Prandial Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Effect of Amla Powder and Turmeric Powder Consumption on Geriatric Subjects Suffering from Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is the most challenging public health problem of 21st century. International Diabetes Federation, (2015) reported 69.1 million cases of diabetes in India. Worldwide 2011 estimation of prevalence of diabetes in the elderly population (60 years & above) is between 15% to 20% (IDF Diabetes Atlas, 2012). The present study titled “Effect of amla powder and turmeric powder consumption on geriatric subjects (60 years & above) suffering from non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus” involved multistage random sampling technique. The study was conducted on 18 geriatric subjects residing in Kala Mahal & Pipal Mandi area of Agra city, randomly divided into 2 groups- experimental group (N1=8) and control group (N2=9). 2.5g each of amla powder and turmeric powder was consumed by experimental geriatric non-insulin dependent subjects for 45 continuous days and its effect on fasting and post prandial blood glucose level was recorded and compared with the control group. Demographic, anthropometric and dietary patterns of both groups was also recorded. Statistical tests were applied and it was found that consumption of amla powder and turmeric powder was significantly effective on geriatric subjects (60 years & above) and there was a significant drop in the fasting & post prandial blood glucose level of experimental group on 45th day of feeding trial. In the 24-hour diet recall average consumption of thiamine (mg) was significant at 95% confidence interval (p<0.05)nwhen t-test was applied while energy (kcal), protein (g), carbohydrates(g), fat(g), phosphorus (mg), iron (mg), vitamin A (mcg), riboflavin (mg), niacin (mg) and vitamin C (mg) intake were not significant (p>0.05).

Comparative Study between Metformin and Insulin in Controlling uncomplicated Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes always accompanies an increased maternal and neonatal risk. Insulin is the standard therapy but causes multiple complications. Metformin has less complications. This study aims to assess the efficacy of metformin in controlling maternal blood glucose level compared to insulin in women with gestational diabetes .A randomized controlled trial conducted in the obstetric department in Salah Al-Deen general Hospital during the period from 1st February - 31st July 2022. Total sample of 100 pregnant women suffered from gestational diabetes at (24-28week) gestational age were recruited randomly. The patients were divided into two groups: 1-Metformin group (50 patients). 2-Insulin Group (50 patients). Fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels 2 h after breakfast were done at each visit and HbAlc each trimester. Follow up was continued till delivery to evaluate the pregnancy outcome The mean HbAlc was significantly higher among Insulin group (5.8± 0.5) than in Metformin group (5.4 ± 0.8). Preeclampsia was lower among Metformin group (14%) than Insulin group (19.6%). hypoglycemia episode was significantly lower among Metformin group (14%) than Insulin group (41.3%), Caesarean delivery was higher among Insulin group (58.7%) than Metformin group (37.2%). The mean birth weight was significantly higher among Insulin group (3761.4±470) than Metformin group (3540.9±338). Prematurity was found among (8.7%) of the Insulin group in comparison to (4.7%) of the Metformin group. Prematurity was non significantly higher among Insulin group (8.7%) than Metformin group (4.7%) .Metformin is effective and safe in the glycemic control of gestational diabetes, with better maternal and neonatal outcomes.

ASSESSMENT OF STATUS OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN FIRST DEGREE RELATIVES OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II PATIENTS

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an important public health problem worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing in both developed and developing nations. Diabetes mellitus presents multiple challenges to public health, this disease contributes to signicant morbidity, including cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal disease, premature mortality, may progress undetected for years and is often not diagnosed until onset of clinical symptoms or complications. This hospital based cross sectional study was conducted on a consecutive sample of 255 individuals who were rst degree relatives (FDR) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the Medicine department out patients (OPD) & Inpatient (IPD) of R.D.B.P Jaipuria Hospital, Jaipur attached with RUHS CMS Jaipur. The participants were divided in three groups as non-diabetic, pre-diabetic and diabetic on the basis of, fasting, post prandial blood glucose and HBA1C levels performed at the time of enrollment. First degree relatives who were already diagnosed with type-2 diabetes mellitus prior to the time of enrolment were not included. Out of total 255 participants, Non-Diabetics were 141(55.29%), Pre-Diabetics were 94(36.86%) and Diabetics were 20 (7.84%). Family history is an important information that should always be included in screening procedure. By identifying patients with pre-diabetes and diabetes and initiating early interventions in lifestyle and/or pharmacological treatments, the progression can be delayed, or in some cases even prevented. Earlier the diagnosis, easier it is to reverse the condition and curb the development of grave complications

