean age 62.3 years, 56.1% males, median ISS 9). Study patients were using an average of 4.74 pre-injury medications, with the number of medications per patient increasing from 3.39 for the 45–54 years age group to 5.68 for the 75+ year age group. Age- and ISS-adjusted mortality was similar in the three polypharmacy groups. In multivariate analysis only age and ISS were independently predictive of mortality. Increasing polypharmacy was associated with more comorbidities, lower arrival GCS, more complications, and lower FOM scores for self-feeding and expression-communication. In addition, hospital and ICU LOS were longer for patients with severe polypharmacy. Multivariate analysis shows age, female gender, total number of injuries, number of complications, and CPS are independently associated with discharge to a facility (all, P < 0.02).Conclusion:Over 40% of trauma patients 45 years and older were receiving 5 or more medications at the time of their injury. Although these patients do not appear to have higher mortality, they are at increased risk for complications, lower functional outcomes, and longer hospital and intensive care stays. CPS may be useful when quantifying the severity of associated comorbid conditions in the context of traumatic injury and warrants further investigation.