Ocimum Sanctum Linn Extract As An Adjuvant Therapy For Effective Glycaemic Control In Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Ocimum sanctum Linn extract as an adjuvant therapy for effective glycaemic control in type II diabetes mellitus, a case control study was conducted at selected hospitals of Sangli, Miraj, Kupwad corporation area. The objectives of the study were to assess the blood glucose levels in diabetic patients before and after treatment with Ocimum sanctum Linn extract combined with oral hypoglycaemic agent and to compare these blood glucose levels in experimental and control groups. The hypothesis H0 was that there would be no significant difference between after the administration of Ocimum sanctum Linn leaves extract on blood sugar level of experimental and control group and H1 there is significant difference between pre-test and post-test blood sugar level of experimental and control group. The study used the quantitative research approach. The conceptual framework was used in this study was ERNESTINE WIEDENBACHS PRESCRIPTIVE THEORY. Total 60 samples were selected for the study by non-probability convenient sampling technique (30 for experimental 30 for control group). Experimental group had given Ocimum sanctum Linn extract with OHA for 20 days,whereas control group continued OHA treatment only. Demographic variables and blood glucose level data was collected. The data was analysed using the descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage were utilised as well as inferential analysis such as chi square test, paired t and unpaired t test. The study results suggested that the mean value of pre and post-test fasting blood glucose levels in the experimental group were 166.00 and 132.37 mg% respectively. The mean pre-test and post-test fasting blood glucose levels in control group were 169.63 and 163.50 mg% respectively. The mean value of pre and post-test post prandial blood glucose levels in the experimental group were 170.27 and 141.31 mg% respectively. The mean pre-test and post-test post prandial blood glucose levels in control group were 166.47 and 159.87 mg% respectively. The result of comparison of post prandial blood glucose levels in experimental and control groups had calculatedt value of 50.18 and pvalueof0.000 which suggests that there is a significant difference in the post prandialblood sugar levels of the experimental and the control groups. The study concluded that Ocimum sanctum Linn can be recommended for the treatment of moderate diabetes mellitus in combination with oral hypoglycaemic agents to get the synergistic effect of both the medicines for effective control of hyperglycemia.

Hypomagnesaemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance and its correlation with glycemic control: a cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh

Background: Hypomagnesaemia is linked to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic diabetic complications. Prevalence of hypomagnesaemia is high in patients with T2DM and multiple studies have shown evidence of effect of serum magnesium (Mg) level on glycaemic control in these patients. The aims of this study were to evaluate the frequency of hypomagnesaemia in hospitalized patients with T2DM and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and to evaluate its correlation with glycaemic control.
 Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from November, 2016 to March, 2017 in BIRDEM General Hospital. Hypomagnesaemia was defined as serum Mg concentration <0.7 mmol/L. Patients who had acute diarrhea or vomiting in previous 7 days, patients who had chronic diarrhea or malabsorpsion syndrome or who had recent history of taking diuretics were excluded from the study. Patients’ clinical information were collected using a structured questionnaire and laboratory information were collected from the hospital records.
 Results: Total patients were 100, including T2DM (92) and IGT (8). Thirty nine (42.4%) patients with T2DM and five (62.5%) patients with IGT had hypomagnesaemia. The median (IQR) serum Mg level in patients with T2DM was 0.77 (0.6-0.8) mmol/L and IGT was 0.6 (0.52-0.77) mmol/L. HbA1c was higher among patients with hypomagnesaemia than normal Mg level [median (IQR) 9.4 (7.8-12.7) % vs 8.85 (7.2-9.95) %] though it was not significant (p>0.05). The mean fasting blood glucose (FBG) was 9.82 mmol/l in patients with hypomagnesaemia and 9.63 mmol/l in patients with normal serum Mg. Median 2-hour post prandial blood glucose level was 12 (10.4-16.15) mmol/L in hypomagnesaemia group and 11.7 (10.3-14.7) mmol/L in normal Mg group, though the difference was not statistically significant. There was negative correlation between serum Mg and HbA1c, FBG and post prandial blood glucose level (r, -0.075, -0.003. -0.006 respectively). Among the patients with hypomagnesaemia, the percentage of ischemic heart disease (IHD), diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy was 31.8%, 36.4%, 43.2% and 34.1% compared to 23.2%, 30.4%, 32.1% and 25% respectively in patients with normal Mg level.
 Conclusion: Around half of the patients with T2DM and IGT had hypomagnesaemia and patients with hypomagnesaemia were found to have relatively poor glycemic control and had increased rate of diabetic complications. Although relationship between serum magnesium level and glycemic control was not significant, it indicated the need of further research in this aspect.
 BIRDEM Med J 2022; 12(3): 207-211

Effect of artificial light at night on sleep and metabolism in weaver birds.

Artificial light at night is constantly minimizing the span of dark nights from the natural light-dark cycle of earth. Over the past century, the "lightscape" of earth has completely changed owing to technological advancements which subsequently changed the lifestyle of human as well as the nearby animal species. This motivated the present study, wherein we investigated the impact of light at night (LAN) on behavior and physiology of a diurnal passerine finch, baya weaver (Ploceus philippinus). A group of bird (N=10) exposed to 12L:12D photoperiod was initially subjected to dark nights (0 lux) for a period of 1.5 weeks followed by 5 lux, night light for a span of 4 weeks. The first week in LAN served as acute treatment with respect to the fourth week (chronic). The results reveal significant increase in nighttime activity and sleep loss with respect to acute LAN, while significant inclusion of drowsiness behavior during the day in response to chronic LAN. Besides these behavioral alterations, changes in physiological parameters such as reduction in body mass, loss of gradient between pre- and post- prandial blood glucose levels, and elevation in plasma corticosterone levels were more prominent during acute exposure of LAN. Plasma metabolites such as triglycerides, total protein, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and creatinine concentrations also hiked in response to acute LAN treatment. Thus, acute exposure of LAN seems to serve as a novel environment for the bird leading to more pronounced impacts on behavioral and physiological observations during the experiment. In chronic exposure, the birds sort of adapted themselves to the prevailing circumstances as evident by decreased nighttime activity, rebound of sleep and corticosterone levels, etc. Thus, the study clearly demonstrates the differential impact of acute and chronic exposure of LAN on behavior and physiology of birds.

Association of fasting heart rate with fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels in Indians

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Efficacy of Escitalopram (SSRI) for Better Glycemic Control in the Diabetic Depressive Patients

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common disease in the world. Depression is most common among Diabetic patients, that causes morbidity and mortality. For prevention, we need to anti depressive agents with continued treatment for better compliance. So, it is important evaluate the efficacy of Escitalopram (SSRI) for better glycemic control in Diabetic Depressive patients.
 Objective: To assess the effect of Escitalopram (SSRI) on glycemic control in Type-2 Diabetic Depressive patients.
 Methods and Materials: A prospective observational study was done in Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital and BIRDEM General Hospital from January 2018 to December 2018.A total number of 35 diabetic and newly diagnosed depressive patients were taken and given tab. Escitalopram with continued diabetic treatment. Here, pre and post baseline investigations (FBG, Post prandial blood glucose and HbA1c levels) measured on day 1 , follow up at 6 weeks,12 weeks and then compared.
 Results: Patients treated with Escitalopram, pretreatment shows mean base line FBG 10.41 ±1.84mmol/L which was reduced to 8.56±1.55 mmol/L at 6 weeks and 7.51±1.26mmol/ L on 12 weeks. Similarly baseline mean 2HABF (post prandial) blood glucose 14.16±2.48mmol/L which was reduced to 12.41.01±2.34 mmol/L on 6 weeks and 10.96±1.75 mmol/L in 12 weeks .Mean baseline HbA1c 8.88±0.67% after in 12 weeks it was reduced to 7.82±0.98% . Here significant changed in blood glucose and HbA1c levels compared to pretreatment with Escitalopram (Treatment glucose and HbA1c levels compared to pretreatment with Escitalopram & only anti diabetic drugs.
 Conclusion: Escitalopram has better efficacy on glycemic control in Diabetic Depressive patients than patients treated with antidiabetic alone.
 Sir Salimullah Med Coll J 2021; 29(2): 100-104

Physical activity pattern and life style habits among rural and urban diabetic subjects

The present study was carried out at Fatehabad district of Haryana State to study physical activity pattern and life style habits among rural and urban diabetic subjects. Two hundred subjects (male and female) between the age of 40-60 years and who were suffering from non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) for more than 6 months or above were selected randomly on the basis of their medical report (fasting and post prandial blood glucose level) from various Government and Private hospitals. It was observed that highest per cent of rural as well as urban respondents reported onset of diabetes between the age of 41-50 years. Most of the respondents (47% rural and 40% urban) had been suffering from diabetes for last 6-10 years. Majority (42% rural and 48% urban) had fasting blood glucose between 121-200 mg/100ml. Average fasting blood glucose was 166.51mg/100ml. Eight per cent of rural and fifteen per cent of urban respondents depicted very poor control and had post prandial blood glucose more than 300 mg/100ml.Majority (66 per cent of rural and 89 per cent of urban respondents) were involved in sedentary occupation and were not spending time (54% rural and 35% urban) on any kind of exercise. Fifty-four per cent of rural respondents and 63 per cent of urban respondents had family history of diabetes. Of the total, 26 per cent of rural and 17 per cent of urban respondents were consuming alcohol. Thirty-six per cent of rural and 18 per cent of urban respondents were regular smokers. It can be concluded that urban respondents are maintaining healthier eating habits, healthier lifestyle and are also showing better management of blood sugar control as compared to rural counterparts. There is need of more awareness in both rural and urban areas for better management of diabetes.

The Effect of Fasting on QT Interval

Introduction: QT interval reflects the total duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization in the ECG. Experimental hypoglycaemia and spontaneous clinical episodes of hypoglycaemia lead to the lengthening of the heart rate corrected QT interval or QTc. This is associated with elevated risk of sudden death. Objective: To find out the effect of fasting blood glucose levels on QT interval and the Corrected QT interval (QTc). Materials and Methods: Fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels and ECG of healthy young adults were studied and QT interval, RR interval and QTc were determined. Results: The fasting QTc came out to be 0.408+-0.020 as compared to the post prandial value of 0.380+-0.019. The student’s t test showed a highly significant value (p

Effect of mHealth Interventions on Glycemic Control and HbA1c Improvement among Type II Diabetes Patients in Asian Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction:Due to the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus, it is pertinent to educate and inform diabetes patients about their self-management. It can be done effectively using innovative methods like mobile health (mHealth), which includes mobile applications, phone calls, and text messages. Thus, this meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the effectiveness of mHealth interventions for the management of diabetes compared with usual care in the Asian population.Materials and Methods:Searches were performed in electronic databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library, in August and September 2020. Search terms used were “Diabetes Mellitus,” “mHealth,” “glycemic control”, “HbA1c levels,” and “Blood glucose levels.” The primary outcome was glycated hemoglobin and blood glucose levels. Trials were pooled, and heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic.Results:The search yielded 3980 abstracts, of which 18 trials met the inclusion criteria. Lowering of Hba1c levels was reported in the majority of trials, which aided in Glycemic control. For post prandial blood glucose (PPBG) levels, a statistically significant reduction of value –20.13 (95%CI –35.16 to –5.10, P = 0.009, I2 = 59%) was seen in the mean in the intervention group, whereas for HbA1c levels the mean reduction in the intervention group was –0.44 (95%CI, –0.79 to 0.10, P = 0.01, I2 = 87%). Although these interventions proved beneficial for these outcomes, there was a difference in the amount of effects caused by different mHealth interventions.Conclusion:This study acknowledged the effects of different mHealth interventions as per their accessibility and availability in recent years. There is a need to include more studies in future reviews to generate a larger body of evidence for the reported outcomes. The researchers should give the utmost priority to the transparency while reporting the interventions for effective interpretation of the retrieved data.

High prevalence of post COVID-19 fatigue in patients with type 2 diabetes: A case-control study

BackgroundPost COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) has emerged as a major roadblock in the recovery of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Amongst many symptoms like myalgia, headache, cough, breathlessness; fatigue is is most prevalent and makes the patient severely debilitated. Research on PCS, in particular fatigue, in patients with diabetes has not been done. MethodologyIn this prospective study, we included patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who had COVID-19 (mild to moderate severity), and matched T2D patients who did not suffer from COVID-19. Demography, anthropometry, glycemic measures, treatment, and details of COVID-19 were recorded. Symptoms were scored using Chalder Fatigue Scale (reported as fatigue score, FS) and handgrip strength (in kg) was recorded by Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. ResultsA total of 108 patients were included (cases, 52, controls, 56). Both groups were matched for age, duration of diabetes, BMI, TSH, serum albumin and vitamin D levels. T2D patients who had COVID-19 showed significantly more fatigue when compared with patients who did not have COVID-19 but both groups had comparable handgrip strength. Furthermore, patients with T2D with previous COVID-19 infection and who had FS > 4 have had significant higher inflammation markers during acute illness, and post COVID-19, had increased post prandial blood glucose levels, lost more weight, had reduced physical activity and showed significantly lower handgrip strength as compared to those with FS < 4. ConclusionPatients with T2D who had COVID-19 infection as compared to those without had significantly more fatigue after the acute illness, and those with higher FS had reduced handgrip strength indicating sarcopenia, even after careful matching for common contributory factors to fatigue at baseline. Rehabilitation of those with FS>4 after acute infection would require careful attention to nutrition, glycemic control and graduated physical activity protocol.

Outcome of Text messaging on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A Single Group Pre and Post intervention Study.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to find the outcome of text messaging on glycemic control in children with type1 DM. Study Design: Prospective Single Group Pre- and Post-intervention study. Setting: Diabetic Clinic of Department of Pediatric Endocrinology at The Children hospital and the Institute of Child Health, (CH &amp; ICH) Multan. Period: October 2019 to December 2019. Material &amp; Methods: Forty nine children and adolescents of 10-15 years old with T1DM were included in this study after taking informed consent from patient or their caregivers. Text messages were sent 5 times per week to patients/parents in simple Urdu language about diabetes education and Interactive message was sent weekly about blood sugar monitoring and insulin dose modification. To make sure patients are receiving text messages, phone calls were made regularly. Results: Among diabetic children 24 (49%) were males. The age ranged from 10-15 years and mean age was 12.6 ± 1.8 years. Mean duration of diabetes was 4.7± 2.8 years. Before intervention fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels per month were 160.4 mg/dl and 190 mg/dl respectively. After 12 weeks of text messaging fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels significantly (p-value &lt; 0.001) dropped to 135.2 mg/dl and 170 mg/dl respectively. Similarly, HbA1C level decreased from 10% to 9% after intervention with p value of &lt;0.001. Similar significant improvement was seen in frequency of hypoglycemic/hyperglycemic episode, missed insulin doses and frequency of hospital admissions. Conclusion: Our study showed a significant improvement in glycemic control and diabetes case management by diabetic educational and interactive text messages.

“MEAN PLATELET VOLUME CORRELATED TO GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS”

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is becoming a global pandemic. The number of people with diabetes in India increased from 26·0 million in 1990 to 65·0 million in 2016. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been considered as a 'prothrombotic state' with enhanced platelet reactivity. Diabetic patients have an increased risk of developing micro and macro vascular diseases, and platelets may be involved as putative agents owing to their altered morphology, function and activation. It is an established fact that the value of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), a marker of long-term glucoregulation, should be kept below 7% in order to reduce the risk of micro and macrovascular complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2) patients. Mean platelet volume (MPV) has been correlated with vascular complications of DMT2. MPV as a marker of platelet size, function &amp; activation may serve as another potential marker of risk of micro-vascular and macrovascular complications in DMT2 patients. Aims-To study correlation between MPV, and HbA1c in DMT2 patients. Methods- Over a period of 24 months, patients aged between 30 to 60 years, diagnosed with DMT2 and subtyped based on American Diabetic Association Criteria (ADA) as having HbA1c either less than 7% - DMT2 (Controlled group) or with HbA1c more than 7% - DMT2 (Uncontrolled group) were included in the present study. Non-diabetic patients ('Non Diabetic Group) were included based on their fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels and served as controls. Venous blood samples were tested for fasting, postprandial and random blood sugar estimation by GOD-POD method, MPV by automated cell counter and HbA1c by HPLC, within one hour of sampling. Results were statistically tested using (R) unpaired t Test by SPSS Software (version 22). Results- Among 236 patients studied, 66 were 'Non-diabetic controls' &amp; 170 were having diabetes (DMT2). Of those having DMT2, 94 patients belonged to DMT2 (Uncontrolled group) 76 patients belonged to DMT2 (Controlled group). MPV in Non-diabetic group, DMT2 (Controlled group) and DMT2 (Uncontrolled group) was 10.01 ± 1.12 , 10.76 ± 1.11  and 11.67 ± 1.83  respectively. MPVwas signicantly higher in DMT2 group compared to Non-diabetic group (10.82 ± 1.31  vs 10.01 ± 1.12 , p &lt; 0.0001), MPV was also signicantly higher in DMT2 (Uncontrolled group) compared to DMT2 (Controlled group) (11.67 ± 1.83  vs. 10.76 ± 1.11 , p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion- In the present study Mean Platelet Volume was found to be signicantly higher in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patient compared to Nondiabetic patients. Higher MPV also correlated with higher HbA1c, being higher in those with higher HbA1c. It can be concluded that MPV may be useful as inexpensive surrogate marker of HbA1c in the diagnosis and prognosis of vascular complications of DMT2 patients.

THE EFFECTIVITY OF BELIMBING WULUH FRUIT ETHANOLIC EXTRACT ON DECREASING 2-HOUR POST PRANDIAL BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS OF DIABETIC MALE RATS

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by blood glucose levels greater than normal - hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose ? 126 mg / dl or post prandial blood glucose ? 200 mg / dl or blood glucose ? 200 mg / dl) caused by insulin deficiency and or insulin resistance. One way to control blood glucose levels can be done in a traditional way using natural ingredients. Belimbing wuluh fruits (Averrhoa bilimbi Lin.) has been widely used by the community because containing many active substances, including flavonoids. Flavonoids found in Belimbing wuluh fruit are dihydromyricetin. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectivity of belimbing wuluh fruit ethanolic extract on decreasing 2-hour post prandial blood glucose of male rats compared to acarbose. This type of study is in vivo laboratory experimental (pre and posttest only). The research was done from July to September 2020 in the Biochemistry Laboratory, Biotechnology Laboratory and Animal House, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Palembang. The population of study were white male rats. Statistical data analysis used SPSS version 22. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the ethanolic extract of belimbing wuluh fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) was effective on decreasing 2-hour post prandial blood glucose levels of diabetic male white rats.

Correlation between stress level and family support towards fasting and postprandial glucose level in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Stress and family’s support in managing diabetic Mellitus are two critical external factors that influence blood glucose levels. This research aimed to analyze the relationship between stress level and family’s support with fasting blood glucose levels and 2 hours post prandial in T2DM patients.Method: Study design using cross sectional model. Eligible T2DM patients in Tabanan II primary health care center, between period September 2017- February 2018 were evaluated for fasting and post prandial blood glucose and stress level (Depression Anxiety Stres Scale-14) and family support. Spearman correlation test was used to determine correlation between family support and stress level toward fasting and post prandial glucose levels in T2DM patients.Result: The result suggested that 29 respondents (36.3%) get severe stress levels, 51 respondents (63.85%) get high family support, fasting blood glucose level was 168.42±63.57 and post prandial glucose level was 229.18±88.593. There was a positive correlation between family support and stress level toward fasting glucose level (r=0.341; p&lt;0,001) and post prandial glucose level (r=0.276; p&lt;0,001).Conclusion: Stress level and family support in diabetic mellitus management can influence fasting and post prandial glucose level T2DM patients. Managing stress and family support can assist in stabilizing fasting and post prandial glucose level.

Effect of high protein and fat diet on postprandial blood glucose levels in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Cairo, Egypt

Background and aimsTo determine the effect of high protein and high fat meals on post prandial glycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. MethodsThis study included 51 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes who were following up at Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolism Pediatric Unit (DEMPU), Abo Elrish Children’s hospital, Cairo University.Post prandial blood glucose levels were recorded and compared following three breakfast meals with varying protein and fat content (standard carbohydrate meal, high fat meal, and high protein meal) over a period of 5 hours on 3 consecutive days. ResultsHigh protein meal resulted in hyperglycemia with the peak level at 3.5 hours and continued for 5 hours post prandial while high fat meal caused early hyperglycemia reached the peak at 2 hours then declined towards 5 hours.Comparison of the three different breakfast meals revealed statistically significant difference regarding the postprandial glycemia at 30, 60, 90,120, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 min. ConclusionMeals high in protein caused sustained increase in postprandial glucose levels over a period of 5 h. However, high fat meals caused early postprandial hyperglycemia. Protein and fat content of meals affect the timing and values of the peak blood glucose as well as the duration of postprandial hyperglycemia. Therefore, fat/protein unit should be taken in consideration while calculating the bolus insulin dose and anticipating the postprandial glucose response.

Metformin versus Insulin in Treatment of Gestational Diabetes

Abstract Background: GDM affects both mother and baby during pregnancy and in the long term. Metformin was associated with a lower risk of neonatal hypoglycemia; however, met-formin may slightly increase the risk of prematurity. Aim of Study: The aim of the present study was to compare the safety and efficacy of metformin as an oral anti-diabetic drug with insulin as oral hypoglycemic drugs for management of gestational diabetes mellitus. Patients and Methods: 120 pregnant women with gesta-tional diabetes mellitus were included in this randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups as follows: Group I: Insulin group (n=64) and Group M: Metformin group (n=56). Follow-up was done every week by measuring fasting and post prandial blood glucose level. Maternal outcomes and neonatal outcomes were recorded. Results: There were statistically significant differences as regard mean fasting and post prandial blood glucose level and mean birth weight in insulin and metformin group. Also, increased CS rate between insulin and metformin group. There were statistically significant differences between insulin group and metformin sub-groups patients as regards birth weight, Apgar score and serum glucose level. Conclusion: We concluded that metformin is an effective and safe treatment option for women with GDM. Metformin is comparable with insulin in glycemic control, providing additional evidence for the use of metformin in GDM.

Clinical Asssessment of Sensorineural Hearing Loss among Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Background: Hearing impairment is known to hamper the quality of life among patients, especially among diabetics due to the association of neuropathy with diabetes. However, the prevalence and degree of the SNHL depends upon different factors, such as age, gender, disease duration of DM, family history and glycemic status of the patients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the association of SNHL with DM duration and familial DM and gender preponderance among SNHL–DM patients.&#x0D; Methods: Total 140 patients with DM were assessed for hearing impairment using Rinne, Weber and Absolute Bone Conduction Tests along with pure tone audiometry. Patients’ glycaemic status was determined by estimating fasting blood glucose (FBG) and post prandial blood glucose (PPBG) levels. Independent t-test, chi-square, ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation tests along with linear regression model were used to find association and correlation using R software.&#x0D; Results: Out of 140 patients, 60 were suffering from SNHL and majority were suffering from bilateral minimal hearing loss. SNHL was significantly associated with family history, age, duration of DM, FBG and PPBG levels were(Pvalues:1.79E08, 4.41E-06 and 0.02), however, significant correlated with duration of DM, FBS and PPBG level (r value:0.14–0.41).Furthermore, significant SNHL at 500 and 8000Hz was observed in the present study (Pvalue:0.002).&#x0D; Conclusion: A conclusive proof was drawn that family history of DM serve as a valuable variable in assessing the SNHL among DM patients.

Comparative bateriological profile with antibiotic resistance pattern among diabetic and non-diabetic patients

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which impedes the normal steps of the process of wound healing. It has higher risks of foot infection and postoperative wound infection that is polymicrobial with increased antibiotic resistance. A comparative study of bacteriological profile from the wound samples of diabetic and non- diabetic patients and to understand the relationship between bacterial load and high glycemic index among diabetic patients. A cross sectional study involving 50 diabetic and 50 non- diabetic patients wound swab or pus samples collected under aseptic precautions. Results: Polymicrobial infection is mostly observed. Among the isolates, gram negative bacilli were about 55% and gram positive cocci were about 45%. The most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus in diabetic and non- diabetic wound. In diabetic wound the predominant organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis followed by Pseudomonas species. In non- diabetic wound, the predominant organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus followed by Pseudomonas species. The Total Extended spectrum beta lactamase producer was about 76% whereas total Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 23%. In diabetic wound, glycemic index was poorly controlled in which fasting blood glucose level was &amp;#62; 150mg and post prandial blood glucose level was &amp;#62; 210mg among majority of cases. Antibiotic susceptibility test screening showed gram positive cocci isolates to more sensitive towards Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Amikacin and gram negative bacilli isolates to be more sensitive for Amikacin, Gentamycin and Imipenem. Thus, early diagnosis of diabetic wound infection is required for the antimicrobial therapy.